INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Practical File

Academic Year: 2021-22

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 PRACTICAL-1
Overview of SQL Commands
SQL Commands
o SQL commands are instructions. It is used to communicate with the database.
It is also used to perform specific tasks, functions, and queries of data.
o SQL can perform various tasks like create a table, add data to tables, drop the
table, modify the table, set permission for users.

Types of SQL Commands

There are five types of SQL commands: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, and DQL.

1. Data Definition Language (DDL)

 o DDL changes the structure of the table like creating a table, deleting a table,
altering a table, etc.
o All the command of DDL are auto-committed that means it permanently save
all the changes in the database.

Here are some commands that come under DDL:

o CREATE
o ALTER
o DROP

a. CREATE It is used to create a new table in the database.

Syntax:

CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME (COLUMN_NAME DATATYPES[,....]);

Example:

Create table emp(Name varchar(20), Email varchar(35), salary int(10));

b. DROP: It is used to delete both the structure and record stored in the table.

Syntax

1. DROP TABLE table_name;

Example
 DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;

c. ALTER: It is used to alter the structure of the database. This change could be either
to modify the characteristics of an existing attribute or probably to add a new attribute.

Syntax:

To add a new column in the table

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name COLUMN-definition;

To modify existing column in the table:

ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY(column_definitions....);

EXAMPLE

1. ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS ADD(ADDRESS VARCHAR(20));

2. ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS MODIFY (NAME VARCHAR(20));
 PRACTICAL-2
Data Manipulation Language

o DML commands are used to modify the database. It is responsible for all form
of changes in the database.
o The command of DML is not auto-committed that means it can't permanently
save all the changes in the database. They can be rollback.

Here are some commands that come under DML:

o INSERT
o UPDATE
o DELETE

a. INSERT: The INSERT statement is a SQL query. It is used to insert data into the row
of a table.

Syntax:

INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME

(col1, col2, col3,.... col N)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);

Or

INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME

VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);

For example:

1. INSERT INTO EMPL VALUES ("RAVI",”ABC@gmail.com”,20000);

b. UPDATE: This command is used to update or modify the value of a column in the
table.

Syntax:
1. UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1= value1,...column_nameN = valueN] [WHER
E CONDITION]

For example:

UPDATE students
SET User_Name = 'Sonoo'
WHERE Student_Id = '3'

c. DELETE: It is used to remove one or more row from a table.

Syntax:

DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];

For example:

DELETE FROM empl WHERE name="Ravi";

 PRACTICAL-3

Data Control Language

DCL commands are used to grant and take back authority from any database user.

Here are some commands that come under DCL:

o Grant
o Revoke

a. Grant: It is used to give user access privileges to a database.

Example

GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE TO SOME_USER, ANOTHER_USER;

b. Revoke: It is used to take back permissions from the user.

Example

REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE FROM USER1, USER2;

 PRACTICAL-4

Data Query Language

DQL is used to fetch the data from the database.

It uses only one command:

o SELECT

a. SELECT: This is the same as the projection operation of relational algebra. It is used
to select the attribute based on the condition described by WHERE clause.

Syntax:

SELECT expressions
FROM TABLES
WHERE conditions;

For example:

SELECT emp_name
FROM employee
WHERE age > 2
 PRACTICAL-5
Write down commands for following:

(i) Display the Mobile company, Mobile name & price in descending order of

their manufacturing date.

SELECT M_Compnay, M_Name, M_Price FROM MobileMaster

ORDER BY M_Mf_Date DESC;

(ii) List the details of mobile whose name starts with “S”.

SELECT * FROM MobileMaster

WHERE M_Name LIKE “S%‟;

(iii) Display the Mobile supplier & quantity of all mobiles except “MB003‟.
 SELECT M_Supplier, M_Qty FROM MobileStock

WHERE M_Id <>”MB003”;

(iv) To display the name of mobile company having price between 3000 & 5000.

SELECT M_Company FROM MobileMaster

WHERE M_Price BETWEEN 3000 AND 5000;

 PRACTICAL-6
Write down about o Top 5 Online Shopping
Websites in India
1.Amazon.in
This portal is considered to be the world’s undisputed eCommerce market
leader and has started operation in the country quite recently. It had a total
revenue of Rs. 11,232 crore in FY\19. You can purchase electronic items, CDs,
books, etc.

2.Flipkart.com
his portal was started with just Rs. 4,00,000 in 2004 and by 2014, it reported
crossing 60,000 Crore turnover. It offers a wide range of items in almost all
categories. It has become the country’s largest e-commerce player after
taking over letsbuy.com

3.Myntra.com
This fashion & lifestyle portal is among the leading eCommerce business in
the country and offers watches, shoes, and T-shirts at a discounted price. It is
said to follow an omnichannel strategy. In FY’19, it logged a loss of Rs. 539.2
Crore.

4. snapdeal.com
This portal offers almost everything ranging from online products to travel
deals, local deals on spas, restaurants, etc. combined with free shipping and
best pricing. As of FY 19, its revenue was Rs. 925 crore. Their strategy is to
focus on the country’s value-conscious buyers.

5.Homeshop18
 It is considered to be a Network18 Group venture and among the country’s
fastest-growing entertainment & media group. It also has managed to launch
the country’s first-ever 24/7 TV channel promoting Home Shopping. In 2008.
PC World Magazine awarded it with the ‘Best Shopping Site’. The
consolidated revenue reported for Q4FY19 is Rs. 1236 crore. Their strategy &
mantra to drive sales was ‘Shopping makes me happy’.