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A review of algorithms for control and optimization for energy management of

hybrid renewable energy systems

Article  in  Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy · October 2018

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A review of algorithms for control and optimization for Energy management of Hybrid
Renewable Energy Systems
Barnam Jyoti Saharia1, Honey Brahma,2 and 3*Nabin Sarmah
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India, Pin-784028
2
Department of Energy, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India, Pin-784028
bjsaharia@gmail.com1,honeynbrahma325@gmail.com2,*nabin@tezu.ernet.in3
Address for corresponding author:  
*Department of Energy, Tezpur University
*nabin@tezu.ernet.in

ABSTRACT:

Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) system can alleviate the grid dependence
for power in rural and distant locations. The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources
acting alone does not make the system reliable; however combining one or more sources (like
solar, wind, diesel, biomass, micro-hydel, etc.) with adequate storage options or intelligent
control of hybrid systems ensures power availability to the end user. As a result it is
imperative that the technical aspects of such a hybrid system be analyzed with respect to
optimal sizing of sources, proper control design and mechanism for energy management and
adequate backup via storage option that ascertains reliable power supply to the consumer/end
user or at the distributed generation end. This paper presents an overview of the applications
of Genetic Algorithms, Fuzzy logic, Particle Swarm optimization and similar other
evolutionary and nature inspired algorithms that have been employed for the optimization,
control and power management strategy for renewable energy studies involving hybrid power
generation schemes. Analysis of the algorithms and the potential applications of new
improved algorithms for optimization, control and power management of HRES is discussed
and reported.

KEYWORDS: Renewable Energy; Hybrid Power Sources; Solar Photovoltaics;

Optimization Algorithm; Genetic Algorithm; Particle Swarm Optimization; Fuzzy Logic

1 
 
1. INTRODUCTION

With the ever increasing demand for energy and power1, the limitation of the generation of

energy from the fossil fuel reserve, greenhouse gas emission leading to global warming2,3 and

the polluting nature of such means of power harvesting, led to the search for the alternate

energy sources in order to generate power in a non-polluting and sustainable manner4. This

steered exploration of the renewable energy sources5,6 in the form of solar energy and wind

energy system, which are the most widely used forms of alternate energy.

However, the adverse impact of weather and climatic conditions on the generation

output of the solar and wind energy systems cannot be neglected. An optimal mix of two or

more sources with complementary nature backed up with the added storage option to meet a

specific load demand7 are called hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) and can act as an

alternate viable option8 for generation of power apart from the conventional schemes, i.e.

from fossil fuels1. Figure 1 shows the schematic of HRES with Solar and Wind as the

primary resources.

Fig 1: PV-Wind based hybrid renewable energy system architecture

2 
 
 Generally, a hybrid renewable energy system can be defined as an energy system9

consisting of two or more renewable sources to generate power more reliably and cost

effectively with a power conditioning equipment acting as a controller and with the option of

energy storage system8. They may work in grid connected more or in isolation and may have

the option for storage and back-up with more conventional sources like the diesel generators.

Remote location where conventional power generation scheme is not available and is either

not cost effective, HRES can be a suitable deployment option to meet the consumers demand

for reliable supply of power10. Additionally HRES act as cost-effective, reliable and

environment friendly sustainable energy sources2,11 capable of reducing the total lifecycle

cost in a significant manner 12. A majority of the work is confined to the use of algorithms for

optimal sizing and economic assessment of such renewable systems. Figure 2 shows a

schematic arrangement of a PV, Wind, Micro-turbine based HRES with battery as storage

element connected to the utility grid.

Fig 2: A topology of a hybrid grid connected renewable energy system

3 
 
 The control of the energy management and renewable energy sources with the possibility

of demand side management with reliable supply of power is an area which is of key interest

to the research community. Various soft computing and optimization based approaches are

gaining popularity in the solution of optimization problems with multiple conflicting

objectives in recent times. However from the literature survey it has been observed that very

few research works have been found wherein the focus has been on making a comparative

assessment of the use and application of such soft computing and optimization algorithms.

This paper addresses this research gap on algorithms for control and optimization of hybrid

renewable energy systems. The contribution of this research work can be summarized as

follows:

I. Analysis on application of Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization

(PSO) and Fuzzy Logic (FL) based algorithms in the area of control and optimization

of HRES based systems.

II. Overview of new metaheuristic algorithms developed within the last ten years and

their application in HRES studies.

The paper is divided as follows: Section II covers in brief the various issues involved

with the control of HRES. This is followed by a discussion on the optimization approaches

for HRES, mainly on the popular algorithms in Section III. A section on the discussions is

presented in section IV and the concluding remarks of the analysis and review of the research

paper is presented in Section V.

2. Overview of problem of optimization and control of hybrid renewable energy system:

The control of a HRES has various aspects which include availability of primary

resources for generation of power, knowledge of the required load demand that has to be met,

proper design and sizing of the hybrid renewable energy system with or without storage

4 
 
options, i.e. the hybrid system architecture, the choice of proper power electronic converter

topology for interconnection with the power choices and their optimal operation, optimized

cost of operation and regulation of the environmental effects, enhanced battery life and

regulation of voltage and frequency for the grid connected systems. Figure 3 shows the basic

block diagram arrangement of a hybrid system with multiple sources of generation with

storage options and its energy management.

Researchers working in the field of HRES have focused on the problem of size
13-21 22-29 15,16,18,22-35 31,36-40
optimization , , optimal economic operation , controller design real
39-42
and reactive power control , voltage and frequency control 43, in case of grid connected
39
HRES, reliability based performance assessment of the hybrid systems , as observed from

literature survey. In this paper, the major emphasis has been laid on reviewing some popular

and widely used intelligent techniques and algorithms which have been used to address some

or all of the aforementioned issues. A detailed analysis on the most popular algorithms

available from literature survey, namely Genetic Algorithms (GA), Particle Swarm

Optimization Algorithm (PSO) and Fuzzy logic (FL), along with discussions on new

optimization algorithms which have been applied for the control and optimization of the

hybrid renewable energy based system is contributed in the following subsections.

5 
 
 Fig 3: A hybrid renewable energy system energy management scheme

3. Optimization Techniques/Algorithms:

Several applications of the optimization techniques for different hybrid renewable

energy system have been reported by many authors so far. Application of GA, PSO, FL and

other popular algorithms for hybrid renewable energy systems control and optimizations are

presented and discussed in the following subsections. Each subsection begins with the

algorithm’s origin followed by a brief overview of the algorithm, highlighting the working

principle. Application of the algorithm in the field of control and optimization of HRES as

reported in related literature is then discussed and summarized.

3.1. GENETIC ALGORITHMS (GA):

Genetic algorithms (GA) developed by John Holland and later popularized by

44
Goldberg , have been used to arrive at solutions of complex optimization problems which

may be either constrained or unconstrained in nature. The fields of application of GA are in

engineering, sciences and have been considered as the go to method for the general purpose

6 
 
of optimization. The algorithm is based on the population and natural genetics where the

individual’s population is modified, based on evolution and is hence termed as an

evolutionary algorithm. A detailed flowchart of the algorithm is shown in figure 4.

The algorithm generates a random initial set of individuals of a population selected at

random in each step of the algorithm, and they act as the source for the next iterative steps for

the algorithm. The three main steps of the algorithm which leads to the production of a new

set of results in subsequent iterations involve selection, crossover and mutation. The pseudo

code for GA is represented below:

Choose the initial population of individuals

Calculate the fitness values of each individual in the population
Repeat this generation until termination of criterion
Select the best fit individuals among the population for reproduction
Crossover and mutation among the mating parent population
Evaluate the fitness of the new individuals.

Table 1 presents the applications of GA in the field of HRES and their optimization.

The hybrid system architecture, geographic location of the application of selected work along

with the optimized parameters is highlighted along with significant findings of the research

works.

7 
 
 Fig 4: Flow chart of optimization employing Genetic Algorithm

From table 1, it can be summarized that GA finds its use in the optimal design and

sizing45-55 and control of hybrid systems 13-21,56,57

, optimal economic operation
15,16,18,34,35,50,58,59
, and optimizing parametric models of PV panels60,61. Additionally the

problem of optimizing the design of controllers for energy management36-38 and reactive

power management with optimized transmission line device placement for reliability

enhancement39 has been carried out. Successful realization of the objective function using

GA for its ability to solve high dimensional problems62 has increased the interest of

researchers to make use of the algorithm for similar problems.

Table 1: Application of Genetic Algorithms for Hybrid Renewable Energy system

optimization
Renewable Site/ Application of Parameters Significant Contribution/Remarks Reference
Energy System Location Algorithm considered/

8 
 
Configuration Optimization

Hybrid Green Nigeria - Optimal sizing and Salvage cost, Battery KPI- (key performance index) - energy 13
Energy System control of system SOC, LPSP throughput of the system as an indicator of
components the overall efficacy of the system

- Simulation on
weather parameters
for three geographic
locations

PV-wind-diesel – -Optimizing total diesel fuel cost, - A 7.8% saving in the overall system 34
battery system operational cost operation and operation is obtained annually
using model maintenance of the DG,
predictive control and the ageing costs of - saving of 37.7% of operation cost is
battery and the diesel attained if the system if analysis is carried
generator out for the system operated at the “load-
following control strategy”

Domestic PV UK based -Genetic Algorithm - location and sizing of 20

connected to LV LV
-favorable consumer end storage of self-
and Simulated distributed storage generation energy
networks with network Annealing topologies and
energy storage in
configurations
- reduces customer bill, and economic
distributed form operation of the LV system with saving in
the reconfiguration of the DGs with the
grid.
Grid Connected - Size and distribution 21
PV systems with
-Genetic -comparison of genetic algorithms, CHC
algorithms, CHC of solar modules in the algorithm, DE algorithm
power Point tracker, distribution of
algorithm, DE - DE with random mutation is the most
Tracking
algorithm solar trackers and effective algorithm for the PV based
choice of inverter design optimization

Hybrid Almora -GA, PSO and BBO - size of the individual 14

Renewable District, are compared
- Seven unelectrified villages are chosen
components of the for study
Energy system Uttarkhand, - optimal sizing of hybrid system - cycle charging strategy is optimal choice
with Diesel India hybrid energy
when compared with load following and
generator system
peak shaving strategy
- COE is Rs 5.64/ kWh
PEMFC for -Matlab simulation - parametric tuning of PI - simple control logic, adjustability, 36
Telecom between proposed controller for boost robustness, improvement in the tracking
operation method and Ziegler- power converter ability, ability to meet fluctuating load
Nichols control demands
method - reduction in overshoot and undershoot
-GA optimized characteristics and settling time to reach
controller for steady state with increased efficiency
PEMFC - alternative means to power telecom
towers with a greener approach to the
conventional use of diesel generation.
Wind Turbine, -optimal sizing and - power management of -reliable power supply at all times as PV 15
Solar Array, economic hybrid system using a and wind are connected while
Mico-turbine assessment supervisory control microturbine and battery are used as
with battery -reference adaptive backup source at all load conditions
technique
storage feedback -Fuzzy logic controller and the proposed
linearization adaptive controller are compared which
method integrated - battery SOC using shows that the adaptive controller is better
with indirect space open circuit voltage suited for the energy management between
vector control for technique generation and load demand.
maximum power
extraction from
wind turbine
Offshore Wind -Optimal sizing and - Annualized cost of -Least square estimation algorithm for 16
Turbine, tidal economic analysis system using annualized economic analysis was used.
turbine, a micro of the hybrid system capital cost, -Synthetic operation of model reference
turbine, and lead adaptive control along with feedback
replacement cost,
acid battery linearization technique was used in order
operation and to extract maximum power and torque for
maintenance cost and the wind turbine
fuel cost -Sinusoidal PWM control technique is
used for load voltage and frequency
control

9 
 
PV panels, Palestine -Optimized system -Global warming emission cost is 35
battery system design to minimize
-LLP considered in the formation of the
and a diesel or COE optimization problem
micro-turbine -Extension of grid connectivity with the
unit. hybrid system operating COE is also
investigated
PV-Wind Hybrid Hyrghada, -Optimal system 17
system with Egypt sizing and
-LPSP -PV,Wind and battery hybrid system is
better suited for meeting the load demand
battery based component
at remote locations, when compared with
storage system selection
PV alone or Wind alone systems
Location Centric -The use of GA reduces the execution time 39
Hybrid system
-Reactive power -Minimum operational
of resource scheduling
management and cost, Voltage limits,
architecture for -Proposed technique performs better than
optimum loading factor and its
Smart Grids the existing power grid models for
transmission device limits, generator input
detection of faults, memory usage for
placement power limits
storage of data, power saving due to
optimization.
PV panel -Parametric -PV diode equation -Genetic algorithm and hybrid genetic 60
optimization of a model algorithm are used to optimize the values
PV panel of parameters obtained for the diode
equivalent model of the PV panel.
- Optimized results can be compared with
measured data to validate the model of the
PV panel so developed, and prediction of
power output from panel can be
ascertained from the developed mode.
Standalone PV Ghardaia, -Techno-economic -LOLP by fuzzy means -Optimized system sizing based on hourly 18
system Algeria optimization for PV clustering algorithm scale using classified hourly solar
system sizing -Cost optimization radiation data
-Higher efficiency and bigger size of the
PV panels give an arrangement of
optimized design for less number of
panels with high reliability
-The big nominal capacity for battery
doesn’t always give the optimized result in
terms of cost.
Standalone Skikda, -Optimized -IATE -A novel control strategy for hybrid 37
PV/Wind/Diesel Algeria parameters of a - Controller parameters renewable energy systems using
power system hybrid multi-input of each energy mutiobjective optimization approach
single output component -A MISO approach for a controller is
controller for a presented where simultaneously the
renewable energy controllers for PV and Wind are tuned
system
PV system with -Optimal design and -LCOE, average cost -KfW incentive by German govt. is taken 19
Battery storage sizing of PV battery considering all as a criterion for the economic analysis
systems investment and -Optimization study involves a time series
operational cost over analysis over a period of 20 years for
system lifetime for per battery performance including degradation
kWH load supplied of battery performance
Autonomous -Optimizing the -Integral of square of -Hybrid controller is developed to mitigate 38
Hybrid system gain of the frequency deviation the effect of power system frequency
with WTG, PV, controller for the -Gain of PID and PI deviation due to change in generation and
DEG, FC,BESS, hybrid system controllers loading
FW, UC, and AE -GA optimized controller outperforms the
conventional classical controller in time
domain with respect to reduction of setting
time, overshoot and oscillations.
PV, Wind, Diesel Jaipur, -Optimal sizing -Cost of investment, -Improved GA is applied to design and 45
and Battery Rajasthan coefficient of including initial cost, supply a varying load
India wind/PV hybrid operation and - Designed system operated at acceptable
energy system in maintenance cost costs to meet the load demand
remote areas
Hybrid -Optimal sizing and -Optimal number of -An automatic fuzzy rule base generation 46
PV/wind/battery cost photovoltaic panels, and optimization technique is employed
system wind turbines and -The crossover and mutation rates change
storages units dynamically to ensure population
diversity and avoid premature
convergence.
Stand-alone Gandon -Optimal sizing -LCOE -Pareto Optimal Fronts are generated by 47, 48
hybrid - CO2 emissions the MOGA which give insights into the
PV/Wind/Diesel/ role of the diesel generators influence on
battery system the optimal configuration for cost
minimization of the system and also for

10 
 
 CO2 emission reduction
-Impact of varying load profile on the
optimal configuration
-Increase in the LCE reduces the CO2
emissions and hence a tradeoff needs to be
made for optimal configuration.
Hybrid Rural Area - Optimal cost and -LCE - Forced outage rate) of the hydro-turbines 49
pico/micro of Laos sizing as a constraint in the design of the
hydroelectric optimization problem is considered in this
turbine, PV study
panels and -  Use of pico-hydroturbines ensure better
battery genset reliability in terms of meeting the load
demand
Hybrid PV/WG Technologi - Optimal sizing and -Total system cost is -Optimal sizing for a 20 year round total 50
system cal cost minimized system cost is minimized to meet the load
University demand without rejection.
of Crete, - Hybrid PV/Wind system operates at a
Greece lower cost compared to a system with only
PV or Wind as the primary renewable
energy source
Hybrid Solar Dalajia -Optimal sizing - Minimizing Annual - Hybrid system is designed for a remote 51
Wind system Island, cost of system telecommunication relay station located at
with battery China -LPSP a remote island
backup - Reliability of power supply with system
configuration is studied and battery
storage is determined for a selected LPSP
value
Hybrid Miyako. -Optimal - Total cost - Optimized system is able to meet the 52
PV/Wind/Diesel Kume and configuration power demand
and Battery Tokashiki -Battery SOC level is maintained above
Islands of 25% and renewable energy fraction
Okinawa contributed major power for the
Japan considered simulation studies at the three
sites
PV/Battery and -Optimal -Total system cost is - Optimization process involves the 53
Fuel cell configuration minimized consideration of PV array tilt angle, fuel
cell start and stop cycles
- Control parameters for Battery SOC and
Fuel cell start and stop are considered in
the optimization algorithm
Hybrid Solar- Potou, - Optimal sizing - Annualized cost - Optimization is carried out for three load 54
Wind-battery Senegal -LPSP profiles with same energy requirement
system - The influence of load requirement on the
optimal configuration of the hybrid system
is discussed
Standalone - Optimal design -LCE - Optimum designs to meet both the 55
Wind-PV-diesel and sizing conflicting objective of optimum cost and
reliability is solved using a optimum
margin of safety strategy
Hybrid PV- - Optimal sizing and - Total NPC - Authors have developed HOGA (Hybrid 56
Diesel with control Optimization by Genetic Algorithm) for
battery storage the optimization process
-SOC set points for the battery is
optimized
Hybrid PV and Zaragoza, -Optimal control -Total NPC - GA is implemented in two stages; one 57
diesel, battery Spain optimizes the system size while the second
and hydrogen stage develops the control strategy for the
system operation of the hybrid system
Hybrid PV/Wind One island -Optimal cost and -LPSP -Improved PSO is implemented along with 58
system with power design GA, and tested on a one island power
battery storage system -  Investment cost system to check for convergence and
located at and reliability is enhanced searching efficiency
latitude 36° combined into
48’ comprehensive cost
-Multi -
optimization
problem
transformed a single
optimization
problem
Standalone PV, - Optimal cost - Total investment cost -Markov model based GA was used for 59
Wind and Diesel and fuels costs with CO the sizing of a hybrid system
system emission -Fuzzy C means is used to cluster
operation states of the PV, Wind and
diesel along with the loads.

11 
 
Standalone -Optimal sizing of -LPSP and minimizing -An elitist strategy for optimal sizing of 61
hybrid wind/PV a standalone system capital cost of the the standalone hybrid system
power system system - Optimization is assumed to be a mixed
-Wind turbine type and multiple criterion integer programming
size, PV panels tilt problem
angle, size of PV panels,
battery capacity

Hybrid PV- Sandwip, -Optimal Design -Total NPC - Major cost of the system is due to solar 63
Diesel mini grid Bangladesh panels and battery
with battery
backup

From the information in table 1, it is evident that GA is widely used in the area of

HRES for optimization. Classical optimization techniques like iterative optimization method

suffer from the inherent limitation of getting stuck at the local minima. The use of GA avoids

this situation as there is improved exploration in the search space for an optimal solution. GA

implements crossover and mutation operation in which there are new population formed in

each iteration step as a result the probability of getting trapped in local minima is removed.

The execution of GA algorithms is independent of the error surface making it suitable for

multi-criterion optimization approaches. Thus it is seen that the GA based optimization

algorithms are able to effectively provide solutions to single objective as well as multi-

objective optimization problems in the area of HRES.

3.2. PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION (PSO):

Kennedy and Eberhart introduced Particle Swarm Optimization in 199564. The

algorithm is based on nature and swarm intelligence seen in birds or fishes. PSO is utilized

when it is seen that the optimization problem presents multiple solutions. In this algorithm

the swarm or the particles of the swarm move in a well-defined or bounded search space to

look for overall best velocity and position in the swarm. Each particle of the swarm position

and velocity is calculated in each step iteratively to arrive at the global optimized value. The

update of the value of the position and velocity of the individual components of the swarm is

given as65:

12 
 
 xik 1  xik  vik 1
(1)

vik 1  wvik  c1r1Pbesti  c2 r2 gbesti

(2)

Where, vik 1 is the ith particle of the swarm velocity for the k+1th iteration, Pbesti is the

best value of the particle and gbesti is the global best value of the swarm, learning factor is

defined as w, defined as w, c1, c2 represent the position constants and r1,r2 represent random

represent random numbers in the range of (0,1). Figure 5 gives a representation the

movement of the particles in the swarms. The pseudo-code for the PSO algorithm is

presented here:

Random initialization of N particles with respect to position and

velocity
Evaluation of the position of each particle
For each particle I, Pbesti = xi
Calulation of Gbest
If the termination criterion is not fulfilled
Particles move according to equation (1)
Evaluation of particle positions
Update in the values of Pbesti and Gbesti
Finish
Review of literature works on application of PSO in HRES is discussed in table 2.

Data presented in table 2, shows evidence of application of PSO algorithm in optimal design

and sizing of hybrid system 5,22-29,66-70, dynamic optimal control 40,71, optimized fuzzy MPPT
41 31,41,72
controller for PV systems , optimizing parameters of fuzzy logic controller and
73
fractional order fuzzy control scheme development . Moreover the optimization problem

associated with dynamic economic dispatch 30, optimal economic operation 22-33,allocation of

DG units to enhance reliability of grid29, active and reactive power control in grid connected
40-42 32,33,74,75 42,71,76
systems , optimal energy management ,optimal power control , and

13 
 
frequency regulation in grid43 has also been handled using the algorithm. Additionally, PSO

has been applied in performance assessment of conventional control approaches40 and of new
22
metaheuristic algorithms. The imperialist competition algorithm (ICA) , artificial bee

colony (ABC) algorithm29, cuckoo search (CS) algorithm72, water cycle algorithm (WCA) 31,

mine blast algorithm (MBA) 24 and hybrid big bang-big crunch optimization algorithm(HBB-
76
BCA) all use PSO as a reference to test their ability to give optimized results with better

computational efficiency and robustness to handle conflicting objectives and operational

constraints, thus indicating that PSO is indeed a popular algorithm when it comes to

optimization of HRES.

Fig 5: Movement of particles in a swarm in the PSO algorithm

Table 2: Application of Particle Swarm Optimization algorithms for HRES

Renewable Site/ Application of Algorithm Parameters Significant Reference

Energy System Location considered/ Contribution/Remarks
Configuration Optimization

PV,Wind and Pulau Optimizing the design and Net system cost -Comparison of ICA and PSO 22
fuell cell Perhentian, size of hybrid system including, capital algorithm
investment cost, -Investigates the effect of
population size and performance

14 
 
 Malaysis replacement cost, parameters on the computation
operation and time of the algorithm
maintenance cost and
labor cost.

Wind Turbine, -Optimal Design -Total cost , LLP and 5

- ε constraint method , is used
PV, Diesel, CO2 emissions for optimization
batteries, fuel
cell, electrolyzer
and hydrogen
tank

Microgrid with Southwest, -Dynamic optimal control in -DG placement in the 40

MG for optimal
-Dynamic rate control strategy
DGs China microgrids with multiple for storage is better than static
DGs operation
control strategy with
- Real power loss and improvement in power loss by
-Information Exchange penalty for cost along 5.3% and voltage deviation by
Particle Swarm with maximum 9.44%
Optimization Algorithm allowable voltage -Real and reactive power
deviation management using the algorithm
(IEPSO)
-Transformer ratio and is also presented
energy storage capacity,
generator ramp rates
Grid Connected -Ouput of Wind Turbine -Optimized fuzzy logic -Development of MPPT 41
PV, Wind using Fuzzy MPPT control based MPPT controller algorithm for both Wind Turbine
Turbine and PV output power using for PV generator output as well as PV generator
output
PSO Fuzzy MPPT
-PI and Fuzzy PI based control
of current injected to the grid
and the active and reactive
power control of the grid side
converter is presented
CHP Microgrid - Dynamic Economic -Operation cost and - Impact of different scheduling 30
including a WT, Dispatch pollution treatment cost strategy, optimization goal and
PV, DE, MT, FC of the microgrid reliability analysis on dynamic
and BS. -Improved Particle Swarm - Spinning reserve economic dispatch for grid
probability constraints connected
optimization with Monte
of microgrid, - Effect of uncertainty factors
Carlo simulation uncertainty factors like and battery capacity on dynamic
fluctuation or energy economic dispatch in islanded
from renewable sources, mode of operation is presented
load fluctuation error
and fault shutdown
Hybrid PV-diesel Egypt and -Optimal allocation of PV- -Overall system -Tested the proposed 29
DG system Alexandria Diesel Distributed investment cost, methodology on a 33 bus radial
generators replacement and O&M system and a 45 bus meshed
- Optimal design and cost. system for Egypt, Alexandria
schedule of PV-Diesel - Maximize the excess -Power loss was about 1.5% of
Distributed generators generated power from total load in the radial system
-Artificial Bee Colony and the hybrid system. and 5.7% of total load in the
Particle Swarm -Distribution power loss meshed system
Optimization minimization, amount - Decrease in overall load
of imported power from shedding for both test cases
grid and also the un-
served load
PV, Diesel and -Optimized Fuzzy Logic -LPSP, Excess Energy - Optimized PSO based Fuzzy 72
Battery Stoage Controller based on Cuckoo and LEC logic controller with PV MPPT
system Search (CS) algorithm - Battery SOC, Net is developed and Compared with
power flow, Power Rate the CS algorithm
of battery, PV and - Membership function based
Diesel Generators FLC using CS is better than the
PSO algorithm
Hybrid DG -H –infinite loop shaping - ISE for frequency -Testing of proposed controller 43
system with based on PSO as well as deviation for ±30% of nominal value
WTG, PV, AE, Hybrid Particle swarm - Optimal design of -Optimal configuration of
FC, DEG, UC, optimization and Harmonic controller for Hybrid controller is with the use of UC
FESS and BESS Search (PSOHS) DG system and FESS as storage elements
- Minimizing the frequency -Optimize the controller and improves transient stability
deviation based on the to be robust to system
above mentioned methods uncertainties and
changes in parameters
WT, PV with -Water cycle algorithm - O &M costs, reliability - Robust and effective controller 31
Battery, FC and (WCA) optimized fuzzy analysis – LPSP for power management of the

15 
 
Electrolyzer logic controller - Membership functions stand-alone hybrid system
of FLC are optimized by - WCA Optimized Fuzzy Logic
WCA Controller outperforms the PSO
- Monthly solar optimized and un-optimized
irradiation, ambient FLC
temperature, speed of - Improved battery SOC that
wind and load profile extends lifetime of batteries
Autonomous PV, -Optimal design and optimal -Multi-criterion - Sizing and energy management 23
Battery and sizing of hybrid system objective function – parameters and their role in the
Hydrogen components installation cost, O&M solution space is analyzed
cost and lifetime cost, - Inclusion of battery SOC
Power supply security penalty function and penalty
function for hydrogen remaining
in storage
PV, WT, MT, -Energy management of - Total cost - A roulette wheel distribution 32
Battery bank and hybrid generation system - No. of generators, mechanism is proposed to
utility grid with relative cost of address the Equality constraints
residential load generators, Power for power balance
output of generators, -Effect of DOD on battery bank
power bought from grid, is investigated with a penalty
power sold to grid, price mechanism
sold to grid, O&M fee -PSO based roulette wheel
for storage system, selection method proposed is
Battery SOC. compared and found to be
optimum with respect to three
other algorithms, PSO based
Grid method (by 0.82%) PSO
based Random method (by
1.76%) and fixed priority
method
PV, WT, Fuel Cairo, Optimal sizing of the hybrid -Minimal annual system -MBA algorithm is compared 24
Cells Egypt system using Mine Blast cost with load supply with PSO, CS and ABC
Algorithm(MBA) considering capital cost, -A power management strategy
O&M cost and to control the direction of power
replacement cost. flow is offered
- When compared with PSO the
MBA algorithm provides a
saving of 24.8% in total annual
costs
PV, WT and -Dispatch-coupled sizing -Minimum dispatch cost -Improved PSO is presented 27
Diesel generator method for optimal battery and LCOE named the distributed mutated
with Battery sizing - System Spinning PSO (DMPSO)
Reserve -DMPSO presents advantage
over conventional PSO which
has the limitation of premature
convergence leading to the
trapping at local optimum.
-Analysis on penetration levels
of renewables is also discussed

WT, Micro- Residential -Real time optimization of - Optimizing the cost of -Sequential Quadratic 74
Turbine with area in U.S. energy management of the electricity generation, Programming is used to validate
BESS Pacific hybrid system maximizing the MT the results obtained using PSO
Northwest operation efficiency and -Actual wind data and load data
consisting reducing the overall are used for system simulation
of 120 emission of the system
Houses
WT, PV, Diesel -Fractional Order Fuzzy - Parameters of -Chaotic PSO outperforms 73
Engine, FC, AE, control scheme optimized by Fractional order Fuzzy conventional PSO in terms of
FW, UC and PSO logic controller faster convergence, reduced
BESS -PSO algorithm is modified computation time and better
introducing chaotic maps optimum solution
Autonomous Jaisalmer -Techno-socio-economic -LCOE -Evaluation of the hybrid system 28
Hybrid system Rajasthan, criterion is selected for the -Capital cost, O&M and is based on reliability indices,
with PV, Wind, India optimal sizing and replacement cost, Social Social cost of carbon on
Diesel and combination of resources cost of carbon, utility environment
Battery outage cost, salvage -Analysis based on uncertainty
value, battery SOC, of RES generation
number of generation - Probabilistic technique to
units evaluate the system reliability
with storage options
Grid connected -Optimized Energy -Battery power, FC -PSO algorithm uses inertial 75
PV, WT, Management system for power and electrolyzed weights for search improvement
hydrogen system hybrid energy control power -Long-term system analysis (25
BESS -Minimizing operation years) for PSO optimized EMS

16 
 
 cost of EMS schemes
-Maximizing efficiency -Optimum operation of DC-DC
of EMS converters is essential for
-Improvement of improving overall system
lifetime of Energy performance
storage system devices
Microgrid Ekbatan -Optimized Load demand - Equivalent Load -Washing machines as smart 33
consisting of WT, residential strategy for energy Factor appliances and its control via
PV, FC, complex in management in Microgrid -NPC smart energy management
electrolyzer and Tehran, increases the contribution of
Smart appliances Iran renewable fraction to the
microgrid.
-DSM provides increase of load
factor, cost reduction, size
optimization of storage units and
flexible trading of power with
distribution grid
Grid connected -Power control of grid -ITAE index and error -PSO tuned PI controllers based 42
hybrid system - connected inverter fed by minimization on three methods(online and
WT, PV, BESS, HRES offline tuned) are presented and
hydrogen system compared
with FC and -Performance analysis is carried
electrolyzer out for active and reactive power
values and voltage sag of grid.
-Online tuned PSO based PI
controller gives best
performance - ITAE by 15.24%
and THD current are reduced by
5.32% with respect to
conventional controllers
WT, FC, Kahnouj, -Optimal Sizing -Net Present Cost -Analysis is carried out for load 25
electrolyzer, Iran (NPC) growth and load variation
anaerobic reactor, Investment cost,
hydrogen tanks replacement cost, loss of
load cost and O&M cost
PV, diesel Ilamane, - Optimal Sizing of hybrid -Total cost, LLP and -Optimization results are 26
generator and Algeria system using constraint CO2 emissions compared for HOMER and PSO
battery bank method and PSO -Net present cost and -PV and battery bank reduce the
-Economic analysis is COE for analysis by annual cost of diesel generator
carried out using HOMER HOMER
Hybrid PV/Wind One island -Optimal cost and design -LPSP -Improved strategies are 66
system with power -Investment cost and implemented in two stages to
battery storage system reliability is combined into increase the convergence speed
comprehensive cost and global searching ability
-Multi - optimization -Convergence factor improves
problem transformed a the search efficiency
single optimization problem -Migration factor improves the
algorithms global search ability
PV, WT, FC -Optimal Power control -Overshoot/undershoot, -PSO performance is carried out 76
based microgrid. strategy for DG with settling time, rise time, for the optimization problem
inverters ITAE in the controller with Hybrid Big Bang Big
voltage Crunch Algorithm and Big
-Objective functions are Bang-Big Crunch algorithm
connected with Fuzzy
memberships
PV/Wind based Chetumal -Optimal Sizing - Minimizes the total - PSO outperforms DE with 67
hydrogen system city, South operational cost better convergence and saving in
Eastern -LPSP total cost amounting to 10
Region of
Mexico
percent
A hybrid wind/PV Iran (Wind - Optimal sizing -Multiobjective PSO - Wind speed data for Nahavand, 68
system with battery speed data) Rafsanjan, and Khash regions of Iran
storage and diesel are selected implementation of
generator algorithm
-Authors suggest that Iran and
regions with similar climate can use
Hybrid systems to improve energy
access to remote areas and increase
the projects of electrification

17 
 
A Standalone Kahnouj, -Optimal Sizing -NPC -Wind turbine size and cost 69
system with Wind Iran affects the system cost as the per
turbine, Fuel cells, unit sensitivity is high
Electrolyzers,
reformer, anaerobic
- Fuel cell and electrolyzer
digester and some efficiency increase causes a
hydrogen tanks reduction in the system cost.
-Lifetime of wind turbine and
fuel cells if reduced will increase
the system costs
Hybrid -Optimal design and sizing -Equivalent loss factor -The impact of component 70
Wind/PV/Fuel cell (ELF) is the reliability outages on the performance of
index used for the hybrid system to meet the
evaluation of the system load demand is presented
- Increase in the component
outages require a larger system
to meet the power demand with
acceptable reliability
-The reliability of the system is
limited by the upper limit of the
inverters reliability
A standalone PV -Optimal sizing and power -NPC and CO2 - PSO and HOMER are 71
system with management strategy emissions compared to optimize the hybrid
desalination system
- Varying

From table 2 it is evidently clear that PSO presents the advantages over other

algorithms in terms of simplicity in implementing the algorithm, the relative flexibility and

use of the algorithms in design of optimization problems, low memory requirement for

storage of solutions, and low execution time for converging to the optima. This is evident

from the review work as many new metaheuristic algorithms take PSO as the reference for

performance comparison.

3.3 FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL (FLC):

In case of Fuzzy logic, a set of a number of multiple logical states are compared rather

than the binary logic, which is composed of only two states being either true or false or one

and zero (as in the binary case)65. Developed by L. Zadeh77, fuzzy logic is composed of three

primary stages of processing to develop the fuzzy logic controller (FLC). As shown in figure

6, the primary stages are the fuzzification stage, followed by the processing stage or the fuzzy

inference stage and the output stage or the defuzzification stage which produces the output of

the FLC based on the rules of the fuzzy logic78 developed for a particular problem. Generally

in a Fuzzy Logic based system functions on evaluating the error and the change in error

between the reference inputs and the actual outputs. These values are always scaled to the

18 
 
required level for the fuzzy system to be operational, i.e. converted from the input crisp

values to the fuzzy set values. This fuzzification step is followed by the processing stage

where the set of fuzzy rules based on the membership functions are generated and a rule

based system is designed for the FLC. At the third and final stage, the fuzzy variable results

are converted back to the crisp values in the defuzzification stage. Depending on the usage

and the final scale of required result, this output will serve as the controlled parameter value

for the fuzzy logic based system.

Fig 6: Overview of Fuzzy Logic Controller

Fuzzy logic based applications in HRES include regulation of inverter for grid

injected current control 41, real and reactive power control79. The choice of a power electronic

interface80 with the PV system often has a significant impact on the enhanced performance of

the tracking algorithm81. Fuzzy logic based controllers for MPPT applications for PV systems
41,82-85
have been successfully realized and reported . Literature survey indicates that for
72,86 79
HRES operation at optimized cost , and real and reactive power control , FL is a
31,73,87,88
preferred approach. Development of a FLC with a robust controller design ensures

that the system will operate with reduced oscillations, with improved controller performance

to external perturbations to change in the load demand as well as change in power generation.

19 
 
Optimal system operation can also be achieved by controlling the battery SOC level
31,72,84,86,88,89
in order to attain reduction in the battery peak current demand to improve

lifetime of operation89,90. An approach that considers the surplus power to reduce the

operation cost and improves the reliability of a hybrid system has been adopted as well using

an iterative pareto fuzzy algorithm 91. H. Gharavi et.al. 92 use fuzzy multi-objective design of

a hybrid green power system with considerations for economics, reliability, and

environmental emissions. Controllers have also been designed to realize a smooth transition

of power flow in a real time setting and its working experimentally validated 82,93. The degree

of importance placed on the emissions of the electrical system plays a significant role in

determining the size optimization of HRES is also investigated and reported 94. A summary

of the works on Fuzzy Logic based controller design is discussed in table 3.

Table 3: Application of Fuzzy Logic based algorithm for Hybrid Renewable Energy
Systems
Renewable Applied Fuzzy Logic system Significant Contribution/Remarks Reference
Energy System Algorithm
Configuration
PV/Wind hybrid PSO fuzzy -Inputs are error and change in error -PI and fuzzy PI based approach is 41
system connected algorithm -Output is duty cycle. applied on inverter to regulate grid
to grid. injected current.
-PSO tuned fuzzy MPPT is applied
to the PV system
PV, Diesel Cuckoo search -Inputs are battery SOC and net power -Optimized FLC minimizes the 72
Generator and based optimized flow LPSP, Excess energy and Levelized
Battery Fuzzy Logic -Outputs are power rate of battery, PV energy cost
and diesel generator
Controller

Wind,PV, battery , Water Cycle -Net power flow, hydrogen tank level -WCA optimized FLC outperforms 31
FC and Algorithm (WCA) and SOC of battery are the inputs un-optimized FLC and PSO
Electrolyzer optimized FLC -Output is the set point for the power of optimized FLC
the electrolyzer
WT, PV, Diesel Fractional order -Scaling factor based input of Ke and Kd -Chaotic PSO tuned FO fuzzy 73
Engine, FC, AE, Fuzzy Logic with outputs of KPI and KPD controller outperforms traditional
FW, UC and BESS controller (FO- -Centre of gravity is the defuzzification PID and integer order fuzzy PID
method. -Robust operation of the tuned FO
FLC) tuned by PSO
fuzzy controller to parametric
changes in linear as well as non-
linear operation
PV with Battery PSO optimized -Inputs to the FLC is the power output -Low pass filter and FLC are 90
and Super FLC of the low pass filter and the SOC of SC considered
capacitor (SC) -Output is the power sharing ratio -Optimized FLC is able to reduce
Sugeno type fuzzy optimal battery peak current demand
-Utilization of super-capacitor is
system is used
improved when compared to the
conventional system
PV, SOFC and Voltage-frequency -Two FLC are used for both voltage and -FLC and conventional PI controller 87
BESS based control based on current control. are compared
autonomous -FLC is able to handle changes in
load and PV output fluctuation while

20 
 
microgrid FLC is presented keeping voltage and frequency
deviation in range.
WT, PV with FLC for adaptive -Inputs to the FLC are Battery power -Adaptive power smoothing control 88
Battery for a power smoothing capacity and SOC. fuzzy logic control algorithm
microgrid control in a -Output is a reference signal (FLCA) is presented
-Triangular membership functions are -The FLCA is able to adjust
microgrid operation
considered automatically for grid to islanding
mode of operation and vice-versa.
PV with fuel cell FLC for real time -Input and output are all in terms of gains - DC-DC boost converter is 82
connected to a implementation of of modeled system controlled to have MPPT of the PV
standalone grid power management -Equilateral triangle membership system
functions are considered for both input -Real time implementation for the
for a small scale
and output system with smooth power flow is
Hybrid sytem. realized and demonstrated.

PV, Wind and FC FLC for power -Two fuzzy logic controllers for the -Fuzzy logic based MPPT for both 83
point tracking and control of wind power and two for PV PV and Wind generators
DC bus voltage power . -Case study with practical data for a
regulation -Inputs are error and change in error for site at a distance of 40 km from
generated power for one controller while Alexandria, Egypt is presented.
it is the voltage error and change in error
of voltage for the second controller
-Output is the control signal for
switching of buck boost converter.
-Triangular membership functions are
used
PV with FC and Fuzzy logic based -Input are scaled parameters of rms -FLC is able to track the system 79
battery as storage current controller to voltage error and its derivative for one operation point with perturbation in
devices connected regulate grid controller, while its active power error an real as well as reactive power with
d its derivative for the second controller
to the grid inverter voltage and limited overshoot
-Output is current for both the controllers
another FLC to -Triangular membership functions are
control active used.
power

Grid connected PV, FLC to control Inputs are time left for future peak -FLC was tested on a system as an 86
Wind and Battery power flow from periods and the current battery SOC example to validate the proposed
based system battery to cover while the output is the percentage methodology of control. Results
deficient load determining the amount of load to be met indicated that the battery is able to
by the battery reduce power drawn from the grid
during peak load demand leading to
economic operation from consumer
end. Also this reduces the demand
on the utility grid.

PV, battery and FLC to optimized PV power, load demand and the battery -Online energy management based 84
PEMFC operation of battery SOC are inputs to the FLC while the on hierarchical control is presented.
and PEMFC output is the current signal to operate the -Detailed hybrid system model is
developed and simulated studies are
system in charging, discharging or both
carried out that validates the
mode of operation. operation of the FLC.
-MPPT controller system developed
for the PV, shows low overshoot,
short settling time and zero steady
state error when compared with
P&O approach.

Standalone WT, FLC for dynamic -Three FLC designed for frequency -FLC operation is validated using 93
PV, FC and UC. power management control- FC power control, PV power real weather data and practical load
control and WT blade pitch control. demand profile.

PV, WT, FC and FLC for efficient -FLC controller regulates battery SOC -Neural Network based controller 89
battery power flow control for optimal operation. regulates the voltage at the PCC
-Power loss reduction by saving in
components required and thereby
reducing switching losses.
An autonomous Iterative Pareto- -Optimal sizing with minimized cost and -The surplus power is also taken as a 91
PV, WT- battery Fuzzy (IPF) improved reliability of the system (a 2-D factor to decide the optimized
system algorithm problem) operation of the system.
-Optimal cost, improved reliability and -Pareto technique ensures the screen
also to minimize the size of dump load out all the dominant solutions out of
(3-D problem) which the best compromised solution
-Expected energy not supplied, Energy from the pareto set is obtained using

21 
 
 Index of Reliability and total cost are
included in the algorithm.
Hybrid A fuzzy multi- -Fuzzy optimization is used to optimize
PV/Wind/Fuel Cell objective algorithm more than one objective function and
and ICA constraint simultaneously
- Fuzzification of merged objective
functions and constraints is performed
-Membership functions considered are
for cost and environmental emissions
Fuzzy technique
- Size optimization is influenced by 94
the degree of importance placed on
the emissions of the electrical system
that supplies power to the non-
autonomous HGPS

Fuzzy logic based control is advantageous for implementing optimal control as a

number of input parameters can be taken into the design of the fuzzy rule base to achieve the

desired control objective. Additionally it has been observed that the hybrid optimization

algorithms which optimize the fuzzy parameters outperform the general fuzzy logic system.

As such the authors believe that the use of Fuzzy Logic based control in addition to an

optimization algorithm will lead to a better optimized controller design for HRES.

3.4. NEW METAHEURISTIC ALGORITHMS:

The majority of the research into application of new metaheuristic optimization

algorithms in HRES has focused on the optimal sizing of the hybrid system

components14,21,22,24,27,95-97. Analysis and design of hybrid system is also investigated for

21,29,92,96,98-100 21,101
optimal operation . Power point tracking for PV system is also explored

and wind turbine pitch angle control to regulate the system operating point at its maximum

power generation state is investigated by Chuang et.al.102. The need to have control of the

power management strategy in multisource renewable energy based systems has also been

covered by researchers, and is available in literature 27,31,40,76,97,103,104 . Grid connected hybrid

system often experience perturbation in the generation from renewable sources and load

demand leading to the fluctuation in the grid voltage and frequency. Regulation of the

microgrid voltage by optimizing the PI gain of a voltage controller, for robust operation with
105 106
respect to perturbations is carried out by Moareff et.al. . Elazim and Ali address the

problem of load frequency control for hybrid system by using Firefly Algorithm and by
107
comparing the performance of the algorithm with GA. Shankar and Mukherjee apply

22 
 
Quasi-Oppositional Harmony Search Algorithm (QOHSA), and the performance of the

algorithm is compared with the Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) algorithm

for design of a load frequency controller for hybrid system. Table 4 lists the most recent

optimization algorithms which have been applied in HRES. The background of the algorithm

along with the salient contributions is also recorded.

Table 4: Summary of new metaheuristic algorithms and their application in HRES

Optimization Algorithm Optimization Algorithm based on Application in Hybrid Renewable Reference

Energy Systems

CHC Algorithm -Population based evolutionary algorithm Design of PV generators with trackers and 21
-Selective strategy involves high selective their optimal sizing
pressure and strong diversity

Differential Evolution (DE) -Population based evolutionary algorithm Design of PV generators with trackers and 21
-Involves mutation, crossover and selection their optimal sizing

Biogeography Based
Optimization (BBO)
Imperialistic Competition
Algorithm (ICA)
Information Exchange
Particle Swarm
Optimization (IEPSO)
-Population based algorithm involving the Optimal sizing of a hybrid renewable 14
geographical distribution of biological energy system for supplying power to
organisms villages without electricity
-Habitat Suitability index and Suitability
index variables are involved in the
immigration or emigration of species from
one habitat to another
-Involves migration and mutation
-Based on socio-political evolution of human -Optimal sizing of hybrid renewable 22,92,94,98
-Imperialism is considered as the basis for energy system
social evolution of humans
-Countries with best fitness form imperial -Optimal design of a STATCOM for
domains while the rest form colonies, which
application on an on-grid HGPS
are divided with respect to the power empire
formed from that of the imperialist and
colonies together. -Optimal design of autonomous and non-
-Competition among empires increases the autonomous HGPS with considerations for
ones with more power while others are economic operation, reliability based
eliminated assessment and environmental emissions
-Convergence of the all the colonies to form
the most powerful empire
-Swarm based algorithm which is an -Dynamic optimal control of a multisource 40
enhanced version of the PSO distributed generation based on microgrid
-Two parallel sub-swarms are first generated
that solves the optimization problem
independently
-Swarms exchange information of global best
values to update velocity and position of
particle
-Diversity of population is maintained by
introduction of a mutation operator

Artificial Bee Colony - Swarm intelligence based -Design, scheduling and allocation of 29
(ABC) -They model the behavior of bees to look for hybrid PV-Diesel in a distribution system
food, more specifically nectar.
-Employed bees, onlooker bees and scout - Investment cost, replacement cost, O&M
bees work in co-ordination to look for nectar,
cost and power loss minimization are
each performing a specific role
-Onlooker bees are responsible for the investigated
exploitation while the scout bees are
responsible for the exploration

23 
 
 Water Cycle Algorithm -Population based optimization algorithm
(WCA) -Based on natural water cycle
-Population of raindrops with cost are joined
to form streams and rivers to form sea
-When the rivers, stream and sea are formed
rain is considered
Mine Blast Algorithm - Metaheuristic algorithm based on the
(MBA) observation of mine bomb explosion
-Pieces of shrapnel thrown due to explosion,
collide with other mine bombs inside mine
field and the explosion area
-Objective is to find the most explosive mine
at the optimum location that causes most
casualties
Distributed Mutated -Improved PSO algorithm to avoid the
PSO(DMPSO) localized trapping of the swarm in the optima,
i.e. premature convergence
-Three modifications – mutation (a) ,
mutation (b) and a distribution.
Hybrid Big Bang-Big -Based on the evolutionary theories of Big
Crunch Algorithm (HBB- Bang and Big Crunch
BC) -Improvement of the Big Bang-Big Crunch
Algorithm to overcome limitation of global
search in the solution space
Firefly Algorithm (FA) - Based on the flashing of fireflies, swarm
behavior.
- Does not have a global best or individual
best result and as such avoids the problem of
premature convergence as in the case of PSO
Quasi-Oppositional - Improved model of Harmony Search
Harmony Search Algorithm Algorithm which is a music inspired
(QOHSA) metaheuristic algorithm based on ability of a
musician to search for harmony
-Based on quasi oppositional based learning
Cuckoo Search Algorithm - Algorithm is based on the breeding behavior
(CS) of cuckoos and the characteristics of Levy
Flights
Multi-objective Line-up - Improvement of the Line –up competition
competition algorithm algorithm which is a population based
(MLUCA) evolutionary algorithm. Based on the idea of
survival of fittest from nature.
-Applicable for multi-objective optimization
problems
Non dominated sorting -Population based optimization algorithm
Genetic Algorithm (NSGA- -Presents a fast non-dominated sorting
II) approach for solution to multi-objective
optimization problems.
-Overcomes the computational complexity,
nonelitism based approach and specification
for a sharing parameter.
Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy -Based on neural network and fuzzy logic, i.e.
Inference System (ANFIS) a neuro-fuzzy system
Improved fruit fly -Based on fruit fly optimization algorithm,
optimization algorithm which is a evolutionary computation
(IFOA) algorithm on the food finding behavior of the
fruit fly.
-Improvement in the basic algorithm to
improve its search space to being limited
Hybrid Flower Pollination -Based on Flower Pollination algorithm
Algorithm (FPA) and Simulated Annealing (SA).
(HFPA)/Simulated -Improves the global search of FPA
- Different pollination types are considered as
Annealing
global or local search in the search space.
-Pollinators follow Levy flights
-Hybrid algorithm makes use of FPA and SA
24 
-Power management of a HGES 31
-Optimized parameters of the fuzzy logic
controller
-Optimal sizing of hybrid PV, WT, FC 24
based system
-Optimal sizing and control problem for a 27
hybrid system
-Optimal power control in autonomous 76,105
microgrid for DG units with inverters
-PI gain of a voltage controller subject to
perturbation in the microgrid.
-Load Frequency controller design and PI 106
parameter tuning for hybrid PV and
Thermal Generator system
-Comparison of FA with GA is presented.
FA outperforms GA in terms of settling
time and other considered indices
-Optimized load frequency controller 107
design for a hybrid power system
-Comparison between QOHSA and
Teaching learning based optimization
algorithm
-Optimal Design of Hybrid Energy System 99
-Performance Analysis in comparison to
GA and PSO
-Optimization of a hybrid power system to 97
account for increased power management
strategy with economic and environmental
consideration.
- Sizing of hybrid system components
-Optimal design of a standalone HRES 100
-Chance constrained programming is used
to deal with uncertainties in the renewable
sources
-Design of a supervisory controller 103
- Comparison of the dynamic supervisory
controller for the ANFIS based energy
management system EMS against classical
EMS
-Size optimization of a standalone hybrid 95
system
-Optimal design and sizing of hybrid 96
system for a building in Tehran, Iran
-Investigates the influence of PV panel tilt
angle on wind speed using CFD to model
wind turbine performance
 Adaptive Modified Firefly -Based on the meta-heuristic optimization -Optimized power management of a 104
Algorithm (AMFA) algorithm of Firefly Algorithm Microgrid
-Essentially total ability of exploration and
exploitation of FA is improved with reducing
the possibility of local trapping at optima.
-Algorithm improves the diversity of the
population by the mutation and crossover
operators.
-An adaptive parameter is utilized to balance
the local and global search
General Regression Neural -Alternative to the back-error propagation -MPPT control of a PV system in a hybrid 101,102
Network (GRNN) training technique for feed-forward neural system.
networks. -Intelligent Controller to stabilize power
-A probabilistic neural network has the fluctuations in a hybrid microgrid
advantage of requiring very less samples for
training
Radial Basis Function -It is a combination of radial basis function -Pitch angle control of the wind turbine in 101,102
Network Sliding Mode network and sliding mode variable control a hybrid system
(RBFNSM) algorithm which is a discontinuous , non-linear control -Intelligent Controller to stabilize power
strategy fluctuations in a hybrid microgrid
Intelligent Quantum - Probability optimization algorithms based - An intelligent economic operation of 108
Inspired Evolutionary on quantum computation concept and theory smart grid environment
Algorithm (IQEA)

4. DISCUSSION ON ALGORITHMS:

Literature review on the area of HRES and their optimization for the system design,

energy and power management, reliability enhancement and reduced emission to the

environment reflects that it is an area which is increasingly using intelligent and optimization

algorithms. Most widely used algorithms are the population based algorithms like GA, swarm

optimization like PSO and expert system based algorithm like FL. While GA and PSO based

optimization algorithms are better suited to address high dimension problems, metaheuristic

and multi-objective optimization algorithms using bio-inspired algorithms can also be used to

solve the optimization issues associated with HRES satisfactorily62. However as the

complexity of the optimization algorithm increases, with respect to constraint handling, the

ability to reach at an optimized solution with fast computational time and parallel processing,

these algorithms alone may not always be the best pathway to the solution of the optimization

problem. A hybrid combination of these algorithms, acting in an associated and

complementary capacity when applied in a phase wise manner to solve the optimization may

lead to better results.

25 
 
 A highlight of the different combinations of the energy sources as a hybrid energy

system, the various reliability indices used for the system assessment, location specific

studies, with focus on the experimental and simulated studies has been presented here. The

use and choice for the configuration of the hybrid system depends on the availability of the

primary renewable source, available technology and the type of load to be met which decides

the configuration of the hybrid system along with the DC and or AC bus system. Moreover

the role of the power electronics converter interface in the power handling and energy

management along with MPP tracking provides the system with agility, controllability and

smooth power transfer at high efficiency with reduced losses in power conversion and

switching losses. Mathematical modeling and simulation studies are integral to ensuring

studies in HRES. This necessitates the use of software platforms like MATLAB/SIMULINK,

ARENA and HOMER. A majority of the optimization algorithms are implemented using

MATLAB and HOMER, and there is an increasing trend in the use of these simulation

platforms in renewable energy studies, more so in the case of the hybrid energy systems due

to their user friendly interface, flexibility in handling, provision for user developed

algorithms and their implementation. Based on the reviewed papers the following can be

stated about the algorithms:

1. GA suffers from the limitation that with the increase in complexity of the number

of parameters considered for optimization, the implementation difficulty increases

and hence the computational time increases as well.

2.PSO presents the advantages over other algorithms in terms of simplicity in

implementing the algorithm. This makes the algorithm a desired technique to attain

solutions to optimization problems in the field of HRES. The ease and flexibility of

use, minimum computational time and low storage along with faster convergence

speed makes PSO a strong candidate for convergent algorithm.

26 
 
 3.The optimization of HRES often is a optimization problem that often has a number

of conflicting objectives that need to be solved to attain a solution. In this aspect GA

and PSO help to attain the solution as they are able to reduce the computational

burden to achieve the global solution without the possibility of getting trapped in the

local minima as in the case of classical optimization techniques.

4.Solution of optimization problem often entails the finding of near optimum

solutions. Thus it is desired to use an algorithm which is able to give approximate

solutions closer to the global optima. In this light, the application of GA and PSO

along with Fuzzy logic algorithm in the field of control and optimization of HRES

can be summed up due to the heuristic nature of these techniques and their ability to

attain global optimum solutions.

5. CONCLUSION

An overview of the various technical issues in the control and management of power

in HRES along the use of soft computing techniques like GA, PSO, Fuzzy logic, ACO,

BBO,WCA, ICA, FA, MBA, is reported. Key issues related to the design of such hybrid

systems in relation to reliability of power supply, optimized operational costs, reduced

detrimental effects to the environment, demand side management to name a few are also

addressed. Additionally, the theoretical, simulated and experimental studies having met the

optimization problem successfully has been presented. Analysis on the application of the

algorithms indicates popular algorithms used are Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm

algorithm and the Fuzzy logic based approach. More recent trends indicate the increasing use

of modified algorithms and new metaheuristic algorithms like MPSO,MBA, CS, FA,

WCA,DE,IEPSO, BBO,ABC, ACO, ICA, etc. when applied to the optimization problem give

better results in terms of computation effort, robustness, faster convergence and ability to

deal with multiple conflicting objectives.

27 
 
 It is observed that many new algorithms have been applied successfully in other fields

of optimization problems like optimal power flow, optimal load dispatch, reliability

enhancement of radial power distribution system, supply chain management to name a few. A

comparison of such algorithms for a common benchmark problem based on hybrid energy

systems is not available as per the literature survey. More importantly, in majority of works

the location, hybrid system components, the availability of renewable energy source,

formulation of the optimization problem, objectives considered along with the constraints,

and the optimization algorithm used are observed to be variable. In the absence of a common

testing platform, the algorithms on their own cannot be deemed to be better than the rest.

Thus it can be concluded that a comparative study of modern soft computing techniques for

control of HRES to test the efficacy of the algorithms is a need of the hour.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors declare that there are no confict of interests.

APPENDIX A: List of Abbreviations

ANFIS Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system

HRES Hybrid renewable energy systems
PSOHS Particle swarm optimization and Harmonic Search
HGES Hybrid Green Energy System
GSM Global System for mobile communication
COE Cost of Energy
SOC State of Charge
LPSP Loss of Power supply probability
KPI Key performance Indicator
HFPA Hybrid Flower Pollination Algorithm
DG Distributed Generation
IFOA Improved fruit fly optimization algorithm
PV Photovoltaic
WT Wind Turbine

28 
 
UK United Kingdom
LV Low Voltage
DE Differential Evolution
GA Genetic Algorithm
PSO Particle Swarm Optimization
BBO Biogeography Based Optimization
PEMFC Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
PI Proportional Integral
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
LLP Loss of Load Probability
ACO Ant colony optimization
AIS Artificial Immune System
LOLE Loss of load expected
FOR Force outage rate
EENS Expected Energy Not Supplied
LCOE Levelized Cost of Energy
O&M Operation and Maintenance
ICA Imperialist competitive algorithm
IEPSO Information Exchange Particle Swarm Optimization
LOLP Loss of Load Probability
LPF Low Pass Filter
PCC Point of common coupling
FL Fuzzy Logic
FLC Fuzzy Logic Controller
RBC Rule based Controller
FO-FLC Fractional order Fuzzy Logic controller
FBC Filtration based controller
STATCOM Static compensator
DMPSO Distributed mutated Particle Swarm Optimization
MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
ABC Artificial Bee Colony
FESS Fuel energy storage system
ELF Equivalent Loss Factor
ACS Annualized Cost of System
29 
 
NPC Net Present Cost
BESS Battery Energy Storage System
UC Ultra-capacitor
PID Proportional Integral Differentiator
AE Aqua-electrolyzer
CS Cuckoo Search
FC Fuel Cell
FESS Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
WCA Water Cycle Algorithm
MBA Mine Blast algorithm
DM-PSO Distributed mutated particle swarm optimization
ITAE Integral Time absolute error
HBB-BC Hybrid Big Bang-Big Crunch
MT Micro-Turbine
MISO Multi-input single output
STPS Solar Thermal Power system
WTG Wind-Turbine Generator
DEG Diesel Engine Generator
BESS Battery Energy Storage Systems
AE Aqua Electrolyzer
FW Flywheel
FO-FLC Fractional order fuzzy logic controller
ESS Energy Storage systems
THD Total harmonic distortion
SOFC Solid oxide fuel cell
VSC Voltage source converter
FLCA Fuzzy Logic Control Algorithm
P&O Perturb and Observe
IC Incremental Conductance
IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
MAPE Mean absolute percentage error
MOHBB-BC Multi-Objective Hybrid Big Bang-Bing Crunch
FA Firefly algorithm
TLBO Teaching learning based optimization
30 
 
QOHSA Quasi-oppositional harmony search algorithm
MLUCA Multi-objective line-up competition algorithm
HPG Hybrid Power Generation
CCP Chance constrained Programming
EMS Energy Management System
ISTE Integral time square error
FPA Flower Pollination algorithm
SA Simulated annealing
IPF Iterative Pareto Fuzzy
NSGA Non-dominated sorting Genetic Algorithm
CFD Computational fluid dynamics
AMFA Adaptive Modified Firefly Algorithm
PDF Probability Distribution Function
GRNN General Regression Neural Network
RBFNSM Radial Basis function network-sliding mode
RES Renewable Energy System
EII Expected generated energy increase index
NPV Net present value
CDF Cumulative Distribution Function
ACS Annualized cost of system
HOGA Hybrid Optimization by Genetic Algorithms;
HOMER Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables.
IQEA Intelligent Quantum Inspired Evolutionary Algorithm

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41 
 
Fig 1: PV-Wind based hybrid renewable energy system architecture
Fig 2: A topology of a hybrid grid connected renewable energy system
Fig 3: A hybrid renewable energy system energy management scheme
Fig 4: Flow chart of optimization employing Genetic Algorithm
Fig 5: Movement of particles in a swarm in the PSO algorithm
 Fig 6: Overview of Fuzzy Logic Controller

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