1 Read the passage and decide where the following phrases/clauses/sentences go.

Indicate your choice by giving the number of the line where you think the
phrase/clause/sentence should be inserted. GIVE ONLY ONE ANSWER.

a) and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of
darkness
_________

b) , sleeping during the day and working at night

_________

c) , so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping effectively

_________

d) , but no abnormal occurrence of these symptoms among those on permanent

night work
_________

e) , but this can be laborious

_________

2 Provide the referent for the following words and phrases. GIVE ONLY ONE
ANSWER.

where line 6

he line 11

this line 16

it line 34

such a form of selection line 38

3 Write one or two well-formed sentences expressing the main idea of the text.
Abbreviations, fragments, and arrows are not accepted. Do not quote from the text.
GIVE ONLY ONE ANSWER.
4 Decide whether the following statements are TRUE, FALSE or there is NO
EVIDENCE for them in the passage. Indicate your decision with capital letters T, F
or NE. Justify your opinion in one or two well-formed sentences. Do not quote
from the text. Abbreviations, fragments, and arrows are not accepted. GIVE
ONLY ONE ANSWER.

a) Automation generates a need for researching night work.

b) The main problem about night work is that people are disturbed by changing from
day to night routines and back.

c) Selecting people who adapt most quickly to the change of routine can be an answer
to the problems of night work.

d) It is impossible to measure people’s performance to find out if they have adapted to

night work.

e) Adaptation can be measured by taking body temperature because people have low
temperatures at night.

f) Selection of people who adapt quickly is not applied in practice because it requires
the use of special instruments.

5 Find words or expressions in the text that correspond with the following
meanings and explanations. GIVE ONLY ONE ANSWER.

1. degree (lines 1-12)

2. slip back (lines 13-23)
3. group, body (lines 13-23)
4. night-time (lines 13-23)
5. continue (lines 13-23)
6. lessen (lines 24-39)
7. fairly (lines 24-39)
8. step by step (lines 24-39)
 1 We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8
2 hours’ sleep alternating with some 16-17 hours’ wakefulness. Our present concern is
3 with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.
4 The question is no mere academic one. The ease, for example, with which
5 people can change from working in the day to work at night is a question of growing
6 importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock
7 working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to
8 adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness. Unfortunately, it is often the
9 case in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12
10 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the
11 third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has
12 to change to another.
13 One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift, a month, or even
14 three months. Recent research by Bonjer (1960) of the Netherlands, however, has
15 shown that people on such systems will revert to their normal habits of sleep and
16 wakefulness during the weekend and that this is quite enough to destroy any
17 adaptation to night work built up during the week.
18 The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a corps of
19 permanent night workers whose nocturnal wakefulness may persist through all
20 weekends and holidays. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-
21 shift workers was carried out by Brown 1957. She found a high incidence of disturbed
22 sleep, digestive disorder and domestic disruption among those on alternating day and
23 night shifts.
24 This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile
25 something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by
26 selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the change of routine. One way
27 of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his performance. Fortunately,
28 we again have a physiological measure which correlates reasonably well with the
29 behavioural one, in this case performance at various times of the day or night, and
30 which is easier to take. This is the level of body temperature, as taken by an ordinary
31 clinical thermometer. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high
32 temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they
33 change to night work, the pattern will only gradually reverse to match the new routine
34 and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the
35 body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance and general alertness. Therefore
36 by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of
37 wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and
38 this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection
39 does not seem to have been applied in practice.