O Objective-Converted-Merged

COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY I.
COM-II
Commercial Geography
World
Chapter 1
Q-01: Define geography in simple words?
Ans: In simple words Geography is defined as "Geography is the description or analysis of
various features and conditions of earth."
Q-02: Define geography according to the international conference held in 1958?

Ans: A science that deals with the form and structure of the earth and proves the relationship
between man and the earth surface which is his home.
Q-03: What is meant by economic geography?

Ans: Economic geography is that branch of geography in which the economic activities of man
are discussed.
Q-04: Explain Commercial Geography?

Ans: A branch of knowledge which tells us about the production, distribution and
trade(Exchange) of the worlds natural resources.
Q-05: How does Ritzel define Geography?

Ans: According to Ritzel “Geography is that branch of knowledge which studies the earth, its
surroundings and the human environment.”
Q-06: Give a comprehensive definition of geography?

Ans:” Geography not only deals with the earth but also with the activities of inhabitants of the
earth”.
Q-07: Write down the names of branches of geography?

Ans: The science of geography can be divided into two branches
1. Physical Geography
2. Human Geography
Q-08: Which things are studied in commercial geography?

Ans: In commercial geography, we study
1. Production of natural resources
2. Consumption of natural resources
3. Exchange of natural resources
Q-09: Describe the importance of economic geography?

1. Increase in knowledge and information
2. Useful for industrialist
3. Useful for bankers
Q-10: Describe the significance of commercial geography for the students of commerce?
Ans: Commercial geography is highly beneficial for the students of commerce, as they get
information of availability of raw material, access to the markets and cheap labour. On the basis
of this information they can be a good businessman.
Q-11: Name the branches of human geography?

1. Historical geography
2. Mathematical geography
3. Ethnic or Racial geography
PROF.JAVED-Ur- REHMAN WORLD & PAKISTAN

COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY I.COM-II
Q-12: Branches of economic geography?

1. Market Geography
2. Transport Geography
3. Industrial geography
Q-13: There are two main branches of geography? To which branch

does market geography belong.
Ans: Market geography belongs to economic geography.
Q-14: Write a note on Physical geography?

Ans: Physical geography includes
1. Geomorphology
2. Astro Geography
3. Zoo Geography
Q-15: Give two definitions of geography?

1. ” Geography is the description or analysis of the various features and condition of the
earth.”
2. “Geography not only deals with the earth but also deals the activities of the inhabitants of
the earth.”
Chapter 2
Q-01: What is meant by primary economic activities? Explain with examples.
Ans:” Primary economic activities are those by which man directly get benefits from natural
resources of nature”
Examples:*Getting food, fruit and wood from forests.
*Catching fish from rivers.
*Rearing of animals.
Q-02: What are secondary economic activities?

Ans:” Secondary economic activities are those activities by means of which the things obtained
from the primary means are moulded and changed into other useful form.”
Examples:*Making furniture from wood.
*Turning wheat into flour etc.
Q-03: What do you understand by tertiary economic activities?

Ans: Tertiary activities are those activities in which people offer their services as government
employees or for the sake of private business such activities include government administration,
health and educational sectors.
Q-04: Define Quaternary economic activities?

Ans: All those activities, which are related to trade and means of transport. Means of transport
include roads, railways, ships and air transport.
Q-05: What are Quinary economic activities?

Ans: Quinary activities are those technical activities which are performed for public or private
research and scientific progress.
Q-06: To which type of economic activities does fishing belong?

Ans: Fishing belongs to primary economic activities.
Q-07: What type of activity is getting cotton from cotton plants?

Ans: Getting cotton from cotton plants is primary economic activity.

Q-08: What type of activity is making furniture from wood?

Ans: Making furniture from wood is secondary activity.
Q-09: Give some examples of quinary economic activities?

Ans: Examples of quinary economic activities
1. Technical experts
2. Research centers
Q-10: Write a note on the Quaternary economic activates?

Ans: Such activities are related to trade and means of transport. Trade includes both national and
international. We are depending and on the means of transport for shifting things from one place
to another. Means of transport includes roads, railways, ships and air transport.
Chapter 3
Q-01: Define fishing?
Ans:” Catching fish from oceans, seas, rivers, streams, ponds and lakes is known as fishing.”
Fishing is one of the oldest human economic activity and important ingredient of human food.
Q-02: What are main types of sea fish?

Ans: Following are the main types of sea fish
1. Surface water fish (Pelagic fish)
2. Deep water fish(Demersal fish)
3. Anadromous
Q-03: Discuss the physical factors needed for the promotion of fishing?
Ans: Following are the main factors which are needed for the promotion of fish
1. Suitable climate
2. Rugged coastal areas
3. Availability of plankton
4. Ocean currents
5. Physical features
Q-04: Which economic factors are needed for the promotion of fishing industry?
Ans: Following are the factors of promotion of fishing industry
1. Availability of capital
2. Cheap labour force
3. Latest equipment
4. Means of transport
5. Availability of markets
Q-05: Write a note on the major fishing grounds of the world?

Ans:
1. North East Asia
2. North Western Europe
3. North Eastern Region of North America
4. North Western Region of North America
5. Central Western Region of South America
Q-06: Write a note on the major fishing industry in China?

Ans: China is on the top of the list of all the fishing countries of the world. Due to suitable
condition, Fishing has become favorite occupation. According to statistics of 2006, the annual
fish catch of China is 52 Million Metric tons.

Q-07: Describe the condition of fishing in North-East Asia?

Ans: North-East Asia is regarded as the main centre of the fishing in the world and almost one-
third of worlds fish are caught here. This coastal line stretches over an area of 1000 square
miles. The notable fishing countries of this region are as follows Japan, China, Korea, Russia,
Philippines and Thailand.
Q-08: Write a note on fishing in North-Western Europe?

Ans: The region of North-Western Europe Stretching over almost 300,000 Square Miles, with
suitable climate, temperature and ocean current.COD is the most suitable/notable species caught
in this region. The countries of this region are Denmark, Spain, Iceland, Norway and Britain.
Q-09: Describe the condition of fishing in the North-Eastern regions of North-America?

Ans: It is the fifth largest fish catching region with suitable climate, modern seaports for the
growth of the fishing industry. Herring, Haddock, COD and Mackerel are the main species of
fish caught here.USA and UK are highly advanced countries of this region.
“Gloucester is the main sea port of this region.”
Q-10: Write a note on the fishing in North-Western regions of North-America?

Ans: This region is also known for its high quality fish. The coastal area of this region is very
small, but due to sophisticated fishing equipment it has its own significance in the fish industry.
Halibut, Sardine and Tuna are the main species of fish caught in this region.
Q-11: Name the major fishing regions situated in the central western regions of South-
America?
Ans: The Coastal area of this region has favorable conditions for fishing. Following are the
countries of this region.
1. Peru
2. Chile
Q-12: Write a note on per capita use of fish in japan?

Ans: Japan is the second major fish catching country which is regarded as favorite food. Japan
has some of the worlds most delicious species of fish.
Simon, Herring, Haddock and Crab are the important species. The annual fish catch of Japan
is 4.82 Million Metric tons.
Chapter 4
Q-01: What is meant by animal husbandry?

Ans:” Tending, rearing and domesticating of animals is called animal husbandry.” The Urdu
word for animal husbandry is “Gallabani” which is a Persian word.
Q-02: What are the types of animal husbandry on the basis of development?
Ans: Following are the types of animal husbandry on the basis of development
1. Organized animal husbandry
2. Unorganized animal husbandry
Q-03: Define Organized animal husbandry?

Ans:” Raising and domesticating of animals with full care and by using scientific techniques is
called organized animal husbandry”
Q-04: Define Unorganized animal husbandry?

Ans:” Raising, rearing and domesticating of animals without using any scientific technique is
called unorganized animal husbandry.” Natural resources are used for rearing of animals.

Q-05: Give an account of animal husbandry in South-America?

Ans: Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Brazil are situated in South-America are important
regions for animal rearing due to their natural grasslands known as “Campos, Lianos and
Pampas.” In these regions sheep are raised for meat and wool.
Q-06: Discuss the importance and advantages of animal husbandry?

1. Animal husbandry plays an important role in the means of transport.
2. It is a big source of human food.
Q-07: Write a note on the livestock industry in Asia?

Ans: In the backward and developing countries of Asia, cows, oxen and mules play a significant
role in farming and as beasts of burden. For this reason, sheep are raised in small number, while
cows and oxen are raised in large number. Countries India, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Indonesia,
China
Q-08: Write a note on animal rearing in northern hemisphere?

Ans: The vast grasslands known as “Prairies” stretching up to Canada and the United States are
famous for animal rearing. There is abundant of grass in the region and the atmosphere is quite
suitable for animal rearing.
Q-09: Give an account of animal husbandry in Europe?

Ans: Europe: The continent of Europe is also important for organized animal husbandry. This
region is particularly known for its cows and sheep etc. Southern Europe: In southern Europe,
Italy, Greece, Spain and Romania are notable for livestock industry. Western Europe:
Britain, France and German, Norway, Sweden, Denmark etc.
Q-10: Write a note on the species of sheep in the world?

1. English Sheep
2. Marino Sheep
3. Hybrid Sheep
Chapter 5
Q-01: What is meant by natural vegetation?
Ans: All those plants bushes, trees, shrubs and herbs that grow in a region in accordance with its
own natural environment and without any human interference is called “Natural vegetation”
Q-02: Discuss the economic importance of forests?

1. Wood obtained from forests are used fro industrial use.
2. The use of timber in the manufacturing of buildings get from forests.
3. Forests play an important role in the protection from floods.
Q-03: Give an account of the evergreen forests found in various countries of the world?
Evergreen forests
These forests remain fresh and green throughout the year. According to regions they are divided
into three major types:
1. Equatorial evergreen forests
2. Mediterranean evergreen forests
3. Coniferous evergreen forests
Q-04: Describe the regional distribution of deciduous forests?

Ans: There are two types of deciduous forests:
1. Monsoon deciduous forests
2. Temperate deciduous forests
Q-05: Write short notes on the following grasslands.

Steppe grasslands
These stretch from Hungry in Europe to Manchuria in China.
Pampas grasslands
These grasslands of Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay in south America

Prairie grasslands:
The regions include the central regions of United States and Canada. Herding is the most
popular profession.
Q-06: Where the worlds largest equatorial forests situated?

Equatorial forests
Such forests are situated in the Congo river basin in Africa, Amazon river basin in south
America and the Islands of East Indies in Asia.
Q-07: In which countries of the world are the evergreen forests found? Mention five such
countries.
Ans: The countries are as follows:
Congo, Brazil, Indonesia, Philippine, California
Q-08: In which countries of the world are the deciduous forests found?
Ans: The countries are as follows: Southern China, Central Africa, Thailand, India, Burma,
Vietnam and Pakistan.
Q-09: Write down the names of notable trees of the equatorial evergreen forests.
Ans: The important trees are as follows: Pine, Deodar, Spruce, Hemlock
Q-10: Give an account of the temperate deciduous forests?

Ans: In north America they are found in the valley of river St. Lawrence, while in south America
they are situated in southern Chile. These forests are found in the regions situated at the altitude
of 3000 to 5000 feet.
Q-12: Write a note on the Mediterranean evergreen forests?

Ans: They are also found in California USA, Central Chile in south America and South
Western Australia. The well-known trees growing in Mediterranean forests are Olive, Cork,
Fig, Oak and Cyprus.
Chapter 6
Q-01: What is meant by distribution of population in the world?
Ans: It means the number of people per square kilometer. 90% of the worlds population is
concentrated in 10% area of the world.
Q-02: Describe the distribution of population with reference to density?

Ans: With reference to density of population, world can be divided into following regions:
1. Very densely populated areas
2. Densely populated areas
3. Very thickly populated areas
4. Very thinly populated areas
5. Almost uninhibited areas
Q-03: Write a note on very densely populated areas?

Ans: These areas are those where 151 people live in 1 square kilometer, such regions are found
in Asia and Europe. Natural factor plays a significant role in their progress. Important countries
are Britain, Holland, France, Sri lanka, Bangladesh etc.
Q-04: What do you understand by the densely populated areas?

Ans: These are those areas where the density of population is 101-150 persons per square
kilometer. They include the eastern and the western regions of America, eastern parts of
Europe and Asia.
Q-05: What is meant by less densely populated areas?

Ans: These are those areas where the density of population is 50 to 100 person per square
kilometer. They include the regions of north and south America and some regions of Asian
countries.
Q-06: How do you define least populated areas?

Ans: These are those areas where the density of population is 11-50 persons per square
kilometer. Such areas include warm and humid equatorial Africa, Afghanistan etc.

Q-07: Discuss five of the factors affecting the distribution of population?

1. Climate
2. Industries
3. Social conditions
4. Medical facilities
5. Historical importance
Q-09: What is meant by closed population?

Ans: where there is no migration take place known as closed population or a population in
which neither immigration nor emigration occurs.
Q-08: Which are the uninhibited areas of the world?

Ans: Vast deserts, mountains and snow clad regions and marshy forests of Asia, Europe and
North America, Antarctica and Greenland also considered uninhabited.
Q-09: Discuss the problems of over population?

Ans: The problems are as follows:
1. Food Shortage
2. Rise of Unemployment
3. Water Shortage
4. Poverty
5. Security Problems
Q-10: Which is the most populous continent in the world?

Ans: Asia is the most populous continent in the world.
Q-11: Write the formula for measuring the density of population?

Ans: Population ÷ Land Area = Density of population
Chapter:7
Industries
Short Answer Questions
1. Discuss the role of industries in the progress of a country?
ANS: The economic progress of a country depends on its industry. Industry is the back bone
of a countries progress.
2. When did men start using iron? OR What is that period of history called?
ANS: The use of iron began in the pre Christ period in south Asia. In the year of 1500 B.C
iron began to be used for making weapons and farming tools. This period of human history is
known as Iron Age.
3. Which are the important centers of iron and steel manufacturing industry in china?
ANS: The important centers of iron and steel manufacturing of China include, Anshan,
Yangtzeho, Hanko, Shanghai, Chunking and yoshao.
4. When and where was the first steel mill setup in Japan?
ANS: The first steel manufacturing factory in Japan was built in 1874 at Kamishi.
5. Write down the names of the important centers of steel manufacturing industry in
the United States?
ANS: The important centers of steel manufacturing industry in the United States are,
i. Pittsburg Region
ii. The lack Erie’s region

iii. The lack Michigan region

iv. Central Atlantic Region
6. Name the important steel producing centers in the Russian federation?

ANS: The important steel producing centers in the Russian federation are.
i. Moscow
ii. The Ural Mountains region
7. Mention the notable steel manufacturing centers of Germany?
ANS: The main steel producing centers of Germany include,
i. The Rhine valley region

ii. The Ruhr valley region
iii. The Sar region
8. Where is the world’s largest steel mill situated?
ANS: The world’s largest steel mill is situated in Japan.
COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Short Answer Question

1) What is meant by cotton textile manufacturing?
ANS: Cotton textile manufacturing industry means getting cotton from cotton plant, making
yarn from cotton and making cloth from this yarn.
2) Name the important countries in the field of cotton textile industry?
ANS: The important countries in the field of cotton textile industry are given below,
i. China
ii. Pakistan
iii. India
iv. Brazil
v. U.S.A
3) What are the main cotton textile products?
ANS: The main cotton textile products are cloth, carpets, socks and vests.
4) Where was the cotton plant cultivated for the first time?
ANS: According to experts, cotton cultivates Originally from the Indus valley. Thus cotton
cloth is the discovery of the Indus valley.
5) When are where did the cotton textile industry begin?
ANS: Cotton textile industry began from Britain in the eighteenth century. This industry
started flourishing rapidly after the industry revolution.
6) What are the physical factors for the cotton textile industry?
ANS:
i. Favorable climatic conditions
ii. Availability of water
iii. Availability of raw material
iv. Skilled workers
v. Availability of markets

7) When and where was the first cotton textile mill built in India?
ANS: The first cotton textile mill in India was established in 1818 in Calcutta.
8) When and where was the first cotton textile mill built in Pakistan?
ANS: Pakistan first cotton textile manufacturing mill was Walika cotton textile mills
established in 1948 at Karachi.
9) When was the first cotton textile mill built in Japan?
ANS: The first cotton textile mill in Japan was built in1868 in kagoshima.
10) Write a note on the cotton textile industry in china?
ANS: China is the world’s leading country in the cotton textile manufacturing industry. This
industry is rapidly progressing in china on account of the government patronage and the
availability of cheap and skilled Labour.
11) Give an account of the cotton textile industry in Britain?
ANS: Britain is the real home of cotton textile. This is the country where industrial progress
began in the eighteenth century. Manchester is the main center of cotton textile in Britain.
WOOLEN TEXTILE INDUSTRY

1. What are the suitable factors required for the woolen textile industry?
ANS: Suitable factors for the woolen textile industry are given below.
• Climate
• Availability of water
• Availability of capital
• Availability of raw material
• Energy Resources
2. Describe the woolen textile production in various countries of the world?
ANS: The woolen Production in various countries of the world are given below.
➢ China 267million square meters annually.

➢ Japan 212million square meters annually.
➢ U.S.A 100million square meters annually.
➢ Britain 68million square meters annually.
3. Name the important centers of woolen textile industry in Pakistan?
ANS: The important centers of woolen textile industry in Pakistan are Karachi, lawrencepur,
Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Jhang, Lahore and Bannu etc.
4. Write a note on the growth of woolen textile industry in china?
ANS: China ranks first in the world’s woolen textile industry on account of highly organize
animal rearing huge quantity of raw woolen is available here.

5. When was the woolen textile industry at its boom in Britain?
ANS: Woolen textile is one of the oldest industries of Britain. According to experts, woolen
textile industry began in the UK before the birth of Christ. The use of industrial machinery which
began in 17th century gave a new Colour to this industry.
6. Give an account of the woolen textile industry in Japan?
ANS: Japan figures prominently among the woolen textile manufacturing countries of Asia.
The Japanese woolen textile industry has made a tremendous progress by the use of sophisticated
machinery.
7. When did the woolen textile industry start in Karachi?
ANS: The woolen textile industry started in Karachi 1948.
8. Write down various type of woolen?

ANS:
1. Long fibred woolen is called worsted wool.
2. Low quality wool having short fibers is called tweed.
9. Write a note on the woolen textile industry in India?
ANS: India is another important woolen textile manufacturer. Sheep are raised in India in
organized as well as unorganized manner. The locally available wool is of inferior quality and
therefore, high quality wool is imported from other countries.
10. What do you know about the history of woolen textile industry in the world?
ANS: Since ancient times people have been getting wool from sheep. According to the experts
the use of woolen cloths began earlier than the use of cotton clothes.
SILK TEXTILE INDUSTRY
1. What is meant by silk textile industry?
ANS: Natural silk is the name of a secretion released by a kind of worm at a particular point of
time. Experts use this secretion for making silk thread and then cloth from thus yarn. It is known
as silk textile industry.
2. What is the name of the worm that produces silk? Where is it natured?
ANS: Silk worms are hatched on the mulberry leaves. Natural silk is easy to obtain from the
areas which have suitable climate conditions for the growth of the mulberry trees.
3. Describe the important centers of the world’s silk textile industry?
ANS: China, India, Japan, Italy, Korea.
4. Give an account of the silk textile industry in Japan?
ANS: Japan is unique in the world for the elegance and durability of its silk products. Although
silk is a Chinese invention yet, this industry flourished in Japan in a very short time. Japanese
known well the art of hatching silkworms.

5. Name the important major centers of silk textile industry in Italy and Pakistan?
ANS: The important centers of Italy are Milan, komo, burgamo, Venice and Geneva.
PAKISTAN: The main and important centers of Pakistan are Faisalabad, Lahore, Multan,
Hyderabad, Khairpur, Peshawar and Kohat.
6. Name the silk importing/exporting countries of the world?
ANS: The silk importing and exporting countries are given below;
• Importing Countries;
U.S.A, Russia, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Chile, Iran and turkey are important silk
importing countries.
• Exporting Countries;
Japan, china, France, Germany, Italy and India.
7. When did the commercial use of synthetic silk start in the world?
ANS: The industry involving the synthetic silk called rayon started from France and it is started
in 1884.
FERTILIZER INDUSTRY

1. In which year did an expert agriculturist prove that the continuous use of land
reduces its productivity?
ANS: In 1840 an expert agricultural scientist von Liebig proved that the continuous use of land
reduces its productivity.
2. Describe the five factors for the preparation of fertilizers?

❖ Availability of raw material
❖ Protection from floods
❖ Availability of water
❖ Clean and pollution-free environment
❖ Availability of capital
3. How many types of fertilizer? Write their names.

✓ Natural fertilizer
✓ Green fertilizer
✓ Artificial fertilizer
4. How is the potash fertilizer prepared?
ANS: This fertilizer is prepared by burning rock matter and sea vegetation and by mixing
Sulphuric acid. This fertilizer is of particular importance for the forests.
5. In which countries of the world is the potash fertilizer found?
ANS: Potash fertilizer industry is only confined to a countries of the world including Canada,
U.S.A, Kazakistan, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Britain etc.
6. How is the nitrogen fertilizer prepared?
ANS: This fertilizer is prepared with the help of hydrogen, nitrogen and ammonia. There is a
large amount of nitrogen in the air and therefore; 75 percent of this fertilizer is prepared from
air.

7. Name the factors and elements required for the production of phosphate fertilizers?
ANS: The fertilizer is prepared from rock phosphate and remnants of iron.
8. Write down the names of the nitrate fertilizer exporting/importing countries?

▪ IMPORTING COUNTRIES:
INDONESIA, brazil, turkey, Pakistan, Argentina, India, south Africa and others
▪ EXPORTING COUNTRIES:
U.S.A, France, Britain, Russia federation, Japan, Poland etc.
9. What are the disadvantages of the excessive use of fertilizers?

• Increase in air pollution
• Stomach diseases
• Throat and breathing diseases
• Wastages of money
• Increase in the emission of radioactive-rays
10. According to von –Liebig how many elements are required for the growth of plants?
ANS: According to agricultural von Liebig 16 elements are required for the growth of plants.
11. Which continent of the world produces the larges amount of the potash fertilizer?
ANS: Asia is the continent of the world produces the larges amount of potash fertilizer.
Pakistan
CHAPTER No: 1
HISTORY of PAKISTAN

1. Describe the geographical location of Pakistan?
Pakistan is situated in the southern part of Asia and therefore it is included among the
south Asian countries. In geographical term Pakistan is situated between 23 and 37
degrees’ north latitude and between 60and 77 degrees’ east longitude.
2. Write a note on the geographical importance of Pakistan?

God almighty has blessed Pakistan with rivers, mountains, plains and its strategic
location other gifts due to which Pakistan enjoys an important place in Asia as well as in
the whole world.
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF PAKISTAN

3. Write a note on the north-eastern mountain ranges of Pakistan?
The north-eastern mountains of Pakistan consist of different mountain ranges known as
Himalayas, Karakorum, Siwalak and Pir Panjal. These mountain ranges have a great deal
of economic and military importance.
4. Write a note on the North-Western mountain ranges of Pakistan?

This mountain range starts from the Pamir plateau in the north-west and extends to the
western border of Baluchistan. These mountains are less high than the Karakorum and
Himalayan mountains.

5. Write a note on the upper Indus plain?

This region is irrigated by the tributaries of river Indus. These tributaries include the
Ravi, the Sutlej, the Jhelum, and the Chenab rivers which merge into the Indus at
Mithankot.
6. Write a note on the important deserts of Pakistan?

Three important deserts of Pakistan.
i. The Cholistan Desert;
This desert stretches in the areas of Rahimyar khan, Bahawalpur and Bahawalnagar.
ii. The Thal Desert;
This desert is located to the south of the salt range between the Indus and the Jhelum
rivers.
iii. The Thar Desert;
This desert is situated in the south-eastern region of Sindh in the eastern part of river
Indus.
7. Write short note on the following Himalayan, Karakoram, Hindukush mountains?

➢ Himalayan mountains;
This mountain range having the highest peaks in the world stretches over a vest area that
goes up to Gilgit and average height of this mountain is 6000 meters.
➢ Karakoram mountains;
This chain of black mountain lies to the west of the Himalayas. The average height of
these mountain is 7000 meters.
➢ Hindukush mountains;
These mountains stretch between the Indus and the Kabul rivers. This mountain range has
some of the highest peaks whose average height is 15000 feet.
Climate of Pakistan
8. What is meant by climate?
The climate of a place means its annual temperature, rainfall, air pressure and the average
atmospheric condition of other factors.
9. In how many regions can Pakistan be divided on the basis of its climate?
They are four regions;
✓ Tropical coastal lands
✓ Sub-tropical continental lowlands
✓ Sub-tropical continental highlands
✓ Sub-tropical continental plateau
10. What do you know about the coastal region of marine climate?
The coastal areas of Karachi including Makran division and southern regions of Sindh are
included in this climatic region.
11. Write a note on the sub-tropical continental lowlands?

Besides the coastal areas the plain areas of Sindh and Punjab are included in this climatic
region which has a serve type of climate. Sialkot, Sibi and Jacobabad are also included in
this lowlands.

12. Write a note on the sub-tropical continental plateau region of Baluchistan?

This climatic region extends to the north western areas of Baluchistan. This region is
situated at a higher altitude but the rainfall is very low. Nokundi which is a part of this
region annually receives an average rainfall of 1.95 inches.
13. Describe the impacts of climate on the agricultural economy of Pakistan?

i. Agricultural
ii. Habitation
iii. Food
iv. Professions
v. Dress
14. Name the important areas included in the sub-tropical continental lowlands?
Important areas are Sialkot, Sibi and Jacobabad.
SOIL
15. Describe the different types of soil?
• Local soil or residual soil
The soil which is formed in a region as a result of the changes of weather and
disintegration of rocks is called local or residual soil.
• Transported soil
Transported soil is that which shifts from one place to the other due to some
natural factors.
16. Write a note on the soil of north-eastern region?

This region consists of the mountains of Himalayas, the Karakorum, the Hindukush and
the salt range local as well as transported soil is found here.
17. Write a note on the soil of north-western mountain region?

This types of soil are found in Waziristan, Suleiman mountains, Kirthar mountains and
Baluchistan. These are dry and arid areas where due to the lack of rain and vegetation the
soil is red or reddish.
18. Write a note on the soil found in the upper Indus plains?
The soil found in the districts of Lahore and Sargodha is called Bhangar. These districts
are situated in the eastern part of the Indus plains.
19. What do you know about the soil found in the Thal and Cholistan deserts?
The soil found in the desert areas of Thal and Cholistan is of yellow colour and possesses
the contents of limestone, phosphate, potash and iron etc.
20. What is the colour of the soil in the lower Indus plains?
The soil found in this region has a large proportion of sand, limestone silt and clay. For
this reasons its colour is brown it is alluvial soil.

Natural Vegetation/Forests
21. What are the various types of forests?
There are two types of forest
• Natural forest
• Unnatural or artificial forest
22. What is meant by natural forests?

Natural forest is those forest which depend on natural physical factors for their birth,
growth and care.
23. What is meant by unnatural forests?

Unnatural forest is those forest in which human efforts are involved in the planting of
trees, their proper cure.
24. Write a note on the coniferous forests?

The northern areas of Pakistan are rich in natural forests. Coniferous evergreen forests are
found at a height of 5000 to 15000 feet. Deodar chair and pine are the important trees
growing in these forests.
25. What do you know about temperature deciduous forests in the mountain region?
Such forests are found in those mountainous regions which are 3000 to 5000 feet high.
The wood obtain from these forests is harder than that of the coniferous forests. Walnut,
oak, chinar, mulberry, spikenard, olive and cane.
26. Write down the steps taken by the government of Pakistan for the development of
forests?
There are following steps;
i. The setting up of forest department
ii. Forest education
iii. Imports of useful plants
iv. Tree plantation week
v. Legal protection

Irrigation System

27. Describe the characteristics of the canal irrigation in Pakistan?
➢ Increase in the area under cultivation
➢ Increase in fertility
➢ Source of abundant food
➢ Increase in the country’s exports
➢ Low cost irrigation system
28. Write down the terms and condition of the Indus basin treaty?
• Under the terms of this treaty India will have full control over the canals
emanating from the three eastern rivers; Ravi, Sutlej and bias.
• This treaty recognizes Pakistan exclusive rights on three western rivers Indus,
Jhelum and Chenab.
• India will pay 17th crore dollars to Pakistan for making alternative arrangements.
29. Write a brief note on Tarbela dam?

Constructed at Tarbela it is the largest rock and earth filled dam in the world. At the back
of it there is a lake fifty miles long, to meet the irrigation and electricity need.
30. What do you know about Mangla dam?

This dam has been built at Mangla by stopping river Jhelum. It is use feet high and 10300
feet long. At the back of it there is a lake forty miles long. For meeting electricity and
irrigation needs.
31. What is meant by barrage?

A barrier constructed on a river for irrigation is called barrage.
32. Write a note on the important barrages?

i. Kalabagh barrage
ii. Chashma barrage
iii. Tonsa barrage
iv. Guddu barrage
v. Sukkur barrage
vi. Ghulam Muhammad/kotri barrage.

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COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY I.

Q-02: Define geography according to the international conference held in 1958?

Q-03: What is meant by economic geography?

Q-04: Explain Commercial Geography?

Q-05: How does Ritzel define Geography?

Q-06: Give a comprehensive definition of geography?

Q-07: Write down the names of branches of geography?

Q-08: Which things are studied in commercial geography?

Q-09: Describe the importance of economic geography?

Q-11: Name the branches of human geography?

PROF.JAVED-Ur- REHMAN WORLD & PAKISTAN

Q-12: Branches of economic geography?

Q-13: There are two main branches of geography? To which branch

Q-14: Write a note on Physical geography?

Q-15: Give two definitions of geography?

Q-02: What are secondary economic activities?

Q-03: What do you understand by tertiary economic activities?

Q-04: Define Quaternary economic activities?

Q-05: What are Quinary economic activities?

Q-06: To which type of economic activities does fishing belong?

Q-07: What type of activity is getting cotton from cotton plants?

PROF.JAVED-Ur- REHMAN WORLD & PAKISTAN

Q-08: What type of activity is making furniture from wood?

Q-09: Give some examples of quinary economic activities?

Q-10: Write a note on the Quaternary economic activates?

Q-02: What are main types of sea fish?

Q-05: Write a note on the major fishing grounds of the world?

Q-06: Write a note on the major fishing industry in China?

PROF.JAVED-Ur- REHMAN WORLD & PAKISTAN

Q-07: Describe the condition of fishing in North-East Asia?

Q-08: Write a note on fishing in North-Western Europe?

Q-09: Describe the condition of fishing in the North-Eastern regions of North-America?

Q-10: Write a note on the fishing in North-Western regions of North-America?

Q-12: Write a note on per capita use of fish in japan?

Q-01: What is meant by animal husbandry?

Q-03: Define Organized animal husbandry?

Q-04: Define Unorganized animal husbandry?

PROF.JAVED-Ur- REHMAN WORLD & PAKISTAN

Q-05: Give an account of animal husbandry in South-America?

Q-06: Discuss the importance and advantages of animal husbandry?

Q-07: Write a note on the livestock industry in Asia?

Q-08: Write a note on animal rearing in northern hemisphere?

Q-09: Give an account of animal husbandry in Europe?

Q-10: Write a note on the species of sheep in the world?

Q-02: Discuss the economic importance of forests?

Q-04: Describe the regional distribution of deciduous forests?

Q-05: Write short notes on the following grasslands.

PROF.JAVED-Ur- REHMAN WORLD & PAKISTAN

Q-06: Where the worlds largest equatorial forests situated?

Q-10: Give an account of the temperate deciduous forests?

Q-12: Write a note on the Mediterranean evergreen forests?

Q-02: Describe the distribution of population with reference to density?

Q-03: Write a note on very densely populated areas?

Q-04: What do you understand by the densely populated areas?

Q-05: What is meant by less densely populated areas?

Q-06: How do you define least populated areas?

PROF.JAVED-Ur- REHMAN WORLD & PAKISTAN

Q-07: Discuss five of the factors affecting the distribution of population?

Q-09: What is meant by closed population?

Q-08: Which are the uninhibited areas of the world?

Q-09: Discuss the problems of over population?

Q-10: Which is the most populous continent in the world?