1.

3 Solutions 85

1.103
 ∞  ∞
<x >= x f (x)dx/ f (x)dx
0 0
 ∞  ∞
x 2 e− λ dx/ xe− λ dx
x x
=
0 0
3
2λ
= = 2λ
λ2
Most probable value of x is obtained by maximizing the function xe−x/λ

d
(xe−x/λ ) = 0
dx
x
e− λ 1 −
x
=0
λ
∴x =λ
x(most probable) = λ

1.3.14 Numerical Integration

1.104 The trapezoidal rule is
 
1 1
Area = y0 + y1 + y2 + · · · + yn−1 + yn Δx
2 2
 10 2
Given integral is 1 x dx. Divide x = 1 to x = 10 into 9 intervals.
Thus b−an
= 10−1 9
= 1 = Δx
Substituting the abscissas in the equation y = x 2 , we get the ordinates y =
1, 4, 9, 16, · · · 100.
 
1 1
area = + 4 + 9 + 25 + 36 + 49 + 64 + 81 + × 100 = 334.5
2 2
This may be compared with the value obtained from direct integration,
* 3 +10
x
3 1
= 333.
The error is 0.45%.
1.105 For Simpson’s rule
take 10 intervals
Here b−a
n
= 10−0
10
= 1 = Δx
The area under the curve y = x 2 is given by
Δx
(y0 + 4y1 + 2y2 + 4y3 + 2y4 + · · · + 4yn−1 + yn )
3