Historical Antecedents of Science AND TECHNOLOGY (Week 3-4 Part 2)

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY (Week 3-4 Part 2)

Science, Technology and Society 2nd Semester SY 2021-2022
Science Learning
&Technology Objective
(S&T) in the
Philippines ❑ To trace the history of
S&T in the Philippines
(the economic, political and
social events shaping their
developments)
The Early Years
(Spanish Period, 1869-1898)
Opening of Suez Canal in 1869 shortened the

route from the Philippines to Europe
Rodriguez, S. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political, and Social Events shaping their Developments.
Giraffe Books. Quezon City, Philippines. 1996.
The Early Years
� Filipino scientists were mostly interested on
animal and plant systems
⮚ Fr. Ignacio Mercado, Dr. Trinidad Pardo de
Tavera, and Dr Leon Ma. Guerrero in
Botany
⮚ Anacleto del Rosario in Chemistry
⮚ Dr. Manuel Guerrero, Dr. Jose Montes, and
Dr. Elrodario Mercado in Medicine
The Early Years
Galleon trade was the chief economic activity

⮚ Spanish officials focused more on the trade due to big
profits
The Early Years
(American Occupation, 1898-1941)
� The Schurman Commission recommended the
replacement of military government with a civil
government and establishment of free public
educational system in the country
� The Taft Commission started the gradual

Filipinization of the government and encouraged
education in preparation for self-government
The Early Years
� Philippine public school system was established
in 1901
⮚ 765 Thomasites were recruited
� Insular Bureau of Agriculture and Bureau of
Government Laboratories* were established
⮚ Authored by Dean Worcester, a zoology professor
at the University of Michigan and a strong
advocate of science
⮚ Conducted biological, chemical, and other
scientific studies
The Early Years
� The Philippine Commission expanded and
included Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, a
Filipino
� The Bureau of Government Laboratories was
reorganized into the Bureau of Science in
1905
⮚ Enabled it to undertake research in all fields of
science
⮚ Many notable American scientists were recruited
⮚ Quality research works were produced necessitating
theScience
Rodriguez, S. Philippine creation of theEconomic,
and Technology: Philippine
Political, Journal of Science
and Social Events in
shaping their Developments.
1906
The Early Years
� In 1906, the Bureau of Science was made the

custodian of the International Standards of
Weights and Measurements in the country
� The University of the Philippines was
established in 1908, followed by the College
of Agriculture in Los Banos
The Early Years
� Jones Law (The Philippine Autonomy Act)
replaced the Philippine Commission with the
House of Representatives, wholly composed
of Filipinos
⮚ Downtrend of the Bureau of Science began
(transferred to the Department of Agriculture and
Natural Resources (DANR)
⮚ Shift of emphasis from health and sanitation to the
study of the country’s natural resources
⮚ Growth of science slowed down (decrease number
of articles in PJS and poor quality)
The Early Years
� Bureau of Science had new functions
⮚ Regulation, analysis, and branding of
commercial fertilizer
⮚ Control, checking, advertising, labeling or
branding of any business and commercial
commodities
� The world recession in the 1930s caused
further losses to the bureau, which resulted to
retrenchment, loss of several divisions,
reduced budget, and brain drain
The Early Years
� In 1933-1934, a general reorganization took
place
⮚ DANR became the Department of Agriculture
and Commerce
⮚ Bureau of Agriculture was split into the Bureau of
Plants and the Bureau of Animal Industry
⮚ The Division of Mineral Resources was converted
into the Bureau of Mines
⮚ The Bureau of Science lost some of its divisions
The Bureau of Science
� Main thrust during the early years was on public
health and nutrition
⮚ Due to outbreak of cholera, small pox, dysentery,
malaria, TB, and leprosy before 1900
⮚ Also did research on uses of agricultural products
• medicinal plants by Edwardo Quisumbing
• isolation and elucidation of natural products by
Alfredo Santos
• essential oils used as food flavors and fragrances by
Luz Olivares Belardo
• coconut as renewable source of fuel by Julius Banzon
The College of Agriculture
� Focused efforts on improving the breed of
basic crops, livestock and poultry
⮚ Varietal introduction, evaluation and
inheritance in rice, corn, sugar cane, coconut,
abaca, and tobacco
⮚ Improving the breed, feed ration, and the
quality of meat and eggs (Dr. Francisco Fronda,
Father of the Poultry Industry in the Philippines,
wrote 500 scientific articles during his lifetime)
The Early Years
(The War Years, 1941-1945)
� Manuel L. Quezon was the president when the war
between Japan and the US broke out in 1941
⮚ Very poor economy confronted the Commonwealth
and later the Republic
⮚ Unproductive period in the research life of the Bureau of
Science (fear of death and threat of hunger prevailed)
⮚ A few national scientists directed their efforts to food
processing
• toyo and vinegar were produced
• coconut was converted into coco jam and cooking oil
The Early Years
(Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Period,
1945-1948)
� Manuel Roxas became the first president of the Republic
⮚ Laid down his policies to rebuild the economy
(industrialization, people participation in the government,
closer cooperation with the US, and the restoration of
peace and justice)
⮚ Bell Trade Relations Act provided for free trade relations
between the Philippines and the US until 1954
⮚ This gives the Americans the right to dispose of, exploit,
develop, and utilize all agricultural, timber, and mineral
lands of the country
The Early Years
1945-1948)
� Bureau of Science was converted to the Institute of
Science and placed under the office of the President
⮚ Coordinated and redirected all scientific efforts toward
industrialization
� Filipino scientists directed their efforts toward the solution
of the country’s problems and needs (big shortage of food
and fuel, public health was poor)
⮚ Conversion of coconut oil into ethyl alcohol
⮚ fermentation of cassava
⮚ indigenous raw materials and recycled food were used as
animal feed, etc.
The Early Years
1945-1948)
� The gradual Filipinization of the government resulted
in several negative effects on the development of
science in the country
⮚ Reorganization led to loss of records (no clear
understanding of the roles and functions of different offices)
⮚ There was rampant graft, corruption and inefficiency of the
government due to unqualified officials
⮚ The budget for the Bureau of Science for its research and
other scientific activities was at the mercy of its department
secretary (operating with a low budget led to the bureau
soliciting foreign aid through scientific projects)
Post-War Philippine S&T
(The Quirino Administration, 1948-1953)
� President Elpidio Quirino desperately sought the

help of the US
⮚ President Truman proposed an economic survey
mission – the Bell Mission
($250M-aid from the US)
⮚ Institute of Science was renamed Institute of
Science and Technology and placed under the
National Economic Coordination
(funding became favorable)
(The Quirino Administration, 1948-1953)
� Philippine economy flourished

⮚ Crop production from 1946-1956 increased by
100%
⮚ Livestock and poultry production likewise
improved
⮚ The demands for lumber and timber greatly
increased due to rehabilitation and
reconstruction programs
(The Magsaysay Administration, 1953-1957)
� President Ramon Magsaysay directed all his efforts
to the upliftment of the rural people
⮚ Improved land reform system
⮚ Provided easy-term credit and facilities
⮚ Constructed roads and buildings for the masses
⮚ Provided technical advice for farmers on farm
management and intensive development
⮚ Extended the duty-free trade under the Bell Trade
Act
(The Magsaysay Administration, 1953-1957)
� Highest number of scientists, as well as scientific
works occurred in 1956
⮚ Due to RA No. 1237 which granted special
privileges to scientists and inventors
⮚ Dioscoro Umali organized the Division of Plant
Breeding, the Philippine Seed Board, the National
Rice and Corn Cooperative Movement Program
⮚ Fronda continued to improve the poultry industry
by introducing modern techniques
(The Garcia Administration, 1957-1961)
� President Carlos Garcia adopted the “Filipino First
Policy”
� The National Science Board was replaced with the
National Science Development Board (NSDB),
raising it to a department level with a budget of its
own
⮚ Scientific and industrial researches were made
more possible (studies on indigenous materials for
industries, improvement of industrial products,
substitution of native raw materials, etc.)
(The Garcia Administration, 1957-1961)
� 1959 was called the “crop year”

⮚ Increase in production despite the prolonged
drought
⮚ An offshoot of agricultural research
breakthroughs
• improved farm technology
• use of modern farm practices)
(The Macapagal Administration, 1961-1965)
� President Diosdado Macapagal instituted the

full decontrol program which lifted all
government controls on foreign exchange
⮚ The country’s foreign reserves were depleted
⮚ Ended the protection of Filipino enterprises
⮚ Unlimited importation and the Filipino colonial
mentality of buying “stateside” goods caused a
substantial drop in sales of Philippine-made
commodities
(The Macapagal Administration, 1961-1965)
� The NSDB was mandated in 1963 to undertake
research in all fields
⮚ through its 2 commissions, National Institute of
Science and Technology (NIST) and the Philippine
Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)
� The Scientific Instrumentation Division was added
to NSDB which shifted its efforts to extensive
training and expansion
� The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was
established in 1960
The Marcos Era
(Pre-Martial Law Years, 1965-1971)
� President Ferdinand Marcos’ national goals

emphasized economic and rural developments
⮚ Self-sufficiency in rice and diversification of crops
⮚ Land reform program and intensification of
community development programs
⮚ Laws that adjusted the government’s buying price
for rice and corn, reorganized agricultural
agencies to reduce operational costs and attain
efficiency
The Marcos Era
(After Martial Law, 1981-1985)
� President Marcos issued Proclamation 2045
that lifted Martial Law
⮚ NSDB drafted a comprehensive science and
technology plan for the country (Five-Year
Science and Technology Development Plan)
⮚ NSDB was reorganized to National Science and
Technology Authority (NSTA)
• Mandated to formulate a comprehensive
National Plan for Science and Technology
The Marcos Era
(After Martial Law, 1981-1985)
⮚ The following agencies were created:
• Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resource Research
and Development (PCARRD)
• National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP)
• Philippine Council for Health Research and Development
(PCHRD)
• Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Research
Development (PCIERD)
⮚ NAST tackled 3 major issues:
• Collection of biological specimens
• State of the dairy industry
• Effects of radiation on human health
Post EDSA revolution
(1986-present)
� President Corazon Aquino inherited a serious
economic crisis
⮚ Organized the Philippine Commission on Good
Government (PCGG)
⮚ Created the Commission on Human rights (CHR)
⮚ NSTA was reorganized to Department of Science
and Technology (DOST)
⮚ PAGASA was transferred to the DOST from the
Department of National Defense
(1986-present)
� Task Force on Science and Technology
Development was created in 1989
⮚ Dialogue with industry and agriculture and
identify the S&T areas needed to move to NIC
(Newly Industrializing Country) status by the
year 2000
(1986-present)
� President Fidel Ramos envisioned the Philippines “to be
a country where all are provided a better life…”
⮚ DOST refocused its efforts on the 15 “leading edges”,
sectors that have substantial contribution to GNP:
• agriculture, aquaculture and marine fisheries, forest and natural
resources, metals and engineering, textile industry, mining and
minerals, process industry, food and food industry, energy,
transportation, construction industry, information technology,
electronics, instrumentation and control, emerging technologies,
and the pharmaceutical industry

Historical Antecedents of Science AND TECHNOLOGY (Week 3-4 Part 2)

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Historical Antecedents of Science AND TECHNOLOGY (Week 3-4 Part 2)

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HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY (Week 3-4 Part 2)

Opening of Suez Canal in 1869 shortened the

Galleon trade was the chief economic activity

� The Taft Commission started the gradual

� In 1906, the Bureau of Science was made the

� President Elpidio Quirino desperately sought the

� Philippine economy flourished

� 1959 was called the “crop year”

� President Diosdado Macapagal instituted the

� President Ferdinand Marcos’ national goals

You might also like

Historical Antecedents of Science AND TECHNOLOGY (Week 3-4 Part 2)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

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Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

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Historical Antecedents of Science AND TECHNOLOGY (Week 3-4 Part 2)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY​ (Week 3-4 Part 2)

Opening of Suez Canal in 1869 shortened the

Galleon trade was the chief economic activity

� The Taft Commission started the gradual

� In 1906, the Bureau of Science was made the

� President Elpidio Quirino desperately sought the

� Philippine economy flourished

� 1959 was called the “crop year”

� President Diosdado Macapagal instituted the

� President Ferdinand Marcos’ national goals

You might also like

AND TECHNOLOGY (Week 3-4 Part 2)