Army Public School (Boys) Abid Majeed Road

Subject: Geography Reinforcement Worksheet Chapters:2-3

Name: _________________________ Class VIII/Sec:___ Roll no:_____ Date:_________

Ch:2- LIVING WITH THE CLIMATE

Q: Mark the deserts of Pakistan. Also identify the rivers.

Lifestyle of People Living in Coastal Areas and Plains

Part 1: Coastal Areas
Q: Name at least three characteristics of the lifestyle of people living in coastal areas.
Possible answers:
a. Fishing and seafood-based diet
b. Reliance on marine resources for livelihood
c. Coastal trade and commerce
d. Cultural practices related to the sea
Q: Explain the significance of fishing in the lifestyle of coastal communities.
Answer: Fishing is often a primary occupation in coastal areas, providing a source of income and
nutrition. It plays a vital role in sustaining the livelihood and culture of coastal communities.
Q: How do people in coastal areas adapt to the challenges of living near the sea, such as
hurricanes or rising sea levels?
Answer: Coastal communities may build resilient structures, engage in early warning systems,
and practice sustainable land use to mitigate the effects of natural disasters and rising sea levels.
Part 2: Plains
List at least three characteristics of the lifestyle of people living in plains.
Possible answers:
e. Agriculture-based livelihood
f. Use of plains for farming and grazing
g. Less rugged terrain for transportation and settlements
h. Cultural practices related to farming cycles
Q: Explain the role of agriculture in the lifestyle of people living in plains.
Answer: Agriculture is a key component of life in plains. It provides the main source of
livelihood, and the fertile plains offer suitable conditions for crop cultivation and livestock
rearing.
Q: What are some of the challenges faced by people living in plains, such as vulnerability to
flooding or lack of natural barriers?
Answer: People in plains may experience flooding during heavy rains, which can lead to crop loss
and displacement. The absence of natural barriers may also make them susceptible to extreme
weather events.
Part 3: Comparative Questions
Q: Compare and contrast the diets of people in coastal areas and plains.
Answer: People in coastal areas often have seafood-rich diets, whereas those in plains rely more
on grains, vegetables, and dairy. Coastal diets are influenced by proximity to the sea, while
plains diets are shaped by the availability of arable land.
Q: How does the geography of coastal areas and plains influence transportation and trade?
Answer: Coastal areas have natural ports and access to sea routes, facilitating maritime trade.
Plains, with their relatively flat terrain, have better conditions for building roads and railways,
enabling efficient land transportation and trade.
Part 4: Multiple Choice Questions
What is a common livelihood in coastal areas?
a) Agriculture b) Fishing c) Mining d) Forestry
Answer: b) Fishing
What is the primary occupation of people in plains?
a) Fishing b) Farming c) Nomadic herding d) Manufacturing
Answer: b) Farming
Part 5: Essay Question
Q: In a brief essay, discuss how the geographic features of coastal areas and plains impact the
cultural practices, economy, and resilience of the people living in these regions. Use specific
examples to support your answer.
Answer: Coastal areas often have cultures and economies deeply intertwined with the sea, such
as seafood-based diets and fishing traditions. In contrast, plains provide fertile land for
agriculture, influencing farming practices and the cultivation of specific crops. The geography of
coastal areas influences their resilience in facing sea-level rise and hurricanes, while plains may
need to contend with flooding. For instance, communities in the Netherlands have historically
used dikes and polders to protect against flooding in the low-lying plains. These geographic
features shape both the lifestyle and adaptability of the people living in these regions.

Questions: 10. How are animals affected by global

warming?
1. What causes climate change? 11. What role do trees play in global
2. Name some human activities that cause warming?
global warming. 12. How are elephants beneficial to
3. What is global warming? forest vegetation?
4. Name some extreme weather events. 13. How will climate change affect Nepal,
5. What are atmospheric rivers? Bhutan, Pakistan and India?
6. When is rain considered violent? 14. What causes the glaciers to melt faster?
7. What can be the effect of extreme 15. How many glaciers are there in Pakistan?
rainfall? 16. What disease may spread after flood?
8. Why are severe droughts caused? 17. If climate change affects the
9. Why do wildfires occur? agriculture of Pakistan, what will
happen?

Impact of Climate Change in Pakistan

Part 1: Introduction to Climate Change
Define climate change.
Answer: Climate change refers to long-term changes in the average weather patterns, including
variations in temperature, precipitation, and other climate parameters, which can occur over
decades to millions of years.
Explain the main factors contributing to climate change.
Answer: The main factors contributing to climate change include greenhouse gas emissions (e.g.,
carbon dioxide, methane), deforestation, industrial activities, and other human-made changes to
the environment.
Part 2: Impact of Climate Change in Pakistan
List at least three specific impacts of climate change in Pakistan.
Possible answers:
a. Increased frequency of extreme weather events (e.g., floods, droughts)
b. Melting glaciers in the Himalayas and the resulting water scarcity
c. Rising temperatures and heatwaves affecting agriculture and health
d. Sea level rise affecting coastal areas
e. Altered monsoon patterns and changing rainfall distribution
Explain the impact of melting glaciers on water resources in Pakistan.
Answer: Melting glaciers in the Himalayas provide a significant portion of Pakistan's freshwater
resources. Their decline contributes to water scarcity, affecting agriculture, drinking water, and
energy generation, which are vital for Pakistan's economy and population.
Part 3: Consequences and Mitigation
How does climate change impact agriculture in Pakistan, and what mitigation strategies can be
employed?
Answer: Climate change affects agriculture through changes in temperature, rainfall patterns,
and the increased occurrence of extreme weather events. Mitigation strategies can include
adopting drought-resistant crops, improving water management, and sustainable farming
practices.
Explain the importance of adaptation measures in responding to the impact of climate change
in Pakistan.
Answer: Adaptation measures are essential for preparing Pakistan to cope with the ongoing and
future impacts of climate change. These measures can include building resilient infrastructure,
developing early warning systems, and adjusting agricultural practices to changing climate
conditions.
Part 4: Multiple Choice Questions
What is one of the significant impacts of climate change on Pakistan?
a) Decreased frequency of droughts b) Increased availability of freshwater c) Melting glaciers
and water scarcity d) Decreased monsoon rainfall
Answer: c) Melting glaciers and water scarcity
Which sector in Pakistan is particularly vulnerable to climate change?
a) Healthcare b) Agriculture c) Information technology d) Manufacturing
Answer: b) Agriculture
Part 5: Essay Question
In a brief essay, discuss the role of international cooperation and local initiatives in addressing
the impact of climate change in Pakistan. Provide examples to support your answer.
Answer: International cooperation is crucial to combat climate change. Pakistan is part of
international agreements like the Paris Agreement and has received support from organizations
like the United Nations for climate change mitigation and adaptation. However, local initiatives
are equally important. For instance, Pakistan's Billion Tree Tsunami project is a local effort to
combat deforestation and restore forests. These local initiatives, in conjunction with
international collaboration, can help Pakistan adapt to the challenges of climate change and
reduce its contributions to global warming.
Global Warming and Climate Change
Part 1: Introduction to Global Warming and Climate Change
Define global warming and climate change.
Answer:Global warming refers to the long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature,
primarily due to human activities like the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.
Climate change refers to long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, and other climate
patterns on Earth, which can result from natural variability or human activities.
Explain the greenhouse effect and its role in global warming.
Answer: The greenhouse effect is the process by which certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere
(greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane) trap heat from the sun, preventing it from
escaping back into space. This effect is essential for maintaining Earth's temperature. However,
an excess of greenhouse gases due to human activities intensifies the natural greenhouse effect,
leading to global warming.
Part 2: Causes of Global Warming
List at least three major causes of global warming.
Possible answers:
a) Burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas)
b) Deforestation
c) Industrial processes and emissions
d) Agricultural practices
e) Use of synthetic greenhouse gases
Explain the role of carbon dioxide (CO2) in global warming.
Answer: Carbon dioxide is a significant greenhouse gas that is released into the atmosphere
when fossil fuels are burned. It traps heat from the sun, contributing to global warming. The
increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is a primary driver of the current global
warming trend.
Part 3: Impact of Global Warming and Climate Change
List at least three specific impacts of global warming and climate change.
Possible answers:
a) Rising global temperatures
b) Melting polar ice caps and glaciers
c) More frequent and severe weather events (e.g., hurricanes, droughts)
d) Sea-level rise
e) Changing precipitation patterns
Explain the connection between global warming and the frequency of extreme weather
events.
Answer: Global warming increases the energy in the Earth's climate system, leading to more
frequent and severe weather events. Warmer temperatures can intensify storms, and changes in
atmospheric patterns can lead to prolonged droughts or heavy rainfall events.
Part 4: Mitigation and Adaptation
What are some examples of mitigation strategies to address global warming and climate
change?
Answer: Mitigation strategies include reducing greenhouse gas emissions through measures like
transitioning to renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and implementing
policies to limit emissions from industrial processes and transportation.
Explain the importance of adaptation measures in responding to the impacts of climate
change.
Answer: Adaptation measures are essential to help communities and ecosystems adjust to the
changes brought about by global warming and climate change. These measures include building
resilient infrastructure, developing early warning systems, and adjusting agricultural practices to
changing climate conditions.
Part 5: Multiple Choice Questions
What is the primary cause of global warming?
a) Deforestation b) Natural climate variability c) Greenhouse gas emissions d) Volcanic eruptions
Answer: c) Greenhouse gas emissions
What is an example of an adaptation measure to address climate change impacts?
a) Reducing CO2 emissions from cars b) Planting more trees c) Constructing flood defenses
d) Building more coal-fired power plants
Answer: c) Constructing flood defenses
Part 6: Essay Question
In a brief essay, discuss the potential consequences of failing to address global warming and
climate change and the importance of global cooperation in finding solutions. Provide specific
examples to support your answer.
Answer: Failing to address global warming and climate change could lead to severe
consequences such as more intense heatwaves, rising sea levels, food and water shortages, and
increased displacement of populations. These impacts would affect economies, ecosystems, and
human well-being. Global cooperation is essential because climate change is a transnational
issue, and solutions require coordinated efforts to reduce emissions and adapt to the changes.
The Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global warming, is an example of international
cooperation in addressing this crisis.
Different Types of Pollution
Part 1: Introduction to Pollution
Define pollution.
Answer: Pollution is the introduction of contaminants or pollutants into the natural
environment, causing adverse effects on the quality of air, water, soil, or living organisms.
Explain the difference between point source pollution and non-point source pollution.
Answer: Point source pollution originates from specific, identifiable sources, such as factories or
sewage treatment plants. Non-point source pollution comes from diffuse sources and is harder
to pinpoint, such as runoff from urban areas or agricultural fields.
Part 2: Air Pollution
List at least three common sources of air pollution.
Possible answers:
a) Emissions from vehicles (cars, trucks)
b) Industrial emissions (factories)
c) Burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)
d) Agricultural practices (ammonia from fertilizers)
Explain the health impacts of air pollution on humans.
Answer: Air pollution can lead to respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, and even
cancer. It can worsen existing health conditions and cause premature death.
Part 3: Water Pollution
List at least three common sources of water pollution.
Possible answers:
f. Industrial discharges into rivers
g. Agricultural runoff (pesticides, fertilizers)
h. Sewage and wastewater from homes and municipalities
i. Oil spills from ships
Explain the environmental consequences of water pollution.
Answer: Water pollution can harm aquatic ecosystems, including fish and other wildlife. It can
also contaminate drinking water sources, making it unsafe for consumption.
Part 4: Soil Pollution
List at least three common sources of soil pollution.
Possible answers:
a. Dumping of hazardous waste
b. Contamination from industrial activities
c. Pesticides and herbicides in agriculture
d. Landfills and improper waste disposal
Explain the impact of soil pollution on agriculture and food safety.
Answer: Soil pollution can lead to reduced crop yields and can contaminate food with harmful
substances. It may also disrupt soil ecosystems, affecting soil health and fertility.
Part 5: Noise Pollution
List at least three common sources of noise pollution.
Possible answers:
a) Traffic noise from roadways
b) Industrial machinery and equipment
c) Airport noise from aircraft
d) Loud music and parties
Explain the health and well-being effects of noise pollution on individuals.
Answer: Noise pollution can lead to stress, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and impaired
cognitive function. It can also contribute to cardiovascular problems and overall reduced quality
of life.
Part 6: Light Pollution
List at least three common sources of light pollution.
Possible answers:
a) Excessive outdoor lighting in urban areas
b) Glare from streetlights and billboards
c) Skyglow from urban areas that obstruct views of the night sky
Explain how light pollution affects astronomical observations and wildlife.
Answer: Light pollution obscures the night sky, making it difficult for astronomers and stargazers
to observe celestial objects. It also disrupts the behavior of nocturnal wildlife and impacts their
natural habitats.
Part 7: Multiple Choice Questions
Which type of pollution is caused by emissions from factories and vehicles?
a) Air pollution b) Water pollution c) Soil pollution d) Noise pollution
Answer: a) Air pollution
What is the primary source of water pollution from pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture?
a) Point source pollution b) Non-point source pollution c) Air pollution d) Noise pollution
Answer: b) Non-point source pollution
Part 8: Essay Question
In a brief essay, discuss the interconnections between different types of pollution and their
impact on the environment and human health. Provide specific examples to support your
answer.
Answer: Different types of pollution often overlap and have interconnected effects. For
example, air pollution can lead to acid rain, which, in turn, contributes to water pollution.
Contaminated water sources can affect soil quality, leading to soil pollution. Additionally,
pollutants in the environment can enter the food chain, impacting both wildlife and human
health. Understanding these interconnections is vital for addressing the broader issue of
pollution and its impacts.
Questions:
1. Name any five large cities that are built on coasts?
The world’s largest cities are built on coasts, such as New York, Boston, Shanghai, Mumbai
and Karachi.
2. What is the most common profession amongst people who live on plains?
Most people living on plains are involved in agriculture and ranching.
3. Do people live in the Arctic and Antarctica?
Millions of people live in the Arctic but Antarctica does not have any permanent inhabitants.
4. Why do research centres require strong communication system?
The research centres built in Antarctica have strong communication system to connect with the
outside world.
5. Which is the most populated region of the Earth?
One third of the world’s population lives on the tropical regions.
6. What is the area of the Amazon Basin?
The Amazon Basin is the oldest and the largest basin covering almost five million square
kilometres and nine countries.
7. What are extreme weather events?
Extreme weather events are unusual, unexpected, severe or unseasonal occurrences that are at
the extremes of the ranges of events that happened in the past in a certain region.

8. What is the climate change mostly attributed to?

The climate change is mostly attributed to human activities, like burning of fossil fuels which
produce greenhouse gases that trap more heat than is needed by the living organisms on Earth.
9. What causes wildfires?
Wildfires are caused when the increase in temperature reduces moisture in the vegetation and
make them vulnerable to fire.
10. What is affecting the biodiversity of the whole world?
Global warming is affecting the biodiversity of the whole world from the polar bears in the Arctic
to the marine turtles in Africa.
11. Why is it expected to have more floods in Pakistan in the coming years?
The glaciers in the Himalayas are constantly melting, therefore more floods are expected in
Pakistan in the coming years.
12. What can individuals do to protect the environment?
To protect the environment, individuals can save energy, use public transport, walk to cover
short distances, save food and avoid wastage, apply 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) and use
renewable energy sources more.
13. What should nations do to combat global warming?
Nations must use alternate sources to generate electricity and stop extracting fossil fuels.
Rules and regulations must be made and strictly implemented to reduce global warming and
stop climate change.
Q: Tick () the correct answer.
ii. Which of the following cities are built on coasts?
a. Boston
b. Mumbai
c. Shanghai
d. All of the above
iii. This region is at the centre of the Earth and one third of the world population lives
here.
a. Coastal areas
b. Plains
c. Polar regions
d. Tropical regions
iv. These may be caused due to lack of rain accompanied with heatwaves.
a. Cyclones
b. Droughts
c. Dust storms
d. Floods
v. In less than 50 years, the percentage of all mammal, fish, bird, reptile and
amphibian population lost is:
a. 59
 b. 69
c. 89
d. 96
vi. Some long-term effects of climate change are:
a. Drought and forest fires
b. Floods and storms
c. Landslides
d. None of the above
vii. We can reduce the use of electricity generated by fossil fuels by using LED
lights, lowering the heating and cooling and washing clothes in cold water.
a. Agriculture
b. Food
c. Fossil fuels
d. Renewable energy resources

viii. People need to wear at least seven layers of clothes in this region.
a. Coastal areas
b. Plains
c. Polar regions
d. Tropical regions
Q: Give short answers.
ii. Which two professions are most common in people living on plains?
iii. Define the following:
a. Atmospheric rivers
b. Global warming
iv. Write three impacts of climate change in Pakistan.
v. What is the effect of rising sea level of Arabian Sea?
vi. List five extreme weather events.
vii. What was the main target of Paris Agreement signed by several countries in
2015?

CH: 3- ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Q: What is happening in each of the following figures?

 Figure 1 Figure 2

Source: https://www.nrdc.org/stories/air-pollution-everything-you-need-know Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/land-pollution

Figure 3 Figure 4

Source: https://www.nrdc.org/stories/water-pollution-everything-you-need-know Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution

Figure 5

Reference: https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/skyglow-grows-study-documents-glaring-global-light-pollution-2023-01-19/

Review Quiz:
1. What is pollution?
Pollution is the introduction of substances into the environment that have
damaging effects on living things.
2. Can we smell pollutants and can we see them?
Pollutants can be odourless and colourless, or they can have colour and odour.
3. What is the main source of air pollution?
Industries and motorised vehicles are the main contributors of air pollution.
4. How do the motorised vehicles pollute the air?
The motorised vehicles emit gases, such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and
sulphur oxides that pollute the air.
5. Why are trees called the green lungs of the Earth?
Trees are called the green lungs of the Earth because they store carbon absorbed
from the atmosphere.
6. List some sources of water pollution?
Water pollution is caused by untreated sewage, poor farming practices, soil
 erosion and oil spills.
7. What is the effect of deforestation?
When forests are cleared, the absence of tree roots leaves soil exposed and the
soil is easily washed away by rain and end up in waterbodies polluting them.
8. How is land pollution caused?
Land pollution occurs when waste or rubbish is not disposed of properly.
Land pollution also occurs when the waste materials are left behind on a mining
site after the valuable minerals have been extracted.
Irrigation on farms often results in salinisation of soil which is a type of land
pollution.
9. How is salinisation caused?
Irrigation on farms often results in salinisation of soil which is a type of land
pollution.
10. What is noise pollution?
Noise pollution is any sound that is undesirable, disturbing and harmful to the
human senses or wild life.
11. Which sounds are audible to humans?
Human ears can hear sounds that range between zero and 140 decibels.
12. When does sound cause pain?
Sounds between 120 to 140 decibels cause pain.
13. What causes light pollution?
Poor and excessive use of artificial light sources at night cause light pollution which
is detrimental for the health of human beings as well as animals and their
behaviour.
14. When is greenhouse effect enhanced?
The greenhouse effect is enhanced when too much carbon dioxide released in the
atmosphere traps heat at an unusually high rate than required.
15. What is the function of ozone layer and where is it found?
The ozone layer is present in the stratosphere. It protects the living organisms
from the harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun.
16. What happens when humans and animals are exposed to the ultraviolet rays of
 the sun?
Exposure to the ultra violet rays causes diseases like cancer, cataract and quick
aging. It also weakens the immune system both in humans and animals.
17. What happened in Karachi in May 2015?
In May 2015, Karachi experienced the deadliest heatwave Pakistan had not seen in
over 50 years.
18. What should we do to reduce pollution?
We must try to reduce our carbon footprint to reduce pollution and adopt the 3Rs.
19. What should our government do to reduce pollution?
Our government should impose strict laws to control pollution and educate the
citizens and children so that they reduce pollution.

Q: Tick () the correct answer.

i. Smog is the result of this kind of pollution.
a. Air Pollution
b. Land Pollution
c. Noise Pollution
d. Water Pollution
ii. This type of pollution disrupts the sleep patterns and the internal 24-hour body
clock.
a. Air Pollution
b. Land Pollution
c. Light Pollution
d. Noise Pollution
iii. The sound between these decibels cause pain to the human ear.
a. 120 and 140 decibels
b. 110 and 150 decibels
c. Zero and 40 decibels
d. Zero and 140 decibels
iv. Salinisation of soil occurs at places where:
a. Rainfall is low and the evaporation rate is high
b. Rainfall is high and evaporation is low
c. Soil is already salinised
d. Soil is unsuitable for farming
v. Constant and prolonged exposure to loud noise may cause damage to:
a. Ears
b. Eyes
 c. Skin
d. Hair
vi. When loud sounds are emitted by ships, oil drills and naval sonar devices the
marine animals cannot perform
a. Echolocation
b. Feeding activity
c. Locomotion
d. Respiration
vii. To reduce pollution, we must use:
a. Fluorescent light
b. Halogen lights
c. Plastic material
d. Smart phone
Q: Give short answers.
i. Define pollution and pollutants.
ii. Give examples of two marine animals that rely on echolocation.
iii. What is the good effect of natural greenhouse effect.