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CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATION
PROJECT 21-22 term-1

TOPIC:DYEING OF WOOL,SILK AND COTTON

IN MALACHITE GREEN
GUIDED BY : SUDHA BALAJI MAM
SUBMITTED BY: G.VISHALI (XII-A)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express a deep sense of

thanks and gratitude to my chemistry
teacher Mrs. Sudha Balaji for guiding
me immensely through the course of my
Project . their constructive advice and
constant motivation have been responsible
for the successful completion of my
Project.
My sincere thanks to my parents for their
motivation and support . I must thank my
siblings and friends for their timely help
and support for compilation of this project
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CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION

2. OBECTIVE

3. REQUIREMENTS

4. PROCEDURE

5. CONCLUSION

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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INTRODUCTION
DYES ARE COLOURED SUBSTANCES WHICH CAN
ADHERE TO THE SURFACE OF MATERIALS AND
ARE USED TO GIVE COLOUR TO PAPER, FOOD-
STRUFFS AND VARIOUS TEXTILES SUCH AS
COTTON ,WOOL ,SYNTHETIC ,FIBRES ,SILK ETC.
FOR EXAMPLE ,ALIZARIN ,INDIGO ,CONGO RED ,
ETC. CHEMICALLY ,A DYE CONTAINS:
• SOME GROUP (SUCH AS AZO , INDIGOID ,
TRIPHENYLMETHYL , ANTHRAQUINONE ,
ETC.)WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE COLOR
WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE COLOR OF
THE DYE.
• SOME GROUP (SUCH AS –NH2 , -SO3H , -COOH ,
ETC) WHICH MAKES THE DYE STICK TO THE
FABRIC BY FORMATION OF SOME SALT.
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DYEING IS THE PROCESS OF ADDING COLOUR TO

TEXTILE PRODUCTS LIKE FIBRES, YARN AND
FABRICS. THE TEMPERATURE AND TIME
CONTROLLING ARE TWO KEY FACTORS IN DYEING.
THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF DYE, HISTORICALLY HAS
BEEN NATURE, WITH THE DYES BEING EXTRACTED
FROM PLANTS AND ANIMALS. SINCE THE 18TH
CENTURY, HUMANS PRODUCED ARTIFICIAL DYES
TO ACHIEVE A BROADER RANGE OF COLORS AND
TO RENDER THE DYES MORE STABLE TO RESIST
WASHING AND GENERAL USE.
THE DYED FABRICS APPEAR TO BE COLORED
BECAUSE A PARTICULAR DYE ABSORBS
RADIATIONS OF SOME SPECIFIC
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WAVE LENGTHS FROM THE VISIBLE REGION OF

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS WHICH FALL ON
THE SURFACE. THE REMAINING RADIATIONS
(COMPLEMENTARY COLORS) OF LIGHT ARE
REFLECTED. THE COLOUR WHICH WE OBSERVE IS
DUE TO THE REFLECTED LIGHT. FOR EXAMPLE, IF
A DYE ABSORBS THE LIGHT IN THE WAVE LENGTH
REGION CORRESPONDING TO RED, THEN IT
WOULD APPEAR GREEN, WHICH IS THE
COMPLEMENTARY COLOR OF RED. SIMILARLY, IF A
DYE ABSORBS BLUE COLOR, IT WOULD APPEAR
BLUE COLOUR, IT WOULD A PPEAR ORANGE
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METHOD TO APPLY DYE

DYES ARE APPLIEDTO TEXTILE GOODS BY
DYEING FROM DYE SOLUTIONS AND BY
PRINTING FROM DYE PASTES. METHODS
INCLUDE:
• DIRECT APPLICATION
• YARN DYEING

CHARACTERISTICS OF A DYE

• IT MUST HAVE A SUITABLE COLOUR.

• IT MUST BE CAPABLE OF BEING FIXED TO
THE MATERIAL.
• WHEN FIXED IT MUST BE FAST TO
DETERGENTS , SOAPS , WATER , DRY-
CLEANING SOLVENTS, LIGHT AND DILUTE
ACIDS DRY- DRY CLEANING SOLVENTS,
LIGHT AND DILUTE ACIDS
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TYPES OF DYE

THE DYES ARE CLASSIFIED BY DYE

MANUFACTURES FOR MARKETING INTO THE
FOLLOWING TYPES:

• ACID DYES:
THESE ARE AZO DYES AND ARE
CHARACTERIZED BY THE PRESENCE OF ACIDIC
GROUPS. THE PRESENCE OF SOLUBLE AND
SERVES AS THE REACTIVE POINTS FOR FIXING
THE DYE TO THE FIBRE. THEY ARE CHIEFLY
USED FOR DYEING WOOL, SILK AND NYLON.
FOR EXAMPLE,ORANGE I AND ORANGE II.

• BASIC DYES:
THESE DYES CONTAIN NH3 OR NR2. IN ACIDIC
SOLUTIONS, THESE FORM WATER SOLUBLE
CATIONS AND USE THE ANIONIC SITES ON
THE FABRIC TO GET USED FOR DYEING WOOL,
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SILK AND NYLON. FOR EXAMPLE, ANILINE

YELLOW, BUTTER YELLOW.

• DIRECT DYES:
THESE ARE ALSO AZO DYES AND ARE USED TO
DYE FABRICS DIRECTLY BY PLACING IN
AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF THE FABRICS BY
MEANS OF HYDROGEN BONDING.

• DISPERSE DYES:
THESE DYES ARE APPLIED IN THE FORM OF
DISPERSION OF MINUTE PARTICLES OF THE
DYE IN A SOAP SOLUTION IN THE PRESENCE
OF PHENOL OR BENZOIC ACID. THESE DYES
ARE USED TO DYE RAYONS, DACRON, NYLON,
POLYESTERS ETC. FOR EXAMPLE, CELLITON
FAST PINK B AND CELLITON FAST BLUE B.
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• FIBRE RACTIVE:
THESE DYES ARE LINKED TO THE FIBRE BY –OH
OR –NH2 GROUP PRESENT ON THE FIBRE.
THESE DYES INDUCE FAST COLOR ON FABRICS
WHICH IS RETAINED FOR A LONGER TIME.
THESE DYES ARE USED FOR DYEING COTTON,
WOOL AND SILK

• INSOLUBLE DYES:
THESE DYES ARE DIRECTLY SYNTHESIZED ON
THE FIBRE. THE FABRIC TO BE COLORED IS
SOAKED IN AN ALKALINE SOLUTION OF
PHENOL AND THEN TREATED WITH A
SOLUTION OF DIAZOTIZED AMINE TO
PRODUCE AZO DYE. THE COLOR INDUCED BY
SUCH DYES IS NOT SO FAST. THESE DYES ARE
USED FOR DYEING OF COTTON, SILK,
POLYESTER NYLON, ETC. FOR EXAMPLE,
NITROANILINE RED.
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• VAT DYES:
THESE DYES ARE WATER-INSOLUBLE AND
BEFORE DYEING THESE ARE REDUCED TO
COLORLESS COMPOUNDS IN WOODEN VATS
BY ALKALINE REDUCING AGENTS. THE FIBRE IS
THEN SOAKED IN THE SOLUTION OF THE DYE.
FIBRE IS THEN EXPOSED TO AIR OR AN
OXIDIZING AGENT. BY DOING SO THE
COLORLESS COMPOUND GETS REOXIDIZED TO
COLORED DYE ON THE FABRIC. FOR EXAMPLE
,INDIGO.

• MORDANT DYES:
THESE DYES ARE APPLIED AFTER TREATING
THE FABRIC WITH PRECIPITATES OF CERTAIN
SUBSTANCES (MORDANT MATERIAL) WHICH
THEN COMBINES WITH THE DYE TO FORM A
COLORED COMPLEX CALLED COMPLEX
CALLED LAKE. SOME OF THE MORDANTS ARE
SALTS OF ALUMINIUM, IRON AND TANNIC
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ACIDS. DEPENDING ON THE MORDANT USED,

THE SAME MORDANT DYE CAN GIVE
DIFFERENT COLORS AND SHADES. FOR
EXAMPLE, ALIZARIN GIVES RED COLOR WITH
ALUMINIUM AND BLACK VIOLET WITH IRON
MORDANT. MORDANT DYES ARE USED FOR
DYEING OF WOOL, SILK AND COTTON
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OBJECTIVE
TO DYE WOOL AND COTTON WITH
MALACHITE GREEN.

REQUIREMENTS
500 ML BEAKERS, TRIPOD STAND, WIRE
GAUZE, GLASS ROD, SPATULA, WOOL CLOTH
AND COTTON CLOTH.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED: SODIUM CARBONATE,
TANNIC ACID, TARTAREMETIC ACID, AND
MALACHITE GREEN DYE.
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PROCEDURE
1. PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE
SOLUTION: TAKE ABOUT 0.5 G OF SOLID
SODIUM CARBONATE AND DISSOLVE IT IN
250 ML OF WATER.
2.PREPARATION OF TARTAREMETIC
SOLUTION: TAKE ABOUT 0.2G OF
TARTAREMETIC AND DISSOLVE IT IN 100 ML
OF WATER BY STIRRING WITH THE HELP OF
GLASS ROD.
3.PREAPARATION OF TANNIC ACID
SOLUTION:TAKE 100 ML OF WATER IN A
BEAKER AND ADD ABOUBT 1.0G OF TANNIC
ACID TO IT.HEAT THE SOLUTION. ON HEATING
A CLEAR SOLUTION OF TANNIC ACID IS
OBTAINED.
4.PREPARATION OF DYE SOLUTION:TAKE
ABOUT 0.1 G OF MALACHITE GREEN DYE AND
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ADD TO IT 400 ML OF WATER. ON WARMING

A CLEAR SOLUTION OF THE DYE RESULTS.
5.DYEING OF WOOL: TAKE ABOUT 200 ML OF
DYE SOLUTION AND DIP IT IN THE WOOLEN
CLOTH TO DYED. BOIL THE SOLUTION FOR
ABOUT 2 MIN. AFTER THAT REMOVE THE
CLOTH AND WASH IT WITH HOT WATER 3-4
TIMES, SQUEEZE AND KEEP IT FOR DRYING.
6.DYEING OF COTTON:COTTON DOES NOT
ABSORB MALACHITE GREEN READILY,
THEREFORE IT REQUIRES THE USE OF A
MORDANT. FOR DYEING A COTTON CLOTH
DIP IT IN SODIUM CARBONATE SOLUTION
FOR ABOUT 10 MINUTES AND THEN RINSE
WITH WATER. THEN PUT THE CLOTH IN HOT
TANNIC ACID SOLUTION FOR ABOUT 5
MINUTES. NOW TAKE OUT THE CLOTH FROM
TANNIC ACID SOLUTION AND KEEP IT IN
TARTAREMETIC SOLUTION FOR ABOUT 5
MINUTES. REMOVE THE CLOTH AND SQUEEZE
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IT WITH SPATULA TO REMOVE MOST OF THE

SOLUTION.NOW PLACE THE CLOTH IN
BOILING SOLUTION OF THE DYE FOR ABOUT
2MINUTES. REMOVE AND WASH THE DYED
CLOTH THOROUGHLY WITH WATER, SQUEEZE
AND KEEP IT FOR DRYING.
7.DYEING OF COTTON DIRECTLY:TAKE
ANOTHER PIECE OF COTTON CLOTH AND PIT
IT DIRECTLY INTO BOILING SOLUTION OF THE
DYE. KEEP IT DIPPED FOR ABOUT 2 MINUTES.
REMOVE THE CLOTH, WASH WITH WATER,
SQUEEZE AND KEEP IT FOR DRYING.
COMPARE THE COLOUR OF THIS CLOTH WITH
THAT DYED BY USING MORDANT

OBSERVATION
1 .THE COLOUR OF WOOL CLOTH DYED
DIRECTLY BY DIPPING IN HOT SOLUTION OF
MALACHITE GREEN DYE IS FAST.
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2 .THE COLOR OF COTTON DYED CLOTH

DIRECTLY (WITHOUT USING MORDANT) BY
DIPPING IN HOT SOLUTION OF MALACHITE
GREEN IS NOT SO FAST TO WASHING AND IS
OF LOW INTENSITY.
3 .THE COLOUR OF COTTON CLOTH DYED
INDIRECTLY BY USING MORDANT AND THEN
BY DIPPING IN HOT SOLUTION OF MALACHITE
GREEN IS FAST TO WASHING AND IS OF HIGH
INTENSITY.
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CERTIFICATE
this is to certify that G.VISHALI of class XII A
has completed the chemistry project entitled
“Dyeing of Wool, Silk, and Cotton in
Malachite Green” himself and under my
guidance. The progress of the project has
been continuously reported and has been in
my knowledge consistently.
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
EXAMINER. EXAMINER

STUDENT PRINCIPAL
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