12th

Grade

Writing the report survey/field

report/laboratory/ N
scientific/technical report

Prepared by: Ms. Jonah A. Banquil

 Objectives:

Create a
Differentiates the
survey
types of report.
questionnaire.

Reflect on the
importance of
determining
various kinds of
reports.
What Is It?
A report is a specific form of
writing that is organized
around
concisely identifying and L
examining issues, events, or
findings that have happened
in a
physical sense, such as
events that have occurred
within an L
organization, or findings
from a research
investigation.
Different reports
have different formats as the
intentions and aims vary. Note
however that
report is always written in a
sequential manner.
One key feature of report is that it is
formally structured in sections.
Therefore, the use of sections makes it
easy for the reader to jump straight to the
information they need.
Unlike an essay which is written in a
single narrative style from start to finish,
each section of a report has its own
purpose and will need to be written in an
appropriate style to suit–
For example, the methods and
results sections are mainly
descriptive, whereas
the discussion section needs to be
analytical.
Here are the most common types of
reports that you need to understand.
1. TECHNICAL
L
AND BUSINESS
REPORTS
–These reports deal with
science, engineering, information
technology, commerce, accounting, and
finance. This stimulates the process of
report writing in industry in a form of
a problem or a case study.
The main purpose of technical writing is
to provide material that explains a
process or make a complex concept
easier to understand for a particular
audience such as purchasing a product or
service.
Its purpose may also be to instruct or
persuade, but never to entertain. The
content is
factual and straightforward. It is
expressed in formal, standard or
academic language.
The write-up uses a specialized
vocabulary and follows a set of
rules and conventions. It is also
organized in a sequential or systematic
pattern. Often, it is detail-oriented and
requires advance knowledge in the
specific field.
2. FIELD REPORTS- These are common
reports in disciplines such as Law, Industrial
Relations, Psychology, Nursing, History and
Education.
These types of reports require the student to
analyze his or her observations of phenomena or
events in the real world in light of theories
studied in the course.
The purpose of a field report in the social
sciences is to describe the observation of
people, places, and/or events and to
analyze that observation data in order to
identify and categorize common themes
in relation
to the research problem underpinning the
study. The content represents the
researcher's interpretation of meaning
found in data that has been gathered
during one or more observational events.
When writing a field report you need to:
a. Systematically observe and accurately
record the varying aspects of a situation.
Always approach your field study with a
detailed protocol about what you will
observe, where you should conduct your
observations, and the method by which
you will collect and record your data.
b. Continuously analyze your
observations. Always look for
the meaning underlying the
actions you observe.
c. Keep the report’s aims in mind
while you are observing.
Recording what you observe
should not be done randomly or
haphazardly; you must be
focused and pay attention to
details.
Enter the observation site
[i.e.,"field"] with a clear plan about
what you are intending to observe
and record in relation to the research
problem while, at the same time,
being prepared to adapt to changing
circumstances as they may arise.
d. Consciously observe, record,
and analyze what you hear and
see in
the context of a theoretical
framework. This is what
separates data gatherings from
reporting.
The theoretical framework guiding
your field research should determine
what, when, and how you observe
and act as the foundation from which
you interpret your findings in relation
to the underlying assumptions
embedded in the theoretical
framework.
3. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS- These are
another kind of report. They are
common in all the Sciences and
Social Sciences. These reports use a
standard scientific report format
describing methods, results and
conclusions to report upon an
empirical investigation.
The purpose of a science report
is to clearly communicate key
message about why scientific
findings are meaningful. In order
to do this, you need to explain
why you are testing a hypothesis,
what methodology you
used, what you found, and why
your findings are meaningful.
This requires a clear link
between your introduction and
your analysis/discussion.
The scientific report, just like any
document consists of important
parts that contribute to its
effectiveness. Each part, though a
separate unit by itself, must be
considered in relation to the other
parts of the report. The following
parts are also found in a typical
research paper.
The Title Page is the first page that will be
read by your readers and consists of the
title, name and details about the author,
and date of submission. The title is a
concise description of your report’s main
idea.
Your readers should be able to tell what
your report is about just by looking at the
keywords found in the title.
Provide a Table of Contents if your
scientific report is more than six pages.
This is the page containing information
about the topics covered and the exact
pages where the headings are found.
Some Table of Contents are so detailed
that even the subheadings contain page
numbers; in some, however, only the
headings contain page numbers.
Defined as a stand-alone summary,
the abstract provides a
comprehensive synopsis of the
scientific report. Because it is self-
contained, it is often regarded as a
written document that is sufficient by
itself. This is where you can briefly
discuss your reasons for doing
scientific research,
The process or methods used, as
well as the results. Although the
abstract gives
a preview of what the entire report is
about, it is not the venue to discuss
related literature or researches that
are similar to yours.
The introduction is the part that will
contextualize the research for
your readers, and it is the bait that
will draw them to read your report. It
should include the following: the
purpose of your research; a
description of the problem;
similar researches that had been
conducted before; the general
design of your method; and your
research hypothesis, or the theory
that you will be testing in relation to
your chosen technical or scientific
phenomenon.
The research problem is the part that
tackles the how of your scientific
research. Here, you need to include
the techniques that you used in
carrying out the process in precise
language so that others wishing to
replicate your research could do it
with the same success.
This section provides a concise
explanation of what happened as a
result of your scientific research. In
this section, you may include
pictures,
tables, and graphs and explaining
each visual aid in the text without
repeating the information that you
have already stated in the visual aids.
This is the section where you will explain
the results of your scientific research. If
the introduction answers the question
why, this section answers the question:
what do the findings mean? But more than
just explaining the findings, you should
explain their implications or what the
report means in a larger context.
Although subjective, your
interpretation of the findings should
be backed up by actual observation
and data. It is also in this section
where you may acknowledge errors
in the findings and what caused
them.
This section should be brief but
substantial, not longer than the
Discussion section. This is where
you will link your findings with
the points raised in the
introduction. As the clincher, the
conclusion is the part where
you emphasize your
findings in relation to your
objectives and make
suggestions to improve
similar researches in the
future.
The reference section
provides information about
all the references that you
used in the course of your
scientific research, formatted
in the style
prescribed by your teacher.
Take note that scientific
research involves carefully
selecting the appropriate
books for your chosen topic.
DESIGN TESTS AND REVISES
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES

N
In each kind of report, there are
instruments used to gather
data.
One of the ways to gather data
through a survey is by using a
survey questionnaire.
Have you tried entering your classroom
and you were asked by your teacher to
answer a series of questions about your
experience or feeling for the day?
Sometimes you are also asked to choose
the type of smiley that
speaks of how you feel during the day.
These are examples of simple survey
questionnaires.
A questionnaire, or survey
instrument, is a series of
questions
designed to elicit information
from respondents that relate to
the research question.
Questionnaires are
administered by surveying
respondents. A questionnaire
1. Collect appropriate data that meet
the research objectives
2. Make data available for analysis
3. Minimize the bias, or distortions,
caused by poorly worded questions
and improper survey administration
4. Make the questions varied and
engaging to eliminate respondent
fatigue.
The questionnaires standardize
data collection. Every respondent
is asked the same question.
Researchers develop
questionnaires based on
the survey objectives, which are
developed from the understanding
of the research problem and the
selected pool, or sample, of
respondents.
 DESIGNING A
QUESTIONNAIRE
 THE BASICS IN QUESTION
WORDING
1. Write short and simple questions
Assume that respondents will answer the
questionnaire quickly.
Therefore, provide clear, short items that
will not be misinterpreted.
2. Avoid leading questions
These are wordings that influence
respondent’s preference or opinion.
 THE BASICS IN QUESTION
WORDING
3. Appropriately Open-Ended
and Closed-Ended Questions
Use open-ended questions when
responses need to be elaborated
by the respondents for exhaustive
and comprehensive data gathering.
 THE BASICS IN QUESTION
WORDING
On the other hand, closed-Ended
questions are popular because they
provide greater uniformity or responses
and are easily processed compared
to open-ended questions. However,
closed-ended questions the response
categories should be exhaustive and
mutually exclusive. In other words, all
possible options should be provided.
 THE BASICS IN QUESTION
WORDING

Example:
Why do you watch K-Drama?
1. Actors/Actress 2. Plot 3. Culture 4.
Other-----
 THE BASICS IN QUESTION
WORDING

4. Questions must be non-threatening

and attempt to evoke the truth.
Example:
Who do you think consume more liquor:
you or your friends?
 THE BASICS IN QUESTION
WORDING

When a respondent is concerned

about the consequences of
answering a question in a particular
manner, there is a good possibility
that the answer will not be truthful.
 THE BASICS IN QUESTION
WORDING
5. Question Clarity
Avoid ambiguities and vague words (e.g. usual,
regular, normal)
Example: What is your number of serving of rice
in a typical day?
Problem: How many rice constitute a serving?
What does ‘a typical day’ mean?
Better question:
On days you eat rice, how many cups do you
usually consume?
 THE BASICS IN QUESTION
WORDING
6. Avoid using double-barreled
questions
Ask one question at a time. Avoid asking
2 questions, imposing unwarranted
assumptions, or hidden contingencies.
Whenever you use ‘and’ on a question or
a statement, check if it is double-
barreled.
 THE BASICS IN QUESTION
WORDING
Example:
Do you find the classes you
took during your first semester
in SHS more demanding and
interesting than your JHS
classes? Yes No
 THE BASICS IN QUESTION
WORDING
How would someone respond
if they felt their SHS classes
were more demanding but also
more boring than their JHS
classes? Or less demanding
but more interesting?
 THE BASICS IN QUESTION
WORDING
Because the question
combines “demanding” and
“interesting,” there
is no way to respond yes to
one criterion but no to the
other.
 THE BASICS IN QUESTION
WORDING

Do you find the classes you

took during your first semester
in SHS more demanding than
your JHS classes?
 THE BASICS IN QUESTION
WORDING
7. Clearly define the
response scale dimension or
continuum.
When using a response scale,
clearly define the dimension or
continuum respondents are to
use in their rating task
 THE BASICS IN QUESTION
Example:
WORDING
Response categories - Make them logical
and meaningful: NOT:
Many......Some.......A Few......Very
Few.......None
DO a Bipolar or Unipolar rating scale:
Bipolar measures both direction
and intensity of an attitude: Unipolar
scale measures one concept with
varying degrees of intensity.
 THE BASICS IN QUESTION
WORDING
8. Minimize presuppositions – an
assumption about the world whose
truth is taken for granted.
Answering a question implies
accepting its presuppositions, a
respondent may be led to provide
an answer even if its
presuppositions are false.
 THE BASICS IN QUESTION
WORDING

Example:
Are you a DDS or a Dilawan?
Problem: presupposes that
one of the alternatives is true.
 TYPE OF QUESTIONS AND ITS USAGE

1. Open-Ended
Best Used for:
• Breaking the ice in an interview
• When respondent’s own words
are important
• When the researcher does not
know all the possible answers
 TYPE OF QUESTIONS AND ITS USAGE

Example:
What changes do you
recommend for the school to
do in order to help
students perform better?
 TYPE OF QUESTIONS AND ITS USAGE

2. Closed-Ended
Best Used for:
● Collecting rank ordered data
● When all response choices
are known
● When quantitative statistical
tool results are desired
 TYPE OF QUESTIONS AND ITS USAGE

Example:
In which of the following do
you live?
o A house
o An apartment
o A condo unit
 TYPE OF QUESTIONS AND ITS USAGE

Other forms closed-ended

questions:
a. Likert-Scale
b. Multiple Choice
c. Rating Scales
d. Ranking Questions
 TYPE OF QUESTIONS AND ITS USAGE
Other forms closed-ended
questions:
a. Likert-Scale - is a five or
seven point scale that is used
to allow an individual express
how much they agree or
disagree with a particular
statement.
LIKERT-SCALE
LIKERT-SCALE
LIKERT-SCALE
MULTIPLE CHOICE
 Rating Scales
Rating questions are a popular type of
question used in questionnaires and
other feedback gathering methods. A
popular type of survey question, they
ask respondents to rate their level of
agreement, satisfaction, or other metric
on a numerical scale.
 Ranking Questions
A ranking question on the other hand asks
survey respondents to compare a list of
different objects to one another (e.g. “Please
rank each of the following items in order of
importance with #1 being the most important
object to #10 being the least important
object.”). The example below uses a ranking
scale of #1 to #4 where 1 is the most
important and 4 is the least important.
Ranking Questions
 TYPE OF QUESTIONS AND ITS USAGE

ORDERING THE QUESTIONS

(Adapted from Contemporary
Communication Research by
Smith, M.J.,1988)
1. Adapt a general organizational
pattern that complements a
survey’s research objectives.
 TYPE OF QUESTIONS AND ITS USAGE

Two general patterns:

a. Funnel pattern – begins with
broad questions followed by
progressively narrower or more
specific ones
b. Inverted pattern – narrowly
focused questions are followed by
more general ones.
 TYPE OF QUESTIONS AND ITS USAGE

2. Topically related questions

should be grouped together. A
researcher should group together
questions pertinent to a single topic
then move to another topic.
 TYPE OF QUESTIONS AND ITS USAGE

3. Easy-to-answer
questions should be
placed first.
 TYPE OF QUESTIONS AND ITS USAGE

Easy questions serve as motivation.

4. Questions should be ordered to avoid
establishing a response bias.
*Response Bias – a tendency of a
respondent to answer all closed-
questions the same way regardless of
content.
Example: A respondent check
“Somewhat agree” to all criteria.
 TESTING AND
REVISING THE
QUESTIONNAIRE
Questionnaires are a potential source of
bias and must be formulated very
carefully to guarantee the quality of the
data collected. From survey
design to questionnaire testing, it is
important to avoid errors in respondent
comprehension and interpretation and to
avoid influencing or offending
respondents.
Hence, survey protocol, data collection
and questionnaire testing are
fundamental components of the data
production process. Testing provides a
means to check whether the
questionnaire is valid in itself (form;
question formulation, including translation
if relevant; overall structure and
transitions between questions and to
validate the data collection protocol.
The most effective
protection against error is
to PRE-TEST the
questionnaire in full or in
part.
That is the last part of designing
your questionnaire before finally
administering and distributing it to
your respondents. There are no
fixed steps on how to test your
questionnaire but here are some
general guidelines that might be
helpful. Keep in mind that you are
aiming for the questionnaire to be
as effective as it can be.
Some Practical Tips on Testing a
Questionnaire:
1. Find 5 to 10 people from your
target group
2. Ask them to complete the survey
while thinking out loud.
*take note of their opinions and
feedback
3. Observe how they complete the
survey.
* if there are hesitations in
answering, this is an indication that
the survey questions and layout
are not clear enough and needs
improvement.
4. Make improvements based on
the results.
Tips:
1. All questionnaires need an
introduction. Be sure to have one.
2. It is useful to begin every
questionnaire with basic
instructions for completing it.
3 .The format of a questionnaire is
as important as the wording and
ordering. Be sure that it is spread
out and uncluttered.
4. Physical aspects such as page
layout, font type and size,
questions spacing, and the type of
paper should be considered.
 ASSESSMENT

Directions: Make 5 questionnaire

items that measures the people’s
feelings regarding the action of the
government towards COVID 19
pandemic. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
 ASSESSMENT
5. Digital technology played a key role as the
economy started reopening.
A. Developments in biotechnology could allow anyone
even amateur biologist, to develop a tool that kill
millions
B. Employees began working remotely and use work
collaboration tools to ensure productivity
C. Data security is risky as digital technology can be
hacked, transmitted by several ways.
D. People are now more into virtual communication
rather than cherishing what have in real life.
Multiple Choice N
1. Which technical report documents an
observation of people, places, or events
to identify common themes in relation to
the research problem
underpinning the study?
A. Feasibility Report
B. Field Report
C. Recommendation Report
D. Scientific Report
2. These are documents that
wish to inform, analyze or
recommend and formally
structured in sections.
A. Position Paper
B. Reports
C. Concept Paper
D. Essay
3.It is also called a stand-alone
summary because of its
provision of a comprehensive
synopsis of the scientific
report.
A. Introduction
B.Abstract
C. Conclusion
D. Recommendation
4. Usually, the purpose of a
formal technical report
revolves around:
A. Making a claim
B. Recommending a Course of
Action
C. Selling a Product
D. Solving a Problem
5. The following are purposes
of technical writing, EXCEPT
A. Instruct
B. Entertain
C. Inform
D. Persuade
6. A questionnaire is defined
by the following except:
A. to gather data from
respondents
B. a tool designed to control
data for a survey
C. wording, appearance and flow of
questions fosters cooperation and
motivate the respondents to
answer
D. translates the research problem
into questions that will answered by
respondents
7. A well-designed
questionnaire needs to be
as short as possible.
A. True
B. False
C. Undecided
8. What is the first step in
designing a survey
questionnaire?
A. Pre-testing
B. Identifying the respondents
C. Identifying the research
problem
D. Identifying the type of
questions to be used
9. If you want to know how the
students feel about the new rules
and regulations set by your
organization, what type of
questions will you most likely use?
A. Likert-Scale
B. Multiple Choice
C. Ranking
D. Open-ended
10. Which of the following is considered a
good questionnaire item?
A. How long does it take you to walk and
run around the court?
B. If you were the President, what will
you do to combat the COVID
Pandemic?
C. How much did you enjoy the reading
the new novel?
D. Rate your experience in the service
provided.