Chapter 3

- first encounters between the europeans and people of the americas occurred over a
period dating from the early 11th century quoted from page 42 of textbook

- first meetings can be defined in multiple ways

1. one historian listed 3 basic types: collisions, relationships, and contacts
- collisions include transmisiones of disease and the slave trade
- southeastern china known as Pai Yuen, navigators
- the peanut is a american plant that turned up in China from about 5300 - 4800 BCE, and
chinese chicken was found in the americas
- in 1956 archaeologists found ceramics at valdivia in southwestern ecuador, dated to
5200-4800 BCE at the time by far the oldest known such artifacts in the americas that
resembled japanese potter
- archaeologist thor heyerdahl looked for men who could recreate ancient type of
watercraft required to sail the south atlantic, he found found them at lake chad in north
africa and lake titicaca in the andean highlands.

Chapter 7

- defeat of france in north america was bad for indigenous people from east coast to great
lakes
- stopped trading strategies
- the defeat of france at montreal in 1760 appeared to guarantee indegnous protection for
the lands they inhabited but it was lie
- british commander in chief jeffrey amherst (1717-97) lost no time introducing economies
after the fall of montreal
- the first items to be cut were trade goods used to conform alliances
- in indegnous eyes this was the renewal of english - indegnous alliances they also were
the agreed on price by which the indegnous peoples allowed the english to use their
lands
- to complicate matters indegnous peoples had come to depend on such items as guns
and ammunition
- sir william johnson, british superintendent of indian affairs from 1755 to 1774 strongly
advised amherst against the move
- this change remained until 1858
- britain had led her indigenous allies to believe that once they drove the french out,
encroaching settlers also would go land the indegnous peoples would get better trade
deals
- british lied due to loss of colonial power
- british and indegnous leaders limited liquor trade to preserve them as allies
- anglo americans merchants traders swarmed indegnous territory and operated outsides
authority
- the indegnous people were unable to control them and colonial governments didn’t care
- first peoples, saw the struggle between the french and englishman as a threat to their
delicate strategic balances an they started to worry bout associated dangers
- ojibwa chief minweweh fought alongside the french voiced a general sentiment when he
told the brit’s “although you have conquered the french you have not conquered us. we
are not slaves. these lakes, these woods, and mountains were left us by our ancestors.
they are our inheritances and we will part with them to none’’
- british uneasily unaware of indegnous fears about losing their lands, eventually moved to
reassure them by at least partially acknowledging their territorial rights in the
proclamation of 1763 which is embedded in the canadian charter of rights and freedoms
(constitution act, q982 section 25 [a])
- british were unable to prevent their colonists from moving into territory that had been
previously protected by the presence of the french, the canadians (those settled in what
was unofficially referred to as ‘’canada’’ though was still officially new france, which
extended as far south as louisiana) as the french allies
- even worse the techniques newcomers used to ‘purchase’ indegnous lands and the
extent of the lands involved. in 1756 johnson warned about the effects of such practices.
fraudulent purchase of lands became an important element of the royal proclamation of
1763 as the british government attempted to regulate an issue that became a crisis to
indegnous people. as the observed to george croghan a successful trader who for 15
years was johnson right hand man ‘’in either case they would lose their lands and the
consideration they got was soon spent altho’ the lands remained,’’ but in the hands of
non indegnous people
- federation of seven fires(seven nations of canada), an alliance network linking french
mission indedenous people: those wendat and haudenosaunee who has sided w the
french
- colonial officials knew the causes of indegnous unrest they were unable to control their
own colonists
- british planned to control the traders by restrictions trade to the posts and to eliminate
rum failed,
- amherst forbid a ceremonial exchange and johnson’s considered the decision so unwise
he ignored it for the moment
- the troubled situation emerged obwandiyag a an odaawak war chief
- there is little to no idea of what he looked it
- described as proud, vindictive, warlike, and easily offended
- major robert rogers went to detroit in the fall of 1760 with 200 of his famous rangers who
had a reason to be grateful to obwandiyag for having prevented his warriors from
attacking the british contingent found him to be a man of ‘’great strength of judgment and
a thirst of knowledge’’
- obwandiyag seems to have supported a movement among the indegnous peoples that
claimed a spiritual vision had called for a return to the ways of their ancestors
- navistic moments indigenous peoples sought to cope with the invasion of their lands
and missionary pressures against their way of life. Neolin (One that is four)
 - The ojibwa leaders miniweweh and madjeckewiss (machiquawish, among other
variations, c.1735-c. 1805) had better luck with a similar ruse against fort
michilikmackinac, at the straits of mackinac connecting lakes huron and michigan
- obj i wa and osaakiiwaki warriors organized a lacrosse game that allowed them to gain
entrance to the fort and overwhelm its garrison. between 16 may and 20 june 1763, nine
british forts fell.
- an expeditionary force under colonel henry bouquet, swiss born officer, who had learned
something from indegnous tactics rescued fort pitt.
- bouquet taught his troops to move while firing to form a circle when pressed, and used
the bayonet, a weapon that indigenous warriors didn’t generally adopt
- despite brit’s success in this hard fought engagement, by the end of the summer the
indigenous warriors of the resistance movement were in control of the most of the old
northwest
- nelson’s call to drive the anglo americans back into sea seemed to be on its way to
success. in his exhortations he used a diagram painted on deerskin on show how
anglo-american settlers were blocking indegnous peoples from the enjoyment of their
lands
- as his influence rose, so did that of obwandiyag despite his failure at detroit , so did the
obwandiyag
- amherst immediate reaction was to underestimate both the scope and importance of
theo resistance. He didn't care about the capacity of indigenous peoples to organize a
large scale resistance
- he devised several plans aimed at a genocide, including distributions small pox infected
blankets

sing content from chapters 3, 6, 7 (you can focus on 1 chapter if you like) explain how ONE OF
"assimilation" or "genocide" appears in the text. Give the content meaning by showing how it
meets the definition or key features of one of these concepts.