EAPP 11

FINALS
 Basic Report
Writing Principles
EAPP Lesson 1
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to do the
following:

ELO 1. Practice correct writing conventions to make future

reports clear, concise, objective and non-discriminatory
through rewriting short report sections.
ELO 2. Discuss one’s qualities to create a successful report
through describing in My Report.
ELO 3. Analyze various reports to come up with a report
regarding K to 12 and summarize through Report
writing.
REPORTS
Reports are expected and common
requirements in school. But do you know that
when you become a professional, you will also be
writing Reports?
Report
A report is a structured document that takes
information and presents it in an objective and succinct
manner. It contains an introduction, body and
conclusion. The style of the writing is analytical without
being argumentative. The scope of a report varies
depending upon the subject. Academic reports take
data or research and present it in a logical format.
(DeDonato, 2017)
1.1 Writing Style for Reports
 Writing Style for Reports
Report should be written in a language that is concise,
clear, objective, and nondiscriminatory.

1. Concise writing.
Your text should state an idea with the least number of
words without affecting meaning. This means editing
your report in order to cut unnecessary words and
shorten expressions.
Writing Style for Reports

Example:

From: All the participants in the study were male who

were 30 years old. They were all residents of Brgy. 003,
Ermita, Manila. They were interviewed.

To: The interviewees were 30-year-old male residents of

Brgy. 003, Ermita, Manila.
 Writing Style for Reports
2. Clear writing.
Means writing that transmits to the reader the
exact idea that you have in mind. Ideas are clear if
they are expressed in concrete terms. “Concrete”
means something that can be perceived; its opposite
is abstract, something that cannot be perceived.
Writing Style for Reports
EXAMPLE

From: Many of the participants reported being “very

satisfied” with the Barangay Health Unit’s service.

To: Fifty-five percent (55 out of 100) of the participants

reported being “very satisfied” with the Barangay
Health Unit’s maternal health service.
Writing Style for Reports

3. Objective writing.
Means writing that is free of emotionally
loaded or biased words, so that the report
appears neutral or factual.
Writing Style for Reports

Example:

From: Unfortunately, a huge majority of the respondents

were “very dissatisfied” with the Barangay Health Unit’s
maternal health service.

To: Seventy-seven of the respondents were “very

dissatisfied” with the Barangay Health Unit’s maternal
health service.
Note: Being objective also includes removing any hint of personal
judgement in your writing.

Example:

From: The residents of Barangay X hoarded basic goods before the

super typhoon struck.

- The word “hoard” has a negative connotation and its use in

the sentence may suggest that the writer disapproves of
what the residents did.

Suggested: The residents of Barangay X bought more than the usual

quantity of basic goods before the super typhoon struck.
Writing Style for Reports
4. Nondiscriminatory writing.
Refers to writing that treats all people equally
and with respect. Be careful to use
nondiscriminatory language when referring to
the following:
Writing Style for Reports

a. Gender – Your language should reflect equal

treatment of people of different genders. Avoid
using words like man, mankind, or he to people in
general, as “people” includes various genders.
Rather, use gender-neutral terms like people or
humanity. In addition, do not assume that the
default gender is masculine.
Example:

A student must have his parents sign the waiver.

In this sentence, there is an assumption that the subject

must be a male student. So unless this sentence refers to a
particular case in which the student being talked about
really is a male, it had better be revised to be
gender-neutral.

Students must have their parents sign the waiver.

Parents must sign the child’s/student’s waiver.
Note: Be careful with the use of affixes -man,
-woman, or -ess as in barangay chairman,
presidential spokeswoman, and directress. We
suggest that you use gender-neutral equivalents
instead, such as chair or chairperson,
spokesperson, or director.
b. Age – Reports must state precisely the age of
any human participants in a study.

Example: Use “respondents aged 60-65” instead of

“erderly people.”

Note: Usage of the following terms:

● Boys, girls - for people less than 18 years old
● Men, women - for people 18 and above
(American Psychological Association, 2003)
c. Disability – Never refer to people
through their diseases or disabilities,
as in “autistics.” Use instead “person/s
or people with ___,” as in “a person
with autism”
1.2 Parts of a Report
Parts of a Report
Reports may vary depending on the type. However, it
can be said that most reports contain the following
sections:

1. Prefatory elements - are report sections found before

the actual report
Parts of a Report
1.
a. Title page.
Usually, the title page contains the following elements:

i. The report title - a phrase that captures the essence

of the report. A very easy way to come up with the
title is to get keywords from the report’s main
purpose or objective statement.
Example:
Report Purpose : “This short report, prepared for 41
countries... presents the major fundings from the survey
of key informants’ opinions on health system
responsiveness in their country.” (World Health
Organization, 2003, p.1)

Report title: “Health system responsiveness survey results:

Equitable, humane, patient-centered treatment by
health systems, or not?” (World Health Organization,
2003)
ii. The name(s) of the person(s) who conducted the
experiment.
To avoid confusion with the other names on the
title page (e.g., the recipients of the report) it is
helpful to label this section with a phrase like “A
laboratory report submitted by:”

iii. Name of the person(s) to whom the report is

submitted
Again, properly label this section with a phrase
like “Submitted to:”
b. Abstract or Executive Summary. Like the title
page, the abstract is found in the beginning
but is written last. This section summarizes your
report by reducing it to the most essential
ideas, namely:
i. The purpose/objective of the report
ii. The procedure is done
iii. The results
iv. The conclusion
 Note:
❖A maximum of 250 words (including articles) will
be a good length for abstract.
❖The purpose/objective of the report, The results,
The conclusion are written in the present tense,
since they refer to ideas in your report
❖The procedure is written in the past tense since
you are reporting past action.
Parts of a Report
1. Report Proper - is the actual report
A. Introduction. Your introduction should present
your topic as well as the purpose of your
report. It should hold the reader's interest
enough to continue reading your report. The
readers should feel your goals in writing and
the importance or benefits that they can get
from reading your report.
In academic reports, we usually find:
1. A brief description of relevant theories (being able to
make connections between theories or concepts
discussed in class and real-life situations)
2. Purpose of the study
In the professional field, introduction gives important
background information needed for a fuller appreciation
of the problem taken up and the results to be presented.
1. The reason for writing the report (for example,
business problems like low sales of a particular
product)
2. Authorization details (e.g. identification of the officials
who told you to write the report)
3. Relevant definition of terms
4. Objectives of the report.
 Note:
“Goals” refers to the broad outcome of the
report.
Example: An increase in the sales of product X
“Objectives” refer to the more specific steps that
the researcher takes to achieve the goal.
Example: One specific objective for the goal
given here is to identify the factors that affect the
sales of product X.
B. Procedures. The Procedure section details the
action done, and as applicable, the materials
used or participants involved in order to fulfill the
purpose of the report.
Note:
❖Procedure section is usually written in the past
tense. Depending on your reader’s preference,
this may be presented as a narrative in
paragraph form, or as a list of chronological
steps. If listed, it is suggested that you write the
steps in complete sentences.
C. Results and Discussion. Results and Discussion
section (or sections, as they may sometimes be
separate units) presents the findings resulting from
the procedures performed.
The results are usually organized based on the
objectives found in the introduction.
D. Conclusion. The conclusion may contain any one
or all of the following:
● A recap of key findings in the body
● A final answer to the main question raised in
the introduction.
E. Appendix. Your appendices may contain
other supporting documents or forms that you
have used in your report. For example, if you
did a survey, then you can include in this
section the survey you used.
F. References. List of references here
using the recommended APA format.
Prefatory elements
➢ Title Page
➢ Abstract or Executive Summary
Report Proper
➢ Introduction
➢ Procedures
➢ Results and Discussion
➢ Conclusion
➢ Appendix
➢ References
SIGNIFICANCE:
In the professional world, reports serve as a
very important records of decisions as in
minutes of a meetings or as bases for
decisions to be made as in case of feasibility
reports.
Self-Check:

Activity Sheet 1.1 Rewriting

Direction: Answer the following in not more than 1 sentence
each.
I. Rewrite the following sentences to make them
concrete.
 EAPP 11
Lesson 2
Writing Style for Reports
Report should be written in a language
that is:
1. Concise Writing
2. Clear Writing
3. Objective Writing
4. Nondiscriminatory Writing
 Parts of Reports
Prefatory elements
➢ Title Page
➢ Abstract or Executive Summary
Report Proper
➢ Introduction
➢ Procedures
➢ Results and Discussion
➢ Conclusion
➢ Appendix
➢ References
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to
do the following:
ELO 1. Use appropriate hedging expressions to
achieve a better way of making claims.
ELO 2. Write a data commentary given a data set in
preparation for a survey and field reports.
ELO 3. Exercise open-mindedness through
researching, data gathering, interpreting
information.
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/mLaZ5RT5jog/maxresdefault.jpg
Interpret the data above …
Present the data into sentence/s.
 Writing a Data
Commentary
Today’s Discussion:
Data Commentary
Data Commentary
The type of writing that accompanies a
visual display is called data commentary. The
main purposes of a data commentary are to
present the results of research, interpret these
results, and to discuss the significance and
implications of the results.
2.1 Structure of a Data
Commentary
4 basic parts:
1. Data presentation.
2. Location and Summary Expressions.

3. Highlighting Statements.
4. Conclusion.
1. Data Presentation
4 basic parts:
1. Data presentation. Data are often presented
graphically for order and greater clarity. Graphic
data presentation can be in the form of tables and
figures. A table is often used to present voluminous
data. On the other hand, a figure is anything other
than a table, like charts, graphs, pictures, and maps.
A figure is ideal for showing general trends and
patterns and for pointing out comparisons among
data.
Tables have columns (vertical divisions) and rows
(horizontal divisions), each one with an appropriate
label. The first column is the ‘stub column’ and the
columns to the right of it constitute the field. All the
data in the field have to be read in terms of the row
heading in the stub column and the column
headings in the field. A hypothetical table is
presented below.
 Table 1: Total fruit (metric tons) in Trinidad Valley,
Baguio (1980-2010)

Fruit Harvest Harvest Harvest

(1980-1990) (1991-2000) (2001-2010)
Strawberry 375 300 400
Mango 423 356 525
Lemon 289 270 300

*Take note of the title and the headings to understand the data.
2. Location and
Summary Expressions.
4 basic parts:

2. Location and Summary Expressions. The next

part of a commentary is actually just a
sentence that identifies what figure/table
(the location expression) is being discussed
and what data this figure contains (the
summary expression).
The number is usually an Arabic numerals
these are the ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
and 9. Although in some organizations,
related tables are labeled with the same
Arabic number but different letters.
For example, all tables that are about fruit
harvest are numbered 3 but data from one
region may be 3.a and those from another
3.b.
The summary expression is where you indicate the
data contained in the table or figure. You have 2
ways of doing this:
● Active Voice
Example: Table 1 (location element) shows (verb of report
always in the present tense) the fruit harvest in the Trinidad
Valley (summary expression)
Location element verb of report summary
expression
● Passive Voice

Example: The fruit harvest in the Trinidad Valley

(summary expression) is shown (verb ‘to be’ + past
participle of the verb) in Table 1 (location element)
Summary expression verb of report location
element
3. Highlighting Statements
4 basic parts:
3. Highlighting Statements. This is where you
discuss the significant data. This part where you
can show your analytical ability by pointing out
patterns (something that is repeated) and
trends (general direction over a period of time
- going up? Going down? ).
 Fruit Harvest Harvest Harvest
(1980-1990) (1991-2000) (2001-2010)
Strawberry 375 300 400
Mango 423 356 525
Lemon 289 270 300

What claim or interpretation can you make based on the

significant data?
For example, which fruit is the biggest harvest in the area?
Is there any pattern in the harvest over three decades?
Useful expressions when reporting results:
The majority (____%) of respondents said …
Approximately half (or whatever) …
____ per cent of respondents said …
As can be seen in Table __, the dry season in ____ (place)
is longer /shorter than in ____ (place).
Useful expressions when reporting trends:
There has been a gradual (decrease) in
There is a steady (increase)/marked (fall), steep (rise in) ...
There is a sharp (drop in …)
Price of ____ has been stable in the last ____ (period of
time).
Note:
When you are very sure of the reliability
and credibility of data, you may make a
strong claim like, The Philippine export
trade grew by 6% last year.

HOWEVER...
When you have limited data or when you’re not
sure of the quality of research done, or when you’re
in doubt as to the general applicability of a finding,
you have to use HEDGING (use of expressions to
weaken your claims if there is a weak basis for
them).
1. Expressing probability through MODAL AUXILIARY.
Example:
Reduced speed may result in fewer injuries.
It should reduced the speed when…
2. Distancing yourself from a strong claim.
Example:
Consumers seem to have less confidence in the
economy.
It would appear that consumers have less confidence in
the economy.

3. Qualifying a generalization.
Example:
Consumers tend to have less confidence in the
economy.
Children living in poverty tend to have a history of
health problems.
4. Using a weaker verb.

WEAKER
The political instability contributed to the low
confidence in the economy.

STRONGER
The political instability led to the low confidence in
the economy.
NOTE
When presenting numerical data, you don’t use
hedging expressions because the figures speak for
themselves; however, in commenting on data, you
often need to hedge. For example: In the latest SWS
survey, more than 4 million FIlipinos are jobless. This could
be due to the mismatch between labor needs and
labor qualifications.
4. Conclusion
4 basic parts:
4. Conclusion. You conclude a commentary by
giving explanations or discussing the implications
of data. Remember to observe proper
documentation of your sources of information.
You may also conclude a data documentary by
suggesting future research directions, if
appropriate.
Language Points
Language Points

● A mix of tenses is possible in a data

commentary. Use past tense when referring to
specific/results in the study; use present tense
when you interpret the results.
Language Points
● Use accurate verbs of report. When a report simply
presents data use an indicative verb like show(s),
present(s), and provide(s). Use a negative reporting
verb, such as disagree(s) with, refute(s), and
contradict(s), when the data result of the study is not
supported by other studies. For positive results, you
can use reporting verbs like support and confirm.
Language Points
● Use hedging expressions, if necessary,
when expressing claims about the data.
In academic writing, it is prudent to be cautious in
one’s statements so as to distinguish between facts
and claims. Hedging is the use of linguistic devices to
express hesitation or uncertainty as well as to
demonstrate politeness and indirectness.
Language Points
● Make the interconnection of ideas in your data
commentary clear by using the appropriate
conjunctions and linkers. A linker may be a
transitional device like moving on to the idea
of _______, or it can be an idea that connects
your previous idea to the next one.
Language Points

● Follow the conventions of academic

writing. Avoid contractions, informal
expressions, and biased language.
Sample of data
commentary
Below is the excerpt from a data commentary relating
the data to the hypothesis that self-questioning as a
post-reading strategy aids in text comprehension.
(1) In order to determine if self-questioning as a post-reading
aids in text comprehension, the participants were divided
into two: the questioning group (experimental) and the
non-questioning group (control). (2) Both groups were given
identical texts, the only difference being that the
experimental group took the same reading test after posting
questions about the material that they just read. (3) Table 1
shows the test performance of the two groups.
 In S1 and S2, the purpose and
methodology of the study are stated .
The location and summary element is
found on S3.
(4) As can be seen in the table, the control group performed
slightly better than the experimental group (average score of
16.86) for the control vs 16.29 for the experimental group);
however, the results of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
showed the difference to be not significant. (5) In other
words, data does not provide sufficient evidence to
conclude that self-questioning affects comprehension of a
prose text, contrary to the findings of previous studies. (6) A
possible explanation for this is the quality of questions
generated by the experimental group. (7) This could be the
reason why the strategy of self-questioning was ineffectual:
the low level questions did not invite the readers to examine
the text more deeply.
 The highlighting statements are S4 and S5,
which also cite the relevant figures. S6 and S7 use
hedging expressions (A possible explanation, This
could be the reason) in trying to explain the
results.
The past tense is used in explaining the methodology
of the study and whenever specific results of the
finished study are referred to. The present tense is used
in location and summary elements and in the
highlighting statements.
 Enrichment Questions:
1. What do you think is the importance of Data
Commentary?
2. Why do you think it is important to write
accurate report?
 Survey and Field
Report
EAPP Lesson 3.1
4 basic parts of a Data Commentary:
1. Data presentation.
2. Location and Summary Expressions.

3. Highlighting Statements.
4. Conclusion.
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to do
the following:
ELO 1. Extend learning through researching how
survey questionnaires and field reports are
created in essay writing.
ELO 2. Exercise open-mindedness in evaluating
and revising a survey report sample.
ELO 3. Appreciate the beauty of nature through
gathering the most famous tourist attractions
and summarize the findings then designing a
survey report.
I find the topics in EAPP (English for
Academic and Professional
Purposes)__________.

( ) Light/Easy
( ) Moderate
( ) Somewhat Hard
( ) Hard
3.1 Survey Report
Definition and Purpose
A survey is a data collection method
that involves asking a selected group
of people questions. Thus, a survey
report is an objective and systematic
written presentation of the goals and
findings of a survey.
Content Overview
The survey report usually has the following sections
● Introduction
● Procedures
● Results
● Conclusion and Recommendations
● Appendix
● References
1. Introduction
Introduce your survey report by
presenting the reason for
conducting your survey and your
objectives.
2. Procedures
This section reports the procedures involved in the
survey. Include details such as:
● Description of the respondents:
○ Demographic information
○ Number (totals and subtotals as
applicable)
○ Criteria for selection
Demographic Information
Demographic information examples include: age,
race, ethnicity, gender, marital status, income,
education, and employment. Demographic data
refers to socioeconomic information expressed
statistically. You can easily and effectively collect
these types of information with survey questions.
Number (totals and subtotals as applicable)

To know how many people you should

send your survey to, you want to take your
sample size and how many responses you
need back.
Criteria for selection
For the study “Effectivity of Online classes of the
Senior High School student”, the following criteria
were used in the selection of respondents.
All respondents:
1. must be ENROLLED in the school year 2021–2022.
2. must be grade 11 and 12 students
3. must be actively schooling online.
● Description of the survey instrument:
○ Development of the questionnaire (was it adopted
from a previous study? Was it developed by the
researchers? Was it modified from a previous
version?)
○ Details of pilot tests done to refine the questionnaire
○ Number of questions and sections if any
○ Types of questions (example: multiple choice
questions, open-ended questions)
○ The amount of time it took to answer the
questionnaire
● The implementation of the survey:

○ Date and place of survey

○ Distribution method (example: sent
through email)
○ Treatment of data (computations, etc)
3. Results
Result section should present the answers to the survey
questions in paragraph form, through highlights of results,
and in graphical form, through tables or other graphics.
Present the results per question.
Your presentation of the results may not follow the same
order as in a survey questionnaire. You can follow the
order of objectives as presented in the Background and
Objectives section (Queensland Government Statistician’s
Office, 2015)
Analyzing the Results by answering these
guide questions:
1. Which one is presented first: the write-up on the
results, or the table or figure presenting the data?

2. When writing about the data in a figure or table, is

it enough to broadly describe the data (example:
“The majority of respondents said…”) or does the
writer have to include exact figures (example: “The
majority of respondents (76 out of 92) said…”)

3. What verb tenses are used? When are they used?

4. Conclusion and Recommendations
Depending on the teacher’s requirement, the
conclusion can contain any one of the following:
● Recap the key findings of the survey
● Present generalizations regarding the responses

The recommendations, ,on the other hand, presents

suggested research topics or actions.
5. Appendix

Include in the appendix the “extras” that

you don’t need in the body, but are
related to the study, for example:
interview transcripts, photographs, and
observation forms used (if any).
6. References

The references section presents the

complete bibliographic information of all
the sources cited in the paper. Consult
your teacher on the documentation
system (for example: APA) that is going to
be used.
Below is a sample
survey report.
THE AVERAGE SLEEP TIME OF STUDENTS FROM UNIVERSITY X

It is well-known that nighttime sleep is important

for overall health. But it is just as evident that
today’s lifestyle promotes sleep deprivation.
One group of people that seems to be
perpetually sleep deprived is college students.
Because of the significant health impact of
sleep, it is important to know how much sleep
these students are actually getting.
Objective
To determine the average amount of sleep
that a group of college students get within
two time frames: for a whole week near the
start of the school term, and for another
week near the end of the term.
Procedures
Description of the respondents. The respondents
consisted of 400 students of University X. These
were randomly selected by drawing numbers
from a fishbowl and matching the numbers drawn
with a master list of students provided by the
university registration office. The final set of
respondents consisted of the following: 217
females and 183 males, aged 16-20.
Survey instrument. Information on the
sleeping time and waking time was
gathered through an especially designed
mobile application (app) that contains
answer boxes for inputting the
respondents’ sleeping time for the
previous night and the waking time for the
current day.
Implementation. The survey was administered
daily from June 15 to 21, 2015 and from October
15 to 21, 2015. On June 14, respondents were
asked to download the app into their mobile
phones. Every 10:00 a.m. during the survey period,
the mobile app asked respondents to input their
approximate time of sleep in the previous night
and their current wakeup time into the specified
answer boxes. The respondents recorded their
data by clicking “save.”
Treatment of the data. The average sleep
hours for each survey period was calculated
per respondent. The averages were tallied
under the following ranges:
● More than 8 hours (h)
● 7-8h
● 6 h - 6 h + 59 minutes (min)
● 5h - 5h +59 min
● 4h - 4h + 59 min
● Less than 4 hours
 Results
Figures 1 and 2 below show the number of responses per
category of sleep duration for June 15-21 and for October
15-21, respectively. According to the National Sleep
Foundation (2015), the recommended amount of sleep for
the respondents’ age group (16 to 20 years old) is 7 to 10
hours. As figure 1 shows, the majority of the respondents
(140 responses out of 400 valid responses or 35%) reported
to have slept for an average of 5 hours (h) to 5 h and 59
minutes (min), which is as much as two hours below the
recommended duration. Combined, the number of
respondents whose average sleep duration is below 6
hours is 248 out of 400 or 62%.
Figure 1: THE NUMBER OF RESPONSES PER AVERAGE SLEEP
DURATION (June 15-21, 2015)
Conclusion
The following are the key findings of this survey report:
● Sixty-two percent of the respondents reported an
average sleep time of less than 6 hours near the start
of the school term from June 15-21, 2015. This is at
least one hour less than the recommended amount
of sleep for the respondents’ age group of 7 to 10
hours.
● Near the end of the school term (October 15-21,
2015), 73 percent of the respondents reported that
they slept for an average of less than 6 hours a day.
Enrichment Questions:
1. What do you think is the
importance of Survey Report?
 Survey and Field
Report
EAPP Lesson 3.2
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to do
the following:
ELO 1. Extend learning through researching how
survey questionnaires and field reports are
created in essay writing.
ELO 2. Exercise open-mindedness in evaluating
and revising a survey report sample.
ELO 3. Appreciate the beauty of nature through
gathering the most famous tourist attractions
and summarize the findings then designing a
survey report.
3.2 Field Report
What is a Field Report?
A field report is a documentation of observations
and analysis of particular phenomena, behaviors,
processes, and more. It is based on theories and
researchers’ analysis, which are used to identify
solutions for a specific project or case study.
A theoretical framework is a collection
of interrelated concepts, like a theory
but not necessarily so well worked-out. A
theoretical framework guides your
research, determining what things you
will measure, and what statistical
relationships you will look for.
https://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrtFKqavq1hgWkAVQzfSQx.;_ylu=Y29sbwNzZzEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Nj?p=theoretical+framework+example&type=2710&hsimp=yhs-05&hspart=airfind&ei=UTF-8&fr=yhs-airfind-05#id=41&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fprofile%2FAllah_Nawaz%2Fpublication%2F286932309%2Ffigure%2Ffig1%2FAS
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Content Overview
While formats may vary, the field report usually has
the following sections:
● Introduction
● Procedures
● Interpretation and analysis or Lessons learned
● Conclusion and Recommendations
● Appendix
● References
Introduction
The goal of the introduction is to orient your reader
about the observation you did or the work you
performed. Introduce your field report by presenting
the following:

1. The goal of the report

2. Summary of the relevant theory (for observation)
3. Overview of the field experience or observation:
a. For observation: participants observed, the
institution and place where the observation was
conducted, the relevant dates.
b. For field experience: the nature of the business
organization where you were placed, a
description of the industry under which the
organization is classified, the kind of work
assigned to you, the duration of your field
experience.
Description
The Description section should provide the details of
what you have observed or experienced. Details of your
observation may include the following:
1. Scope: At what kind of site was your observation
done? When and for how long was the observation
conducted?
2. Subjects: How would you describe your participants?
In terms of age, gender or sex, race, and other
relevant demographic details?
3. Observations: What was your impression of
the participants as a whole? What kind of
behaviors were shown (or not shown) and by
whom? (University of Southern Carolina, 2015)

Details of your field experience can talk about

answers to these questions: (1) What kind of
work did you do? (2) What lessons did you learn
from these?
Interpretation and Analysis
For observation: This section explains what you have seen
from the perspective of the theory presented. Some
questions to answer, according to Atmiya Institute of
Technology and Science (n.d.):
➔ What behaviors were widely observed? What were
unique behaviors?
➔ Why do you think the participants behave this way?
➔ Are there any patterns?
 ➔ What are the strengths and weaknesses of the
observation?
➔ What lessons did you gain from the observation?
➔ How did your observation affect your view of
professions related to the observed phenomenon?
For field experience: Here are some questions to answer:
➔ What skills were you able to gain or improve?
➔ What does research say about the task you
performed?
➔ How did the experience affect your career plans?
A field report provides sufficient evidence to describe the activities
and support the analysis of the project. It is recommended to follow
the five W’s of investigative reporting, namely:

What – provides a description of the observation

Example: What is the effect of using a digital checklist on field services?
Where – defines the setting or location of the observation
Example: Location of work in progress, resources, and employee
performance
When – records the time and date when the observation was
conducted
Example: The digital checklist was used for field observation on 31 May
2014
Who – provides information on the participants of the observation
Example: All engineering staff who are working in the field
Why – provides the reason behind the observation and analysis
Example: To determine the safety and productivity of a site
Conclusion and Recommendations
This section summarizes the findings of
the paper and presents
recommendations, including problems
encountered and limitations of the
observation (Atmiya Institute of
Technology, n.d.).
Appendix
Include in the appendix the “extras”
that you don’t need in the body,
but are related to the study, for
example: interview transcripts,
photographs, and observation forms
used (if any).
References
The references section presents the
complete bibliographic information of
all the sources cited in the paper.
Consult your teacher on the
documentation system (for example:
APA) that is going to be used.
Importance of a Field Report
A field report is essential in various industries
including construction, field services,
education, medicine, and management. It
provides a detailed description of an observed
person, place, or event which is used to
analyze and compare data over a theoretical
framework. It also helps in:
Enrichment Questions:
1. What do you think is the importance of Field
Project?
2. Why do you think it is important to make an
observation report while having the survey
and field project?