Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VI – Western Visayas
Schools Division of Passi City
PASSI NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School Program
Tel. No. 311-5997

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
SELF-LEARNING MODULE
QUARTER 1 – WEEK 2

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

1. Recognize common isotopes and their uses.

(STEM_GC11AMIc-e-19)
2. Represent compounds using chemical formulas, structural formulas
and models. (STEM_GC11AMIc-e-21)
3. Calculate the empirical formula from the percent composition of a
compound. (STEM_GC11PCIf-32)
4. Calculate molecular formula given molar mass.
(STEM_GC11PCIf-33)
Pre-assessment- Select the letter of the best answer from the given
choices.

1. Uranium-235 has 92 protons. How may neutrons does it have?

A. 143 B. 92 C. 235 D. 90
2. What are isotopes?
A. Atoms that have the same number of neutrons but have different
numbers of protons.
B. Atoms that have the same number of electrons but have different
numbers of protons.
C. Atoms that have the same number of protons but have different
numbers of neutrons.
D. Atoms that have the same number of neutrons and protons.
3. Uranium-238 has 92 protons. How many neutrons does it have?
A. 239 B. 146 C. 92 D. 330
4. Why is deuterium 2H1 sometimes called heavy hydrogen?
A. It has extra nucleus C. It has extra electron
B. It has extra proton D. It has extra neutron
5. The beta particle has a charge of ___.
A. -1 B. -2 C. +1 D. +4

Sentence Completion. Complete each statement with a word/

concept in the blank of the item.
6._____refers to the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
of an atom.
7. How many carbon atoms in chemical formula CH4?
8.______ gives the lowest whole-number ratio of the elements in a
compound.
9. Cl is the chemical symbol for ______

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10. Formula mass is used for compounds that are made up of ions and
have primarily _____ bonding.

Lesson 1: What are Isotopes?

Isotopes
The word isotope was derived from Greek words isos and topos
which means “the same place”. Isotopes variants of an element are still
found in the same location in the periodic table of elements. This term was
introduced by a British Chemist Frederick Soddy.

What is the Nature of Isotopes?

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number
of protons but different in the number of neutrons. For example, the most
common oxygen isotope has 8 neutrons inside the nucleus, but other
isotopes have 9 or 10 neutrons.

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 Isotopes of Oxygen

To identify a specific isotope of an element, write the name of the

element followed by a hyphen and the mass number of the isotope.
Isotopes of oxygen are presented below.
➢ Oxygen-16 for the isotope with mass number of 16
➢ Oxygen-17 for the isotope with mass number of 17
➢ Oxygen-18 for the isotope with mass number of 18

An oxygen atom with eight protons and eight neutrons and has a mass
number of 16, its name is Oxygen-16. Oxygen-17 has eight protons and
nine neutrons and its mass number is 17. And lastly, an oxygen atom with
eight protons and ten neutrons and has a mass number of eighteen.

Due to the variations of the mass number of the isotopes like Oxygen-
16, Oxygen-17 and Oxygen-18, the relative atomic mass should be
computed as indicated in the periodic table. The atomic mass of oxygen
indicated in the periodic table is 15.999. How this figure obtained? To
calculate the atomic mass of an element, you have to multiply the mass
number of each isotope by its percentage abundance in decimal form. Then
add these amounts together to find the relative atomic mass.

For example, Chlorine-35 makes up 75.53 percent of all the chlorine

in nature, and Chlorine-37 makes up the other 24.47 percent. The relative
atomic mass of chlorine is calculated as follows;

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PRACTICE EXERCISE: Problem Solving

Boron has two isotopes, Boron-10 and Boron-11, whose percentage

abundances are 19.8% and 80.2% respectively. The atomic masses of
Boron-10 and Boron-11 are 10.0129 amu and 11.0093 amu respectively.
Write the symbols for the two isotopes of boron and determine the relative
atomic mass.

When we talk about the chemical properties of isotopes of a given

element, they are almost the same or identical. Different isotopes exhibit
nearly identical chemical behaviors. However, when it comes to physical
properties of isotopes like the mass, melting point, melting point, density
and freezing point they are all different. Some isotopes of an element
have unique properties because they are unstable. An unstable atom is an
atom whose nucleus can change its composition. This type of isotope is
called radioisotope. Radioisotopes are radioactive isotope because they
produce radiation as they breakdown in the process.

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 PERFORMANCE TASK 1

Isotope Brochure
Procedure
1. Choose an isotope that you want to discuss and present it in a brochure
format. Discuss the history, applications in various fields like medicine,
agriculture, industries and health, as well as the adverse effects.
2. Prepare 1 long special cardboard paper, pen, cut-outs of the chosen
isotopes and adhesive material such as glue.
3. Fold the special cardboard paper into 3 then make a lay out of your
isotope brochure. (and answer the following questions below)

Questions:

1. Which field is the chosen isotope most useful?

2. Is there any adverse effect in using the chosen isotope? How?

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 Lesson 2: Writing and Naming the
Chemical Formula of Compounds

Chemical Formula, Chemical Name and Structural Formula

From our previous lesson, we have described chemical formula as a

symbolic expression of a compound or substance. It is also defined as
shorthand of expressing the types and the number of atoms in a
substance. Chemical name is the scientific name given to a chemical in
accordance with the nomenclature system developed by the International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. While structural formula is a
graphical representation of the molecular structure showing how the
atoms are possibly arranged in the real three-dimensional space.

How to write the Chemical Formula, Chemical Name and Structural

Formula of Compounds?

Compound
This is a substance which is made up of two or more atoms joined
together by a chemical bond. Compounds may be classified into two
based from the nature of the atoms that make up them, and the type of
intramolecular bond that exist between atoms. The two classifications of
compounds are ionic compound and covalent compound. The ionic
compound is formed between a metal atom and a nonmetal atom, and the
type of intramolecular bond exist between atoms is ionic bond due to the
presence of ionic charges. Example of this is sodium chloride which is
made up of metal sodium and nonmetal chlorine.

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 The covalent compound is formed between two or more nonmetal
atoms, and the type of intramolecular bond that exist between atoms is
covalent bond. Example of this is Carbon tetrachloride.

So, in writing the chemical formula, structural formula as well as the

chemical name of a given compound, you must determine first the
intramolecular bond that exists between atoms of compounds.

Chemical Formula and Chemical Name

Once again, chemical formula is the shorthand of expressing the types

and the number of atoms in a substance. The way of writing the chemical
formula and chemical name of ionic compound is different from the covalent
compound.

a. Ionic Compound
In writing the chemical formula of an ionic compound, do the following
steps below.
We will use sodium chloride as an example of a chemical name that
need to be converted into chemical formula.

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 The Na has a charged of +1 because it tends to give 1 valence electron
to chlorine atom to become stable. Most metal atoms whose valence
electrons are ranging from 1-3, they tend to give valence electron to
become stable thus becomes positive ion known as Cation. Since Na has
1 valence electron, it will give its valence electron to chlorine forming
sodium ion. While Cl has a charged of -1 because it tends to accept 1
valence electron from sodium atom to become stable. Most nonmetal atoms
whose valence electrons are ranging from 5-7, they tend to accept valence
electron to become stable thus becomes negative ion known as Anion.
Since Cl has 7 valence electrons, it needs 1 valence electron from Na, it will
accept 1 valence electron from sodium forming chlorine ion.

If you want to reverse the process, let us say naming an ionic

compound, do the following steps below. We will use NaCl as an example
of a chemical formula that need to convert to chemical name.

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b. Covalent Compound
In writing the chemical formula of a covalent compound, do the
following steps below. We will use Carbon tetrachloride as an example of
a chemical name that need to be converted into chemical formula.

Note that the carbon has 1 atom while chlorine has 4 atoms. We can
determine the number of atom based from the Greek prefixes used before
each type of atom. In Carbon tetrachloride, there is no Greek prefix written
before the word carbon. This means that the number of carbon is 1. In
Greek prefix, 1 is mono but there is no prefix mono before the word
carbon. This is because the prefix mono is not allowed to be written at the
beginning of the chemical name. From supposedly Monocarbon
tetrachloride, it is name as carbon tetrachloride.

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 If you want to reverse the process, let us say naming a covalent
compound, do the following steps below. We will use CCl 4 as an example
of a chemical formula
that need to convert to chemical name.

PERFORMANCE TASK 2
FREEDOM WALL
Procedure:
1. Prepare 1 short bond paper, pentel pen, coloring materials and ruler
2. Given set of chemical names, choose 2 (one ionic & one covalent) that
you want to present. You need to follow the steps below to solve the
problem. Write your complete answers in a bond paper. You may add
design that you want or remark as your expression of your feelings or
experiences towards the solving process.

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Note: Just answer any one (1) Performance Task and the Assessment as required outputs
to be submitted.

QUESTIONS:
1. What is the chemical formula of the compound?
2. Is your chosen compound an ionic compound or covalent
compound?

Lesson 3: Calculating Formula Mass, Empirical Formula and

Molecular Formula

What is Formula Mass and Molecular Mass?

Formula Mass and Molecular Mass

Formula mass is used for compounds that are made up of ions and
have primarily ionic bonding. While Molecular mass or known as molar
mass is used for compounds that are composed of molecules and have
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primarily covalent bonding. The term formula mass is suitable to use as it
can be used for both ionic and covalent compounds. Molecular mass will
only be used for covalent compounds.

How to Write the Formula Mass of a Compound?

Compound

A substance which is made up of two or more atoms joined together

by a chemical bond. Compounds may be classified into two based from
the nature of the atoms that make up them, and the type of intramolecular
bond that exist between atoms. The two classifications of compounds are
ionic compound and covalent compound. The ionic compound is formed
between a metal atom and a nonmetal atom, and the type of
intramolecular bond exist between atoms is ionic bond due to the
presence of ionic charges. Example of this is sodium chloride which is
made up of metal sodium and nonmetal chlorine.

The covalent compound is formed between two or more nonmetal

atoms, and the type of intramolecular bond that exist between atoms is
covalent bond. Example of this is Carbon tetrachloride.

So, in using the term formula mass or molecular mass, you must
determine first the intramolecular bond that exists between atoms of
compounds.

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How is Mass Number different from Formula Mass?

If mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the

nucleus of an atom, the formula mass is the sum of all mass numbers of the
atoms that make up the compound. The mass number is very important in
determining the formula mass of a certain compound.
The mass number of each element can be seen in the periodic table.
Below shows the mass number of element nitrogen in the periodic table
which is 14.007 or 14.0 u. The mass number is always rounded off to the
nearest tenths that is why the value of the mass number of nitrogen is
14.0 instead of 14.007. The symbol u means unified mass number unit or
unified atomic mass unit that is used in all formula mass units.

Important Steps in Solving the Formula Mass of a Compound

In writing the formula mass of a compound, do the following steps

below. We will use Al(OH)3 as an example.

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Step 1. List down the atoms involved in the formula which are represented
by chemical symbol. Write this in downward manner in the first column.

Step 2. Determine the number of atoms in the formula. Write this in the
second column. Consider the subscript which is written outside the
parenthesis.

Note that the number of oxygen atom and hydrogen atom have
increased by 3 because of the subscript located outside the parenthesis.
The subscript will only affect the atoms inside the parenthesis which can be
seen in (OH)3 of Al(OH)3.

Step 3. Write the mass number of each element in the third column.

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 Step 4. Multiply the number of each atom to its mass number to
determine the total mass number of each atom. Write this in the fourth
column.

Step 5. Get the sum of all total masses to determine the formula mass of
Al(OH)3.

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 PERFORMANCE TASK 3

FREEDOM WALL
Procedure:
1. Prepare 1 short bond paper, pentel pen, coloring materials and ruler
2. Given set of chemical formula, choose 1 that you want to present before
your teacher. You need to follow the steps below to solve the problem. Write
your complete answers in a bondpaper paper. You may add design that you
want or remark as your expression of your feelings or experiences towards
the solving process.

QUESTIONS:
1. What is the formula mass of your chosen chemical formula?
2. Are there atoms where mass numbers are identical?

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 What is Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula?

Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula

Empirical Formula is the lowest whole-numbered ratio of the

elements in a compound. While Molecular Formula is the actual
composition of a compound indicating the number of atoms per element,
number of moles of each kind of atom per mole of compound.

How to Calculate the Empirical Formula?

In calculating the empirical formula of a compound, do the following

steps below. We will refer to the sample problem below.

SAMPLE PROBLEM: Determine the empirical formula of a compound

whose percentage composition is 50.05% S and 49.95% O by mass.

Step 1. Use 100 g of the compound as basis of calculation. Meaning there

will be 50.05g would be atoms of Sulfur and 49.95 g would be atoms of
Oxygen.

Step 2. Convert the given mass of each atom into their equivalent mole.
To do this, convert the given mass of atom in the compound by using the
mole of the atom as the conversion factor.

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 Let us use Sulfur to determine the calculation process. First the given
mass of sulfur is 50.05 g was multiplied to 1 mol of S atoms. You may refer
to the red straight arrow. The answer is 50.05 g S. mol of S atoms. Then
the 50.05 g S. mol of S atoms was divided by 32.1 g S. You may refer to
the red curved arrow. The answer is 1.56 mol of S atoms. The mole of atom
is based on the mass number of the atom as indicated in the periodic table.
The mass number of sulfur in the periodic table is 32.1 or 32.

Step 3. The equivalent value of mole of each atom will be used as the
subscript. Therefore, the formula maybe written as S1.56O3.12, but this
formula does not have whole-number subscripts. One way to get a formula
with whole-number subscript is to divide all the subscripts by the smallest
subscript.

Therefore, the empirical formula is S1O2 or SO2 because it has the

lowest possible ratio of whole-numbered subscript. The chemical name of
the compound is
Sulfur dioxide.

How to Calculate the Molecular Formula?

In calculating the molecular formula of a compound, do the following

steps below. We will refer to the sample problem below.

SAMPLE PROBLEM: A sample is found to have 40.0% C, 6.6% H and

53.4% O by mass. The molecular mass of the compound is 180. What its
empirical and molecular formulas?

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Step 1. Use 100 g of the compound as basis of calculation. Meaning there
will be 40.0 g would be atoms of Carbon, 6.6 g would be atoms of Hydrogen
and 53.4 g would be atoms of Oxygen.

Step 2. Convert the given mass of each atom into their equivalent mole. To
do this, convert the given mass of atom in the compound by using the mole
of the atom as the conversion factor.

Step 3. The equivalent value of mole of each atom will be used as the
subscript. Therefore, the formula maybe written as C3.33H6.6O3.33., but this
formula does not have whole-number subscripts. One way to get a formula
with whole-number subscript is to divide all the subscripts by the smallest
subscript.

Therefore, the empirical formula is C1H2O1 or CH2O because it has the

lowest possible ratio of whole-numbered subscript. But what is the
molecular formula?

Step 4. Divide the molecular mass of the compound which is 180 by its
molecular mass by empirical formula which is CH 2O. The molecular mass
of CH2O is 30 g/mol.
1
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Step 5. Multiply the empirical formula (CH2O) by 6 would produce a
molecular formula of C6H12O6

PERFORMANCE TASK 4
FREEDOM WALL
Procedure
1. Prepare 1 short bond paper, pentel pen, coloring materials and ruler
2. Given a problem on molecular formula, solve the problem properly. You
need to follow the steps below to solve the problem. Write your complete
answers in a bond paper. You may add design that you want or remark as
your expression of your feelings or experiences towards the solving
process.

QUESTIONS:
1. Is empirical formula related to molecular formula?
2. Did you find the problem difficult to solve? Why?
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 ASSESSMENT

Instruction: In a 1 whole piece of paper, solve the following problems.

A.

B.

C.

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REFLECTION:

You have to fill in the L component of the KWL chart to generalize

the things they have learned about the topic.

KWL Chart
Topic Know Want to know Learned
1. Isotopes I have learned
that…..
2. Chemical
Formula

.
NOTE: Just answer 2 out of 4 Performance Tasks and the
Assessment as required outputs to be submitted.
Those who are in quarantine or under community lockdown,
you may opt to pass the pictures of your outputs and send
through your class group chat on messenger.
Please follow the assigned schedule for the submission of
answer sheets/outputs per week.
Queries/clarifications about the lesson will entertained through
text messaging or in FB messenger on weekdays (Mon-Fri),
8:00-11:00 & 1:00-5:00)
Thank you!!!
References
Mendoza E. and Religioso T. (2008). Chemistry Laboratory Manual. Phoenix
Publication
Mendoza E. (2003). Chemistry Textbook. Phoenix Publication

Prepared by:

JAYSSE JAMES P. PADILLA

SHS, Teacher II
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