UNIT 1: TO BE

I. AM / IS / ARE (Affirmative)
A. Subject Pronouns

Singular Plural

I You
He We
She They
It

A person is he or she

A thing is it An animal is it

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 B. am / is / are

Examples:

● (+) I am a student. I’m 15.

(-) I am not English. I’m Vietnamese

● Steve is not tall. He’s rather short.

She’s not hungry but she’s thirsty.
It’s sunny but it isn’t warm.

● You are not ugly at all. You’re really pretty.

● Lisa and Bob are friends. They aren’t from England. They’re from America.
● Linh and I are students and we are good friends.

Hi, My name is Bob. Hello. I’m Jenny

Bob is my brother.
Jenny is my sister. He’s 22.
She is 15 years old. He’s a teacher.
She’s a student.

Bob Jenny

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 We’re from New York.

It’s in America. We’re American.

Exercise:

1.1 Write the short form (she’s / we aren’t etc.).

1 she is she’s….… 3 it is not ……………………. 5 I am not …………………….

2 they are ……………………. 4 that is ……………………. 6 you are not …………………….

1.2 Write am, is or are

1 The weather ….is…. nice today. 5 Look! There …………… Helen.
2 I …………… not rich. 6 My brother and I …………… good tennis players.
3 This bag …………… heavy. 7 Emily …………… at home. Her children …………… at school.
4 These bags …………… heavy 8 I …………… a taxi driver. My sister …………… a nurse.

1.3 Complete the sentences.

1 Steve is ill. …..He’s…… in bed.
2 I’m not hungry, but …………… thirsty.
3 Mr. Thomas is a very old man. …………… 98.
4 These chairs aren’t beautiful, but …………… comfortable.
5 The weather is nice today. …………… warm and sunny.
6 ‘…………… late.’ ‘No, I’m not. I’m early!’
7 Catherine isn’t at home. …………… at work.
8 ‘…………… your coat.’ ‘Oh, thank you very much.’
1.4 Look at Lisa’s sentences at the beginning. Now write sentences about yourself:
1 (name?) My ………………………………………………………….
2 (age?) I ………………………………………………………….
3 (from?) I………………………………………………………….
4 (job?) I ………………………………………………………….

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 WORDS TO LEARN:

Happy
Hungry
Sad
Thirsty
Tired
Cold
Well
Hot
Tall
Overweight
Short
Underweight
Teacher
Good-looking
Student
Ugly

Exercise:

1.1 Look at the pictures and make sentences:

1 2 3 4

1 (+) She’s good-looking 3 (+) Jack

(-) She’s not ………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………….
(-) …………………………………………………………….

2 (+) They
………………………………………………………… 4 (+) The dog ……………………………………………………
(-) …………………………………………………………. (-) ……………………………………………………

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1.2 Write true sentences, positive or negative
1 (it / hot) -> It is hot today or It isn’t hot today.
2 (I / tired) -> I …………………………………………………………….
3 (My mom and dad / tall) -> My mom and dad ………………………………...
4 (I / teacher) -> I …………………………………………………………….
5 (My teacher /overweight) -> My teacher ……………………………………………

II. am / is / are (Questions)

A.
positive

I am
he is
she
it
you are
we
they

question

am I?
is he?
she?
it?
are you?
we?
they?

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 Examples:

● Are you hungry? ‘Yes, I am’

● Are you a teacher? ‘No, I’m not. I’m a student’
● Is your friend English? ‘No, she isn’t. She’s Vietnamese’
● Is the weather sunny today? ‘Yes, it is’
● Are they your dogs? ‘No, they’re not’

Exercise:

2.1 Find the right answers for the questions:

A Yes, he is. 1 …B……..

1 Is your book blue?
B No, it isn’t. It’s black. 2 ……………
2 Am I tall?
C No, you’re short. 3 ……………
3 Is your brother good-looking?
D They’re very well. 4 ……………
4 How are your parents?
E No, they aren’t. They’re American 5 ……………
5 Where are you from?
F Vietnam. 6 ……………
6 Are they American?

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 2.2 Make questions with these words:

1 (is / at home / your mother) …………Is your mother at home……………………….?

2 (your parents / are / well) ………………………………………………………………?

3 (from / where / you / are) ………………………………………………………………?

4 (you / happy / are) ………………………………………………………………?

5 (good-looking / your / is / friend) ………………………………………………………………

2.3 Make questions for the following answers:

(name?) What’s your name? Paul.

No, I’m
(American?)…………………………………
English.
(how old?) ………………………………… I’m 30.
No, I’m a
(a teacher?) ………………………………...
doctor.
(brother tall?) ……………………………… Yes, he is.

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1. Make correct sentences

Name: Jack
positive:
(+) 12 years old …………………………………………………………………………
(+) student …………………………………………………………………………
(+) nice …………………………………………………………………………
negative:
(-) tall …………………………………………………………………………
(-) American …………………………………………………………………………
(-) underweight …………………………………………………………………………

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 2. Now do it with your friend:

Use the words in the list in this lesson and the previous one to find out about your friend:

Draw him/her first:

Name:
positive:
(+)
(+)
(+)
negative:
(-)
(-)
(-)

3. Activity 1: Go around the class and find as many friends that are:

(+) clever (-) lazy

(+) tired (-) sad

(+) hungry (-) fast

Example:

Are you clever? -> Yes, I am ( (+) clever )

Are you sad? -> No, I am not ( (-) sad )

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Adverbs of frequency: always/never/often/usually/sometimes + present simple

● I always get to work early.

● My brother never has breakfast.
● We often watch TV at the weekends.
● Mark usually plays football on Sunday.

1. Write sentences about yourself. Use always/never/often/usually/sometimes.

1 (watch TV / in the evening) ……………………………………………………………….

2 (read / at home) ……………………………………………………………….
3 (get up / before 7 o’clock) ……………………………………………………………….
4 (go to school / by bus) ……………………………………………………………….
5 (drink coffee in the morning) ……………………………………………………………….

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 UNIT 2: PREPOSITION OF TIME: IN / ON / AT
A.

8 o’clock
I start work at 8 o’clock. 10.30
The shops close at 5.30.
at midnight etc.

Bye! I’ll see you on Friday. Sunday(s) / Monday(s) etc.

What do you usually do on 25 April / 6 June etc.
Sundays? on New Year’s Day etc.
The concert is on 22

I’m going on holiday in April/June etc.

October. in 2013/1988 etc.
Emma was born in summer/spring etc.

B.
We say:
Are you going away at the weekend?
at the weekend
I can’t sleep at night.
at night

at Christmas Where will you be at Christmas? (but on

Christmas Day)
at the end of …

at the moment I’m going on holiday at the end of October.

C.
in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening

● I always feel good in the morning.

● Do you often go out in the evening?

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but

on Monday morning / on Tuesday afternoon / on Friday evening / on Saturday night etc.:

● I’m meeting Jackie on Monday morning.

● Are you doing anything on Saturday night?

D.
We do not use at/on/in before:

this … (this morning / this week etc.) Are you going out this evening?
last … (last August / last week etc.) We go on holiday every summer.
Last summer we went to Canada.
next … (next Monday / next week etc.)
I’m leaving next Monday. (not on
every … (every day / every week etc.) next Monday)

E.
in five minutes / in a few days / in six weeks / in two years etc.

Hurry! The train leaves in five

minutes.
(= it leaves five minutes from now)
Bye! I’ll see you in a few days.
(= a few days from now)

Exercises
1. Write at/on/in.
on
1. _________ 6 June 6. _________ September 11. _________ Christmas
in
2. _________ the evening 7. _________ 24 September 12. _________ the morning

3. _________ half past two 8. _________ Thursday 13. _________ Friday morning

4. _________ Wednesday 9. _________ 11.45 14. _________ Saturday night

5. _________ 2007 10. _________ Christmas Day 15. _________ night

16. _________ the end of the day

17. _________ the weekend

18. _________ winter

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2. Write at/on/in.

1. Bye! See you _____on_____ Friday.

2. Where were you __________ 28 February?

3. I got up __________ 8 o’clock this morning.

4. I like getting up early __________ the morning.

5. My sister got married __________ May.

6. Jessica and I first met __________ 2006.

7. Did you go out __________ Tuesday?

8. Did you go out __________ Tuesday evening?

9. Do you often go out __________ the evening?

10. Let’s meet __________ 7.30 tomorrow evening.

11. I often go away __________the weekend.

12. I’m starting my new job __________ 3 July.

13. We often go to the beach __________ summer.

14. George isn’t here __________ the moment.

15. Jane’s birthday is __________ December.

16. Do you work __________ Saturdays?

17. The company started __________ 1999.

18. I like to look at the stars __________ night.

19. I’ll send you the money __________ the end of the month.

3. Write at/on/in if necessary. Sometimes the sentence is already complete, and no word is necessary.
1. I’m going ______on______ Friday.

2. I’m going ___________ next Friday. (already complete)

3. I always feel tired ____________ the evening.

4. Will you be at home ____________ this evening?

5. We went to France ____________ last summer.

6. Laura was born ____________ 1997.

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7. What are you doing ____________ the weekend?

8. I phone Robert ____________ every Sunday.

9. Shall we play tennis ____________ next Sunday?

10. I can’t go to the party ____________ Sunday.

11. I’m going out. I’ll be back ____________ an hour.

12. I don’t often go out ____________ night.

Suggested Activity
1. Time Prepositions Questionnaire

Divide the students into pairs (A and B).

Give each student a corresponding worksheet.

Working alone, the students complete the questions on their worksheet with the prepositions of time: in, on, at.

When the students have finished, check the answers with the class.

Students then take it in turns to ask their partner the questions and make notes on his or her answers on the worksheet.

Encourage the students to ask follow-up questions to gain as much information as possible.

When everyone has finished, ask students to give feedback to the class on what they found out about their partner.

Student A

A. Complete the questions with the prepositions of time: in, on, at.

1. What do you usually do ___________ the evening?

2. What are you usually doing ___________ 11 a.m. ___________ Monday?

3. Do you get up late ___________ Sunday morning?

4. What do you normally do ___________ the weekend?

5. Do you go out ___________ Saturday night?

6. What’s your favourite activity to do ___________ the summer?

7. What do you think life will be like ___________ 2100?

8. When do you finish work/class ___________ Friday?

9. Where do you usually go ___________ lunch time during the week?

10. Do you prefer to do exercise ___________ the morning or ___________ the evening?

B. Now, take it in turns to ask your partner the questions and make notes on his or her answers

on the worksheet. When possible, ask follow-up questions to gain more information.

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 Student B

A. Complete the questions with the prepositions of time: in, on, at.

1. Do you drink coffee ___________ the morning?

2. What time do you normally get up ___________ Monday?

3. Where do you go on holiday ___________ the summer?

4. Do you normally watch TV ___________ the evening?

5. What time do you usually go to bed ___________ night?

6. How do you relax ___________ the weekend?

7. What do you usually do ___________ New Year's Eve?

8. What do you do ___________ Saturday morning?

9. What are you usually doing ___________ 6 p.m. ___________ Friday?

10. How old were you ___________ 2010?

B. Now, take it in turns to ask your partner the questions and make notes on his or her answers

on the worksheet. When possible, ask follow-up questions to gain more information.

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 PREPOSITION OF PLACE: IN / ON / AT
A.

in

● ‘Where’s David?’ ‘In the kitchen. / In the garden. / In London.’

● What’s in that box / in that bag / in that cupboard?
● Rachel works in a shop / in a bank / in a factory.
● I went for a swim in the river / in the pool / in the sea.
● Milan is in the north of Italy. Naples is in the south.
● I live in a big city, but I’d like to live in the country.

B.

at

● There’s somebody at the bus stop / at the door.

● The car is waiting at the traffic lights.
● Vicky is working at her desk.

at the top / at the bottom / at the end (of …):

● Write your name at the top of the page.

● My house is at the end of the street.

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C.

on

● There are some books on the shelf and some pictures on the wall.
● There are a lot of apples on those trees.
● Don’t sit on the grass. It’s wet.
● There is a stamp on the envelope.

on a horse / on a bicycle / on a motorbike:

● Who is that man on the motorbike?

Exercises
1. Look at the pictures and answer the questions. Use in/at/on.

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1. Where is he? in the kitchen.
_________________________________

2. Where are the shoes? _________________________________

3. Where is the pen? _________________________________

4. Where is the clock? _________________________________

5. Where is the bus? _________________________________

6. Where are the horses? _________________________________

7. Where are they standing? ________________________________

8. Where is she swimming? _________________________________

9. Where is he standing? _________________________________

10. Where is the spider? _________________________________

11. Where is he sitting? _________________________________

12. Where is she sitting? _________________________________

2. Write in/at/on.
on
1. Don’t sit ______________ the grass. It’s wet.

2. What do you have ______________ your bag?

3. Look! There’s a man ______________ the roof. What’s he doing?

4. There are a lot of fish ______________ this river.

5. Our house is number 45 – the number is ______________ the door.

6. ‘Is the hospital near here?’ ‘Yes, turn left ______________ the traffic lights.’

7. It’s difficult to park ______________ the centre of town. It’s better to take the bus.

8. My sister lives ______________ Brussels.

9. There’s a small park ______________ the top of the hill.

10. I think I heard the doorbell. There’s somebody ______________ the door.

11. Munich is a large city ______________ the south of Germany.

12. There are a few shops ______________ the end of the street.

13. It’s difficult to carry a lot of things ______________ a bike.

14. I looked at the list of names. My name was ______________ the bottom.

15. There is a mirror ________ the wall _________ the living room.

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Suggested Activity
1.

Give each student a copy of the worksheet.

Students begin by completing the gaps in the sentences about preferences and habits with the prepositions of place: in, on, at.

When the students have finished, check the answers with the class.

Students then tick the statements in Exercise A that are true for

them and write three more sentences about their preferences and habits using prepositions of place.

Next, divide the students into groups of four.

In their groups, the students find out which preferences and habits they have in common and then give feedback to the class.

A. Complete the gaps in the statements about preferences and habits with the prepositions of place: in, on, at.

1. I enjoy going for walks ________ the countryside.

2. When I fly, I like to arrive ________ the airport before check-in time.

3. I like listening to music ________ the car.

4. I live ________ the 8th floor ________ 25 Cambridge Road ________ Bristol.

5. When I'm ________ home, I like to sit ________ the sofa and read a book.

6. I prefer being ________ a cinema, watching a film ________ a big screen, to being ________

my living room, watching a film ________ television.

7. I always keep some extra money ________ my wallet in case of emergencies

8. I prefer living ________ a city to living ________ a town.

9. I prefer a job where I don't spend all my time sitting ________ a desk ________ an office.

10. I'd like to go to Singapore ________ Southeast Asia. The country lies ________ the equator.

B. Complete the rules for the prepositions of place: in, on, at.

We use ________ with buildings, e.g. a house, the bank.

________ with lines, e.g. the coast, the path.

________ with enclosed spaces, e.g. a room, a building.

________ with surfaces, e.g. the floor, the wall.

________ with a point, e.g. the bus stop, the entrance.

________ with limited areas, e.g. the park, Spain.

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C. Tick the statements in Exercise A that are true for you. Then, write three more sentences about your preferences and
habits using prepositions of place.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

D. In groups of four, find out which preferences and habits you have in common.

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 SIMPLE PRESENT
I. Simple Present (Affirmative)
A.

I / You / We / They get read drink like hate

He / She / It gets reads drinks likes hates

We use the present simple:

for repeated actions, sometimes with time

phrases such as: on weekdays, every day, …

On weekdays, they get up at 7 o’clock in the

morning.
They read every day.

for facts which do not change

We drink water every day.

to show interests / hobbies with verbs

such as: love, hate, like, dislike :

He likes ice-cream.
21 hates vegetables.
She
Add ‘s’ after Verbs for he / she / it
● I read books. She reads newspapers.
● I get up school at 7 o’clock in the morning. My brother gets up
at 8.
● Lucy lives in London. Her parents live in Scotland.

I have -> he / she / it has

● Joe has breakfast before school.

1. Add ‘es’ after – o , - s , - ch , - x , - sh

go to school -> goes to school
pass a test -> passes a test
watch TV -> watches TV
mix -> mixes
wash clothes -> washes clothes

2. Change ending ‘y’ to ‘ies’

study -> studies
try -> tries

WORDS TO LEARN:

My daily routine: My Hobbies: What do I do:

get up read books have meetings

brush my teeth listen to music write e-mails

wash my face play music (play the guitar / make phone calls
play the piano / play the
get dressed cook food
bass)
have breakfast work with numbers / clients
watch TV
go to school / work teach children at school
watch films
go home study at school
play computer games
do homework play sports (play
cook dinner badminton / tennis /
football / basketball /
take a shower volleyball.
go to bed
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 B. Class activity: Memory game

Each student makes a statement about themselves and their daily routine, the next friend has to repeat the exact
statement and make one of their own. It continues like that until 1 loses.

Student A: I get up at 7 o’clock.

Student B: A gets up at 7 o’clock and I have breakfast every day.

Student C: A gets up at 7 o’clock, B has breakfast every day and I do homework at home.

Exercise:

1. Write these verbs with -s or -es.

1 (read) 3 (play) 5 (go to work)

She reads It …………………………………………. He ………………………………………..

2 (have breakfast) 4 (get up) 6 (watch TV)

He ………………………………………….. He ………………………………………… He ……………………………………….

2. Complete the sentences about the people in the pictures

eat go live play (x) play sleep

1. He plays the piano. 4. …………………… tennis.

2. They …………………… in a very big house. 5. …………………… to the cinema a lot.

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 3. …………………… a lot of fruit 6. …………………… seven hours a night.

3. Complete the sentences. Use:

like wash live teach study watch get

1 Strawberries are nice. I really …………………… strawberries.

2 Jackson …………………… TV with his brother after school.
3 Nick …………………… at school and his teacher …………………… at school.
4 Joan …………………… her face after she …………………… up in the morning.
5 Maria …………………… in New York, America.

4. Daily Timetable
Write the times for the activities you do in a day:

I get up at …………………………………
I have breakfast at …………………………………
I go to school at …………………………………
I go home at …………………………………
I have lunch at …………………………………
I do my homework at …………………………………
I have dinner at …………………………………
I watch TV at …………………………………
I go to bed at …………………………………

Now, exchange books with your partners and tell the class what your partner does, like this:

Ex: Jackson gets up at seven thirty in the morning.

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PRESENT SIMPLE (NEGATIVE) AND INTERROGATIVE QUESTION
A.

The present simple negative is: don’t / doesn’t + Verb

negative

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 ● I drink coffee, but I don’t drink tea.
● Sue drinks tea, but she doesn’t drink coffee.
● We don’t wake up early.
● Sam and Chris don’t have breakfast every day.

Exercise:

1. Write the negative.

1 I play the piano very well.
2 Anna plays the piano very well.
3 They know my phone number
4 We work very hard.
5 He has a bath every day.
6 You do the same thing every day.
I don’t play the piano very well
Anna ………………………………………………………………..
They ………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..……….
………………………………………………………………..……….
………………………………………………………………..……….

2. Study the information and write sentences with like.

1. Ben and Sophie like classical music

Kate………………………………………………………….
I ……………………………………………………………….

2. Ben and Sophie …………………………………….…

Kate………………………………………………………….
I ……………………………………………………………….

3. ...……………………………………………………………..
...……………………………………………………………..
...……………………………………………………………..

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3. Complete the sentences. All of them are negative. Use don’t/doesn’t + these verbs:

get watch like play read

1. He hates football. He ...………………… at all.

2. I like strawberries, but I ...………………… apples.
3. Sam is lazy. He ...………………… up early.
4. My parents are busy. They ...………………… TV very often.
5. Books are boring. I ...………………… books.
B. INTERROGATIVE QUESTION: DO / DOES + … ?

We use do/does in present simple questions:

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Short answer:

I / you / we / they do
Yes,
he / she / it does

I / you / we / they don’t

No,
he / she / it doesn’t

Study the word order:

do/does + subject + infinitive

Do you play the guitar?

Do your friends live in London?
Does Chris work on Sunday?
Does it rain in April?
Where do your parents live?
How often do you play football?
When does James get up in the morning?
does

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 ● ‘Do you play the guitar?’ ‘No, I don’t’
● ‘Does Chris work on Sunday?’ ‘No, he doesn’t’
● ‘Do your friends live in London’? ‘Yes, they do’
● ‘Where do your parents live?’ ‘They live in London’
● ‘How often do you play football?’ ‘I sometimes play football’
● When does James get up in the morning?’ ‘ James gets up at 7 o’clock in the morning’

Questions with always and usually:

Does Chris always work on Sunday?

What do you usually do on weekends?

Exercise:

1. Write questions with Do…? and Does…?

1. I like chocolate. How about you?

2. I play tennis. How about you?
3. Tom plays the guitar. How about his
friends?
4. You work every day. How about Anna?
5. You get up early. How about your brother?
6. You live in London. How about your
friends?
7. She does homework at night. How about
Kate?
Do you like chocolate?
……..you …………………………………………………………?
……..friends……………………………………………………..?
………………………………………………………………………..?
………………………………………………………………………..?
………………………………………………………………………..?
………………………………………………………………………..?

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2. Make questions from these words + do/does. Put the words in the right order.
1. (where / live / parents)
2. (you / always / early / get up)
3. (how often / TV / you / watch)
4. (you / want / what / dinner)
5. (like / you / football)
6. (your brother / like / football)
7. (your sister / work / where)
8. (when / go / you / to bed)
3. Complete the questions. Use these verbs:
do go to work
What ………….do…………. you do?
…………………….
…………………………… your job?
What time
…………………………………. in the
morning?
………………………………….
……………………. on Saturdays?
And your husband. What
………………………………………………………………………..?
………………………………………………………………………..?
………………………………………………………………………..?
………………………………………………………………………..?
………………………………………………………………………..?
………………………………………………………………………..?
………………………………………………………………………..?
………………………………………………………………………..?
teach like get up do (x)
I am a cook.
Yes, I like it.
At 9 o’clock.
Sometimes.
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C. Class Activities: (for teachers)
1. Activity 1: Find your match (warmer)

- Randomly cut out and give each students either 1 question or answer from the table below:

Questions Answers
Where do you live I live in London
What time do you get up? I get up at 8 ‘clock.
How often do you play football? I sometimes play football
Do you go to school every day? Yes, I do. I go to school every day.
Does your sister go home on the Yes, she does. She goes home on the
weekends? weekends.

(Number and content of questions may change in accordance with class level etc)

- Students have to go around the class, either asking / answering ONLY with the expressions they
have to find their match.

2. Activity 2: 2 truths 1 lie

- Teacher gives the whole class 3 time expressions, such as
+ always
+ at 8 p.m.
+ on the weekends

and asks students to make 2 true statements and 1 lie about themselves.

- Teacher lets class practice with their partner

- Then calls some random students up to make the rest of the class asks more questions and guess
which one is the lie.

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 3. Activity 3: team work
1st round
- Teacher divides 2 teams – draw on each side 3 columns for : in – on – at
- Teacher lets students brainstorm as many prepositional and time expressions in 5 minutes.

2nd round:
- t. sticks 3 papers on 3 sides of the classroom: in – on – at (ex: at the board, left wall, right wall)
- T. calls out some random expressions, but leave out the preposition (ex: 5 oclock, the weekends.
- member of the team as to run towards that side with the right preposition and make a complete,
meaningful sentence in 7-8 seconds.

4. Boaster Buster (Tìm ra người nói dối)

- T divides class into teams
- Each student from each team makes one statement about themselves (can be true or lie)
- Students will continue to make sentences until one student decides to bust their friend’s lie.
- It looks something like this:

Student A: I get up at 7 every day (true)

Student B: I go to bed at 8 at night (true)

Student C: I go home after school every day (lie)

Student D: Student C lies.

→ Team with Student D wins a point

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 UNIT 3: PRESENT CONTINUOUS
A. am / is / are + V-ing

The present continuous is:

I am (not)
he is (not)
she
it V-ing
you are (not)
we
they

● I’m working. I’m not reading.

● Maria is reading newspaper. She isn’t eating.

● The bus is coming

● We’re having dinner.

● The children are doing their homework.

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We use present continuous for something that is happening now (at the moment of speaking)
I’m not working

she’s wearing a hat

they’re playing football

past now future

● Please be quiet! I’m working. (= I’m working now)

● Look, there’s Sarah. She’s wearing a brown coat. (= she is wearing it now)
● The weather is nice. It’s not raining.
● ‘Where are the children?’ ‘They’re playing in the park.’
B. present continuous questions

Examples:

● ‘Is it raining?’ ‘Yes, it is. Please take an umbrella.’

● ‘Are you waiting for Sue?’ ‘No, I’m not.’
● ‘Is Bob cooking in the kitchen?’ ‘No, he isn’t. He’s at the office’
● ‘Are your parents working?’ ‘Yes, they are’
● ‘Are we going to school today? ‘No, we aren’t. Today is Sunday’
Wh – Questions with present continuous:

34
Wh-Questions

What is he / she doing

are you / we / they

Where is he / she going

are you / we / they

Why is he / she singing

are you / we / they studying
etc

Answers
he / she is working
doing homework
you / we / they are etc

he / she is going to …
you / we / they are

he / she is singing because ...

you / we / they are studying

Examples:

● ‘What is he doing?’ ‘He’s working in the restaurant’

● ‘What are the children doing?’ ‘They’re watching TV.’
● ‘Look, there’s Emily! Where’s she going?’ ‘She’s going to the mall’
● ‘Where are you going?’ ‘I’m going to the bank’
● ‘Why are they singing?’ ‘They are singing because they are happy’

Exercise:

35
1. What are these people doing? Use these verbs to complete the sentences:
eat have lie play sit wait

1 She’s eating an apple. 4 …………………………. on the floor.

2 He …………………………. for a bus. 5 …………………………. breakfast.
3 They …………………………. football. 6 …………………………. on the table
2. Complete the sentences. Use these verbs:

build cook go have stand stay swim work (x)

1 Please be quiet. I ’m …working …….

2 ‘Where’s John?’ ‘He’s in the kitchen. He ……………………………………………………?
3 ‘You …………………………………………………… on my foot.’ ‘Oh, I’m sorry.’
4 Look! Somebody …………………………………………………… in the river
5 We’re here on holiday. We …………………………………………………… at the Central Hotel.
6 ‘Where’s Sue?’ ‘She …………………………………………………… a shower.’
7 They …………………………………………………… a new hotel in the city centre at the moment.
8 I …………………………………………………… now. Goodbye!

3. Look at the picture. Write sentences about Jane. Use She’s -ing or She isn’t -ing.

4. What’s happening now?

36
 Write true sentences
1 (I / wash / my hair)
2 (it / rain)
3 (I / sit / on a chair)
4 (I / eat)
5 (it / rain)
6 (I / learn / English)
7 (I / listen / to music)
8 (the sun / shine)
9 (I / wear / shoes)
10 (I / read / a newspaper)
5 Look at the pictures and write the questions.
I’m not washing my hair.
It isn’t raining.
……………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………..
37
6 Look at the pictures and complete the questions. Use:
cry eat go look at laugh read (x)

7 Make questions from these words. Put the words in the right order.

1 (is / working / Ben / today) Is Ben working today?

2 (what / the children / are / doing)
3 (you / are / listening / to me)
4 (where / your friends / are / going)
5 (are / watching / your parents / TV)
6 (what / Jessica / is / cooking)
7 (why / you / are / looking / at me)
8 (is / coming / the bus)
What are the children doing?
…………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………..

8 Write short answers (Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. etc.)

1 Are you watching TV? 4 Is it raining?

……………………………………… ………………………………………
2 Are you wearing a watch? 5 Are you sitting on the floor?
……………………………………… ………………………………………
3 Are you eating something? 6 Are you feeling well?
……………………………………… ………………………………………
38
 UNIT 4: UNCOUNTABLE NOUNSGRAMMAR + V
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns

A / An x
Singular – Plural x
There is – There are There is
Many Much
Some - Any Some - Any

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE

A noun can be countable or uncountable.
A. COUNTABLE NOUNS
Countable nouns
For example: (a) car (a) man (a) bottle (a) house (a) key (an) idea

(an) accident

You can use one/two/three (etc.) + countable nouns (you can count them):

Countable nouns can be singular (= one) or plural (= two or more):

singular a car the car my car etc.

plural cars two cars the cars some cars many cars etc.

● I’ve got a car.

● New cars are very expensive.
● There aren’t many cars in the car park.

You can’t use the singular (car/bottle/key etc.) alone. You need a/an:

● We can’t get into the house without a key. (not without key)
39
Exercises
1. What are these things? All of them are countable nouns.

Write a/an if necessary. The names of these things are:

bucket envelope toothbrush wallet

egg jug spoon

2. Circle the countable nouns below.

1. egg

2. carrot

3. tea

4. lemon

5. honey

6. cheese

7. oil

8. dog

9. sugar

10. man

40
 A / AN …
A.

a … = one thing or person:

● Rachel works in a bank. (not in bank)

● Can I ask a question? (not ask question)
● I don’t have a job at the moment.
● There’s a woman at the bus stop

B.
an (not a) before a / e / i / o / u:

● Do you want an apple or a banana?

● I’m going to buy a hat and an umbrella.
● There was an interesting programme on TV last night.

also an hour (h is not pronounced: an hour)

but a university (pronounced yuniversity)

a European country (pronounced yuropean)

another (= an + other) is one word:

● Can I have another cup of coffee?

41
 D. We use a/an … when we say what a thing or a person is. For example:
● The sun is a star.
● Football is a game.
● Dallas is a city in Texas.
● A mouse is an animal. It’s a small animal.
● Joe is a very nice person.

We use a/an … for jobs etc. :

● A: What’s your job?

B: I’m a dentist. (not I’m dentist)

● ‘What does Mark do?’ ‘He’s an engineer.’

● Would you like to be a teacher?
● Beethoven was a composer.
● Picasso was a famous painter.
● Are you a student?
●

Exercises
1. Write a or an.
an
1. _______ old book 4. _______ airport 7. _______ university

2. _______ window 5. _______ new airport 8. _______ hour

3. _______ horse 6. _______ organisation 9. _______ economic problem

2. What are these things? Choose from the box.

bird fruit mountain river musical instrument

flower game planet tool vegetable

a bird
1. A duck is . 6. Saturn is .

2. A carrot is . 7. A banana is .

3. Tennis is . 8. The Amazon is .

4. A hammer is . 9. A rose is .

5. Everest is . 10. A trumpet is

42
3. What are their jobs? Choose from the list and complete the sentences.

architect dentist shop assistant photographer

electrician nurse taxi driver

She’s a dentist.
1. .

2. He’s .

3. She .

4. .

5. .

6. .

7. .

8. And you? I’m .

Suggested Activity
1. Articles game
Divide the students into groups of three or four.
Give each group a set of article cards and a set of picture cards.
Ask the students to shuffle the two sets of cards separately and spread them out face down on the table in two sets.
Students take it in turns to turn over an article card and a picture card.
If the article matches with the noun, the student scores a point.
The student then keeps the cards and has another turn.
If the cards don't match, the student turns them back over, keeping them in the same place.
The game continues until all the cards have been matched.
If students are unsure whether two cards match, they can ask you for help.
The student with the most points at the end of the game wins.

43
Finally, go through the correct answers with the class and review how articles are used and deal with any problem words, e.g. an hour.
Article cards

a a a a a

a a a a a

an an an an an

an an an an an

Picture cards

44
 SINGULAR AND PLURAL
A.
The plural of a noun is usually -s:

singular (= one) → plural (= two or more)

a flower → some flowers

a train → two trains

one week → a few weeks

a nice place → some nice places

this student → these students

Spelling

-s / -sh / -ch / -x → -es bus → buses dish → dishes

church → churches box → boxes

also potato → potatoes tomato → tomatoes

-y → -ies baby → babies dictionary → dictionaries party → parties

but -ay / -ey / -oy -ys day → days monkey → monkeys boy → boys

-f / -fe → -ves shelf → shelves knife → knives wife → wives

B.
These things are plural

● Do you wear glasses?

● Where are the scissors? I need them.

You can also say a pair of scissors / a pair of trousers / a pair of pajamas etc. :

45
 ● I need a new pair of jeans. or I need some new jeans. (not a new jeans)

C. Some plurals do not end in -s:

this man → these men one foot → two feet that sheep → those sheep

a woman → some women a tooth →all my teeth a fish → a lot of fish

a child → many children a mouse → some mice

also a person → two people / some people / a lot of people etc. :

• She’s a nice person.

but • They are nice people. (not nice persons)

D. People is plural (= they), so we say people are / people have etc. :

● A lot of people speak English. (not speaks)
● I like the people here. They are very friendly.

Police is plural:

● The police want to talk to anybody who saw the accident. (not The police wants)

Exercises
1. Write the plural.

1. flower flowers________ 5. umbrella__________ 9. family ___________

2. boat _________ 6. address __________ 10. foot____________

3. woman_______ 7. knife_____________ 11. holiday_________

4. city__________ 8. sandwich_________ 12. potato__________

2. Look at the picture and complete the sentences.

46
 sheep
1. There are a lot of _____________ in the field. 4. Lucy has two____________.

2. Gary is cleaning his_____________. 5. There are a lot of__________ in the river.

3. There are three ___________ at the bus stop. 6. The___________ are falling from the tree.

3. Which is right? Complete the sentences.

1. It’s a nice place. Many people___________there on holiday. go or goes?

2. Some people____________always late. is or are?

3. The new city hall is not a beautiful building. Most____________ people like it. don’t or doesn’t?

4. A lot of people___________ TV every day. watch or watches?

5. Three people___________ injured in the accident. was or were?

6. How many people___________ in that house? live or lives?

7. __________the police know the cause of the explosion? Do or Does?

8. The police__________ looking for the stolen car. is or are?

9. I need my glasses, but I can’t find_____________. it or them?

10. I’m going to___________ buy new jeans today. a or some?

47
 MANY
A.

We use many + plural noun

(many books / many people etc.):

● Did you buy many books?

● We don’t know many people.
● How many photos did you take?
● A: Did you take any photos?

B: I took some, but not many.

B.
We use many in all types of sentences (positive/negative/question):

● We have many friends.

● We don’t have many friends.
● Do you have many friends?

Exercises
1. Write many to fill in the blanks where appropriate.
many
1. __________ tables

2. __________ dog

3. __________ students

4. __________ child

5. __________ children

6. __________ carrot

48
7. __________ clocks

8. __________ teachers

9. __________ book

10. __________ teeth

11. __________ tooth

2. Write many or x .

1. Did you buy ___________________ tables?

2. There aren’t ________________ hotels in this town.

3. We don’t have _______________ computer. We need to share.

4. Were there ________________ people on the train?

5. Did ________________ students fail the exam?

6. Paula doesn’t have _________________ book.

7. I wasn’t hungry, so I didn’t eat __________________.

8. I don’t know where Gary lives these days. I haven’t seen him for ________________ years.

3. Complete the sentences. Use many with these words:

books countries people times

many books
1. I don’t read very much. I don’t have ___________________.

2. Do you travel a lot? Have you been to ___________________________?

3. Tina hasn’t lived here very long, so she doesn’t know ______________________.

4. I know Tokyo well. I’ve been there _____________________________.

49
 THERE IS / THERE ARE
A.

singular
There’s a big tree in the garden.
there is … (there’s)

is there …? There’s nothing on TV tonight.

there is not … (there isn’t or there’s not) A: Do you have any money?

B: Yes, there’s some in my bag.

A: Excuse me, is there a hotel near here?

B: Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t.

plural
There are some big trees in the garden.
there are …

are there … ? There are a lot of accidents on this road.

there are not … (there aren’t) A: Are there any restaurants near here?

B: Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.

This restaurant is very quiet. There aren’t many

people here.
Exercises
How many players are there in a football team?
50
1. Kentham is a small town. Look at the information in the box and write sentences about Kentham with There is/are or There
isn’t/aren’t. There isn’t a castle.

1. a castle? No 1. _______________________________
There are a lot of restaurants.
2. _______________________________
2. any restaurants? Yes (a lot)

3. a hospital? Yes 3. _______________________________

4. a swimming pool? No 4. _______________________________

5. any cinemas? Yes (two) 5. _______________________________

6. a university? No 6. _______________________________

7. _______________________________
7. any big hotels? No

2. Write sentences about your town (or a town that you know). Use There is/are or There isn’t/aren’t.
There are a few restaurants.
1.
There is a big park.
______________________________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________________________________________________

5. ____________________________________________________________________________________

3. Write there is / there isn’t / is there or there are / there aren’t / are there.
There aren’t
1. Kentham isn’t an old town. _________________ any old buildings.

2. Look! __________________ a picture of your brother in the newspaper!

3. ‘Excuse me, _____________________ a bank near here?’ ‘Yes, at the end of the street.’

4. ____________________ five people in my family: my parents, my two sisters and me.

5. ‘How many students ______________________ in the class?’ ‘Twenty.’

6. The road is usually very quiet. _________________________ much traffic.

7. ‘ _______________________ a bus from the city centre to the airport?’ ‘Yes, every 20 minutes.’

8. ‘ _______________________ any problems?’ ‘No, everything is OK.’

9. ______________________nowhere to sit down. __________________ any chairs.

Suggested Activity
1. Describe your bedroom

The students are divided into pairs. Each pair is given a bedroom picture

51
In pair, students try to describe the picture using there is / there are (encourage students to use preposition of place learnt to describe where
things are)

Ask students to try to make as many sentences with there is / there are as possible. The pair with most correct sentences wins the game.

52
 PAST SIMPLE
BE: WAS / WERE

A
last night now

Now Robert is at work.

At midnight last night he wasn’t at

work.

He was in bed.

He was asleep.

am/is (present) → was (past):

● I am tired. (now) I was tired last night.

● Where is Kate? (now) Where was Kate yesterday?
● The weather is good today. The weather was good last week.

are (present) → were (past):

● You are late. (now) You were late yesterday.

● They aren’t here. (now) They weren’t here last Sunday.

B
positive negative question

I?
I I
he?
he he was not
was was she?
she she (wasn’t)
it?
it it

we we we?
you you were not you?
were were
they they (weren’t) they?

53
 ● Last year Rachel was 22, so she is 23 now.
● When I was a child, I was scared of dogs.
● We were hungry after the journey, but we weren’t tired.
● The hotel was comfortable, but it wasn’t expensive.

● Was the weather nice when you were on holiday?

● Your shoes are nice. Were they expensive?
● Why were you late this morning?

C
short answer

I/he/she/it was. I/he/she/it wasn’t.

Yes, No,
we/you/they were. we/you/they weren’t.

● ‘Were you late?’ ‘No, I wasn’t.’

● ‘Was Tom at work yesterday?’ ‘Yes, he was.’
● ‘Were Sue and Steve at the party?’ ‘No, they weren’t.’

Exercises
1. Where were these people at 3 o’clock yesterday afternoon?

Joe was in bed.

1. ___________________________________________.

2. Jack and Kate _______________________________.

3. Sue _______________________________________.

4. ___________________________________________.

5. ___________________________________________.

6. And you? I __________________________________.

54
2. Write am/is/are (present) or was/were (past).
was is
1. Last year she _____________ 22, so she _____________ 23 now.

2. Today the weather _____________ nice, but yesterday it _____________ very cold.

3. I _____________ hungry. Can I have something to eat?

4. I feel fine this morning, but I_____________ very tired last night.

5. Where _____________ you at 11 o’clock last Friday morning?

6. Don’t buy those shoes. They _____________ very expensive.

7. I like your new jacket. _____________ it expensive?

8 This time last year I_____________ in Paris.

9 ‘Where _____________ Sam and Joe?’ ‘I don’t know. They _____________ here a few minutes ago.’

3. Write was/were or wasn’t/weren’t.

was wasn’t
1. We weren’t happy with the hotel. Our room was _____________ very small and it _____________ clean.

2. Mark _____________ at work last week because he_____________ ill. He’s better now.

3. Yesterday _____________ a public holiday, so the banks _____________ closed. They’re open today.

4. ‘_____________ Kate and Ben at the party?’ ‘Kate_____________ there, but Ben .’

5. Where are my keys? They_____________ on the table, but they’re not there now.

6. You_____________ at home last night. Where _____________ you?

4. Write questions from these words + was/were. Put the words in the right order .

Why were you late this morning?

1. (late / you / this morning / why?)
______________________________________________ The traffic was bad.
2. (difficult / your exam?)
______________________________________________ No, it was easy.
3. (last week / where / Sue and Chris?)
______________________________________________ They were on holiday.
4. (your new camera / how much?)
______________________________________________ A hundred pounds.
5. (angry / you / yesterday / why?)
______________________________________________ Because you were late.
6. (nice / the weather / last week?)
______________________________________________ Yes, it was beautiful.

55
Suggested activity
1. Find someone who was…
Tell the students that they are going to practice asking and answering yes/no questions with 'was' and 'were'.
Go through the items on the worksheet and have the students form a 'Were you...?' question for each one.
When all the items have been reviewed, the students go around the class asking the questions to one another, e.g. 'Were you asleep at 6
o'clock this morning?' When a student finds someone who answers 'Yes, I was', they write down that person's name in the
corresponding column next to the item.
The student then asks a follow-up question and notes down the answer in the last column, e.g. 'What time did you wake up?'
It is important to tell the students that they can only have the same name once (or twice). This is to encourage the students to speak to
as many different partners as possible.
When everyone has finished, get feedback by asking the students questions with 'Who...?', e.g. 'Who was asleep at 6 o'clock this
morning?' Any interesting findings can be discussed in more detail.

Find someone who was… Name More information

…asleep at 6 o'clock this morning.

…with friends last friday night.

… at home on Sunday afternoon.

… on holiday last August.

… .lucky last week.

… .in the shower at 7 o'clock this morning.
… in bed at 11 o'clock last night.
… at the gym on Saturday morning.

… tired on Monday morning.

… at a restaurant last night.

… at school/work at 8 o'clock this

morning
… with their family last Sunday.
… born in this town/city.
… alone at 9 o'clock yesterday evening.
… happy yesterday.

REGULAR VERBS
56
A
They watch TV every morning.

(present simple)

They watched TV yesterday evening.

(past simple)

watched is the past simple:

I/we/you/they
watched
he/she/it

B
The past simple is often -ed (regular verbs). For example:

work → worked dance→ danced

clean → cleaned stay→ stayed

start → started need → needed

● I clean my teeth every morning. This morning I cleaned my teeth.

● Terry worked in a bank from 2005 to 2011.
● Yesterday it rained all morning. It stopped at lunchtime.
● We enjoyed the party last night. We danced a lot and talked to a lot of people. The party finished at midnight.

If a verb of one syllable ends [consonant-vowel-consonant], double the final consonant and add "ed":

chat > chatted

stop > stopped

If the final consonant is "w," "x," or "y," don't double it:

sew > sewed

play > played

fix > fixed

If the verb ends [consonant + "y"], change the "y" to an "i" and add "ed":

cry > cried

57
fry > fried

Exercises
1. Complete the sentences. Use a verb from the box.

clean die enjoy finish happen open rain start stay want

cleaned
1. I ____________ my teeth three times yesterday.
2. It was hot in the room, so I ____________ the window.
3. The film was very long. It ____________ at 7.15 and____________ at 10 o’clock.
4. When I was a child, I ____________ to be a doctor.
5. The accident ____________ last Sunday afternoon.
6. The weather is nice today, but yesterday it ____________ all day.
7. We ____________ our holiday last year. We ____________ at a very nice place.
8. Anna’s grandfather____________ when he was 90 years old.

2. Fill in the Simple Past form.

1. He learns English. (simple present)
He ___________________ English. (simple past)
2. I like apples. (simple present)
I ___________________ apples. (simple past)
3. They ask many questions. (simple present)
They ___________________ many questions. (simple past)
4. We open the windows. (simple present)
We ___________________ the windows. (simple past)
5. She talks to David. (simple present)
She ___________________ to David. (simple past)

Fill in the Simple Past form.

58
6. She ______________ in Scotland. (to live)

7. They ______________ at the weekends. (to work)

8. John ______________ a flat in Edinburgh. (to rent)

9. Lisa ______________ her present. (to open)

10. Ben ______________ his bike. (to scratch)

11. Sue ______________ basketball. (to play)

12. Helen ______________ her new school. (to love)

13. The shops ______________ at nine o'clock in the evening. (to close)

14. Mother ______________ the turkey. (to cook)

15. Emily ______________ a cake (to bake)

16. First I ______________ TV, then I ______________ my friend. (to watch/to visit)

Suggested Activity
1. In the Past
Split the class into 2 groups.
Explain that the students are going to practice making true past simple affirmative sentences about themselves.
There will be a set of time expression cards and verb cards for each group. Each group takes turn to pick up one card from set of time
expression cards and one from verb cards. In 1 or 2 minutes, members of the group try to make a past simple sentence using the words
given. If the player constructs a believable past simple sentence, which is agreed on by the other students to be true, the group gets one
point and the group keep verb cards they have formed the sentence correctly. The aim of the game is to be the first group to get rid of all
their cards. If all the time expression cards get used up, they can be turned over and used again. The game is quite easy at first because
there is a choice of verbs, but it becomes more challenging to make a meaningful sentence as the game progresses.

Time expression cards

an hour ago this morning yesterday last night

last week two weeks ago last year two days ago

last Saturday last Sunday in 2013 a week ago

when I was six yesterday afternoon when I was ten yesterday evening

Verb cards

59
be start live finish

watch learn like work

clean stay need dance

try stop copy study

PAST SIMPLE
IRREGULAR VERBS
A
He eats breakfast every day.

(present simple)

He ate breakfast yesterday.

(past simple)

ate is the past simple:

I/we/you/they
ate
he/she/it

B
Some verbs are irregular (= not regular). The past simple is not -ed. Here are some important irregular verbs:

begin → began fall → fell leave → left sell → sold

break broke find found lose lost sit sat
bring brought fly flew make made sleep slept
build built forget forgot meet met speakspoke
buy bought get got pay paid stand stood
catch caught give gave put put take took
come came go went read read (red)* tell told
do did have had ring rang think thought
drink drank hear heard say said win won
eat ate know knew see saw write wrote

60
* pronounced ‘red’

● I usually get up early, but this morning I got up at 9 o’clock.

● We did a lot of work yesterday.
● Caroline went to the cinema three times last week.
● James came into the room, took off his coat and sat down.

Exercises:
1. Write the past simple of these verbs.
got
1. get ____________ 4. pay ____________ 7. go ____________ 10. know ____________

2. see ____________ 5 visit ____________ 8. think ____________ 11. put ____________

3. play ____________ 6. buy ____________ 9. copy ____________ 12. speak ____________

2. Read about Lisa’s journey to Madrid. Put the verbs in the correct form.

flew
Last Tuesday Lisa (1) _____________ from London to Madrid. She (2) _____________ up at 6 o’clock in the fly, get

morning and (3) _____________ a cup of coffee. At 6.30 she (4) _____________ home and (5) _____________ to have, leave, drive

the airport. When she (6) _____________ there, she (7)_____________ the car, (8) _____________ to the
get, park, walk
airport building, and (9) _____________ in. Then she (10) _____________ breakfast at a café and (11) check, have

_____________ for her flight. The plane (12) _____________ on time and (13) _____________ in Madrid two
wait, depart, arrrive
hours later. Finally she (14)_____________ a taxi from the airport to her hotel in the centre of Madrid. take

3.Write sentences about the past (yesterday / last week etc.).

61
 he went to work by car.
1. James always goes to work by car. Yesterday ___________________________________

2. Rachel often loses her keys. She ___________________________________last week.

3. Kate meets her friends every evening. She__________________________________yesterday

evening.

4. I buy a newspaper every day. Yesterday I ___________________________________

5. We often go to the cinema at weekends. Last Sunday we________________________________

6. I eat an orange every day. Yesterday I ___________________________________

7. Tom always has a shower in the morning. This morning he __________________________________

8. Our friends often come to see us. They___________________________________ last Friday.

62
 PAST SIMPLE (NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONS)
A
We use did in past simple negatives and questions:

infinitive positive negative questions

play I play?
play I played I
start we start?
start we started we
watch you watch?
watch you watched you
did not have they have?
have they had they did
(didn’t) see he see?
see he saw he
do she do?
do she did she
go it go?
go it went it

B
do/does (present) → did (past):

● I don’t watch TV very often.

I didn’t watch TV yesterday.

● Does she often go away?

Did she go away last week?

C
We use did/didn’t + infinitive (watch/play/go etc.):

I watched but I didn’t watch (not I didn’t watched)

they went did they go? (not did they went?)

he had he didn’t have

you did did you do?

● I played tennis yesterday, but I didn’t win.

● ‘Did you do the shopping?’ ‘No, I didn’t have time.’
● We went to the cinema, but we didn’t enjoy the film.

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Yes / No questions

Study the word order in questions

Did + subject + infinitive

Did your sister call you?

did you do last night?
did the accident happen?
did your parents go for their holiday?

Short answers

Yes, I/we/you/they/he/she/it did. No, I/we/you/they/he/she/it didn’t.

● ‘Did you see Joe yesterday?’ ‘No, I didn’t.’

● ‘Did it rain on Sunday?’ ‘Yes, it did.’
● ‘Did Helen come to the party?’ ‘No, she didn’t.’
● ‘Did your parents have a good holiday?’ ‘Yes, they did.’

E
Wh questions

What did you do last night?

How did the accident happen?
Where did your parents go for their holiday?

● ‘What did you do last night?’ ‘I went to the movies with my friends.’
● ‘How did the accident happen?’ ‘He was drunk and drove carelessly.’
● ‘Where did your parents go for their holiday?’ ‘They traveled to China during their vacation.’

Exercises
1. Complete these sentences with the verb in the negative.
didn’t see
1. I saw Barbara, but I _________________ Jane.

2. They worked on Monday, but they_________________ on Tuesday.

3. We went to the post office, but we_________________ to the bank.

4. She had a pen, but she _________________ any paper.

5. Jack did French at school, but he_________________ German.

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2. Write questions with Did … ?
Did you watch TV last night ?
1. I watched TV last night. How about you? ___________________________________

2. I enjoyed the party. How about you? ___________________________________ ?

3. I had a good holiday. How about you? ___________________________________ ?

4. I finished work early. How about you? ___________________________________ ?

5. I slept well last night. How about you? ___________________________________ ?

3. What did you do yesterday? Write positive or negative sentences.

I watched TV. I didn’t watch TV.
1. (watch TV) I ____________________________or______________________________

2. (get up before 7 o’clock) I ____________________________________________________________

3. (have a shower) _____________________________________________________________

4. (buy a magazine) _____________________________________________________________

5. (eat meat) _____________________________________________________________

6. (go to bed before 10.30) _____________________________________________________________

Suggested Activity
1. Good and bad days

As a class, brainstorm what makes a day great, and then make another list for what makes a day bad. Have pairs of students
ask each other questions and give answers about a day in the past.

For example, one student might ask, “Did you win that match yesterday?” The other would answer, “No, I didn’t win that
match yesterday.” This is a great way to practice questions and negative use of the simple past.

2. Yesterday Time Guess

On 12 small squares of paper write down key hourly times (e.g. yesterday, last night, last week, 6 hours ago, in 1995, etc.).
Also include a few "wild cards" with a question mark written on them. Fold the squares of paper and put into a small box.
Students sit around the box and take turns on taking out a piece of paper. They have to make a sentence based on what
they did at that time expression using the structure, "Yesterday, I went to school." If a student picks a wild card they can
make a sentence about any time in the past. If the student makes a perfect sentence they keep the piece of paper, if not it
goes back into the box. The person with the most pieces of paper at the end is the winner.

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 UNIT 5: UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
A noun can be countable or uncountable.

B. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Uncountable nouns

For example: water air rice salt plastic money music tennis

You can’t say one/two/three (etc.) + these things: one water two musics

Uncountable nouns have only one form:

money the money my money some money much money etc.

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 ● I’ve got some money.
● There isn’t much money in the box.
● Money isn’t everything.

You can’t use a/an + uncountable nouns: a money a music a water

But you can say a piece of … / a bottle of … etc. + uncountable noun:

a bottle of water a carton of milk a bar of chocolate

a piece of cheese a bottle of perfume a piece of music

a bowl of rice a cup of coffee a game of tennis

Exercises
1. What are these things? All of them are uncountable nouns.

The names of these things are:

money sugar sand time

salt toothpaste water rice

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2. Some of these sentences are OK, but some need a/an. Write a/an where necessary.
1. I don’t have watch. _______________ 9. Jamaica is island. _______________
a OK
watch
2. Do you like cheese? ______________ 10. I don’t need key. _______________

3. I never wear hat. ______________ 11. Everybody needs food. _______________

4. Are you looking for job? ______________ 12. I’ve got good idea. _______________

5. Kate doesn’t eat meat. ______________ 13. Can you drive car? _______________

6. Kate eats apple every day. _____________ 14. Do you want cup of coffee? _______________

7. I’m going to party tonight. ____________ 15. I don’t like coffee without milk. _______________

8. Music is wonderful thing. ____________ 16. Don’t go out without umbrella. _______________

Suggested Activity
1. Countable and Uncountable
Tell the students that they are going to sort countable and uncountable nouns into their respective groups.

Divide the class into pairs.

Give each pair the two heading cards and a set of noun cards.

Ask students to put the noun cards in the correct category (countable or uncountable)

When the students have finished, elicit the correct category for each noun.

For each correctly matched noun, pairs win one point.

Pairs then race to win an extra point by making a meaningful sentence.

The first pair to do this wins an extra point.

Point out that singular countable nouns can be changed to plural countable nouns for the sentences and questions.

The pair with the most points at the end of the game wins.

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Countable nouns Uncountable nouns

star water

river oil

love power

beach metal

wall chair

gold rain

minute tea

village air

tent library

answer seafood

fun sand

newspaper grammar

bread smile

game plant

juice baby

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 MUCH
A.

We use much + uncountable noun

(much food / much money etc.):

● Did you buy much food?

● We don’t have much luggage.
● How much money do you want?
● A: Do you have any money?

B: I have some, but not much.

B.
We use much in questions and negative sentences:

● Do you drink much coffee?

● I don’t drink much coffee.

But we do not often use much in positive sentences:

● I drink a lot of coffee. (not I drink much coffee)

● ‘Do you drink much coffee?’ ‘Yes, a lot.’ (not Yes, much)

Exercises
1. Write much to fill in the blanks where appropriate.
much
1. __________ food

2. __________ money

3. __________ buckets

4. __________ sugar

5. __________ sand

6. __________ jugs
7. __________ time

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8. __________ salt
9. __________ toothpaste
10. __________ water
11. __________ rice

2. Write much or many.

1. Phillip owns ___________ properties in France.

2. We didn’t earn ___________ profit this year.

3. How ___________ money have you got?

4. Sharon does not have ___________ friends.

5. There are too ___________ students in this class.

6. It doesn’t need ___________ milk.

7. We had so ___________ fun.

8. I spent ___________ days there.

Write How much or How many.

9. ________________________ people are coming to the party?

10. ________________________ milk do you want in your coffee?

11. _________________________ bread did you buy?

12. _________________________ players are there in a football team?

3. Choose whether to use much or many in the sentences?

1. My brother is very busy. He hasn't got ____________ time.

2. There is too ____________ noise in the street. I can't sleep.

3. How ____________ eggs do I need for an omelet.

4. Does your student know ____________ words in English?

5. Because of e-mails, people don't receive ____________ letters nowadays.

6. My mother always put too ____________ salt when she cooks.

7. There haven't been ____________ sunny days lately.

8. I like that dress very ____________.

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 THERE IS
A. AFFIRMATIVE

There is + some + uncountable noun

● There’s some food on the table.

● There’s some water in the bottle.
● There’s some bread in the basket.

There’s some milk in the glass.

B. NEGATIVE

There isn’t + any + uncountable noun

● There isn’t any food on the table.

● There isn’t any money in my pocket.
● There isn’t any bread in the basket.
There isn’t any water in the bottle.

C. INTERROGATIVE

Is there + any + uncountable noun

● Is there any food on the table?

● Is there any milk in the bottle?
● Is there any bread in the basket?

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 Exercises

1. Use there is / there isn’t / Is there to complete the sentences.

1. _________________________ some sugar.
2. _________________________ any danger on that side of the island.
3. _________________________ any rice in the jar?
4. _________________________ much traffic yesterday?
5. I want to wash my hair. ____________ any shampoo?
6. I can’t buy these sweets. ___________ any money in my pocket.

2. Choose the correct words.

1. There’s / There are a TV.
2. There’s / There are four chairs in the living room.
3. Is there a / Are there any windows in the kitchen?

3. Complete the questions and short answers using the correct form of there is or there are.
1. ____________________a tree in this park? No, ________________
2. ____________________an internet café in your city? Yes, _______________
3. ____________________any hospitals near hear? No, ________________
4. ____________________any buildings next to your school? Yes, _________________
5. ____________________a shop in this street? No, ___________________
6. ____________________any milk in the fridge? Yes, _______________
7. ____________________any students in the school? No, _______________

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 SOME AND ANY
A.

Use some in positive sentences: Use any in negative sentences:

• I’m going to buy some clothes. • I’m not going to buy any clothes.

• There’s some milk in the fridge. • There isn’t any milk in the fridge.

• We made some mistakes. • We didn’t make any mistakes.

B. any and some in questions

In most questions (but not all) we use any (not some):

● Is there any milk in the fridge?

● Does he have any friends?
● Do you need any help?

We normally use some (not any) when we offer things

(Would you like … ?):

● A: Would you like some coffee?

B: Yes, please.

or when we ask for things (Can I have … ? etc.):

● A: Can I have some soup, please?

B: Yes. Help yourself.

● A: Can you lend me some money?

B: Sure. How much do you need?

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C.
some and any without a noun

● I didn’t take any pictures, but Jessica took some. (= some pictures)
● You can have some coffee, but I don’t want any. (= any coffee)
● I’ve just made some coffee. Would you like some? (= some coffee)
● ‘Where’s your luggage?’ ‘I don’t have any.’ (= any luggage)
● ‘Are there any biscuits?’ ‘Yes, there are some in the kitchen.’ (= some biscuits)

Exercises

1. Write some or any.

1. I bought ____________
some cheese, but I didn’t buy__________
any bread.
2. In the middle of the room there was a table and ___________ chairs.
3. There aren’t ____________ shops in this part of town.
4. Gary and Alice don’t have ____________ children.
5. Do you have ____________ brothers or sisters?
6. There are _____________ beautiful flowers in the garden.
7. Do you know _______________ good hotels in London?
8. ‘Would you like _______________ tea?’ ‘Yes, please.’
9. When we were on holiday, we visited ______________ interesting places.
10. Don’t buy ___________ rice. We don’t need _____________.
11. I went out to buy ____________ bananas, but they didn’t have ______________ in the shop.
12. I’m thirsty. Can I have _____________ water, please?

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2. Complete the sentences. Use some or any + the words in the box.

air cheese help milk questions

batteries friends languages pictures shampoo

any shampoo
1. I want to wash my hair. Is there _____________________?
2. The police want to talk to you. They want to ask you ___________________________.
3. I had my camera, but I didn’t take ____________________________.
4. Do you speak ___________________foreign ___________________?
5. Yesterday evening I went to a restaurant with _________________________________ of mine.
6. Can I have ____________________________ in my coffee, please?
7. The radio isn’t working. There aren’t __________________________ in it.
8. It’s hot in this office. I’m going out for ______________________ fresh .
9. A: Would you like ________________________ ?
B: No, thank you. I’ve had enough to eat.
10. I can do this job alone. I don’t need _________________________.

Suggested Activity
1. Some and any

Teacher prepare PowerPoint slide with fill in the blank questions (e.g. There are _______ tables in the classroom.)

Divide students into pairs. Ask one student in each pair to be number 1 and the other is number 2.

Number 1 is “some” and number 2 is “any”.

When teacher shows the questions on the board, each pair has to complete the questions with some and/or any by raising their hands. If
the answer is “some”, student number 1 must raise hands. If the answer is “any”, student number 2 must raise hands. (There could be
“some and any” in one question so both students must raise hands).

The first pair to raise hands and answer the questions correctly gets the point.

The pair with most points wins the game.

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 UNIT 7: COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
A. Comparative adjectives:
old / older expensive / more expensive

Older / heavier / more expensive are comparative forms.

The comparative is -er (older) or more … (more expensive).

Regular comparisons

1) For one-syllable adjectives:

- add -er or -r to the adjective for the comparative

Example:

old older
young younger
slow slower
fast faster
nice nicer
late later
soon sooner
cheap cheaper
strong stronger
weak weaker

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 ● Rome is old, but Athens is older
● Is it cheaper to go by car or by train?
● The blue shirt is nice, but the black one is nicer.

2) For one-syllable adjectives ending with one vowel + one consonant:

- double the consonant (except w) before -er

Example:

hot hotter
fat fatter
thin thinner
big bigger
new newer

● Helen wants a bigger car

● It is hot in Bien hoa, but it is hotter in Ho Chi Minh.

For one-syllable or two-syllable adjectives ending in y: - y → - ier

Example:

early earlier
easy easier
heavy heavier
dry drier

● Don’t take the bus. It’s easier to take a taxi.

● Lucy is always early, but Kim is earlier.

For long words (≥ 2 syllables): adj → more adj

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 Example:

careful more careful

polite more polite
expensive more expensive
interesting more interesting
boring more boring
● Please be more careful.
● My job is boring. I like something more interesting.
● A car is much more expensive than a bicycle.

Irregular comparisons:

Example:

good better
bad worse
far further

● The weather is really better today.

● ‘Do you feel better today?’ ‘No, I feel worse’
● Europe is far, but America is further from here.

We use ‘than’ after comparatives:

(older than … / more expensive than … etc.):

Athens is older than Rome.

Are oranges more expensive than bananas?

or we can use (not) as + adjective + as…

Athens is older than Rome.

→ Rome is not as old as Athens.

Jenny is faster than Nick.

→ Nick is not as fast as Jenny.
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A car is more expensive than a bicycle.
✔ more / less than …
● A: How much do your shoes cost? Are they £60?
B: No, more than that. (= more than £60)
● The film is very short – less than an hour.
● They have more money than they need.

✔ We usually say: than me / than him / than her / than us / than them.

or as me / as him / as her / as us / as them

You can say:

● I can run faster than him. or I can run faster than he can
( = He can’t run as fast as me)
● You are a better singer than me. or You are a better singer than I am.
( = I am not as good a singer as you)
● I get up earlier than her. or I get up earlier than she does
( = She doesn’t get up as early as me)

✔ a bit older / much older etc.

a bit bigger Canada is much bigger than

older
France.
much better than….
more difficult Sue is a bit older than Joe.
more expensive

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 ✔ We say ‘the same as …’ :
● The weather today is the same as yesterday.
● My hair is the same colour as yours.
● I get up at the same time as Tom.

Exercise:

1. Look at the pictures and write the comparative (older / more interesting etc.).

2. Write the comparative.

1 old ……………………………………….
2 strong ……………………………………….
3 happy ……………………………………….
4 modern ……………………………………….
5 important ……………………………………….
6 good ……………………………………….
7 large ……………………………………….
8 serious ……………………………………….
9 pretty ……………………………………….
10 crowded ……………………………………….
3. Write the opposite.

1 younger ……………………………………. 3 better ………………………………….

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 2 colder …………………………………. 4 nearer ………………………………….
3 cheaper …………………………………. 5 easier ………………………………….

4. Complete the sentences. Use a comparative.

1 Helen’s car isn’t very big. She wants a …….bigger……. one.
2 My job isn’t very interesting. I want to do something …….more interesting……..
3 You’re not very tall. Your brother is ……………………………………….
4 David doesn’t work very hard. I work ……………………………………….
5 My chair isn’t very comfortable. Yours is ……………………………………….
6 Your idea isn’t very good. My idea is ……………………………………….
7 My bag isn’t very heavy. Your bag is ……………………………………….
8 I’m not very interested in art. I’m ……………………………………….in history
9 It isn’t very warm today. It was ……………………………………….yesterday
10 These tomatoes don’t taste very good. The other ones taste …………………………………….
11 Britain isn’t very big. France is ……………………………………….
12 London isn’t very beautiful. Paris is ……………………………………….
13 This knife isn’t very sharp. Do you have a ………………………………………. one?
14 The weather isn’t too bad today. Often it is much ……………………………………….

5. Write sentences about Kate and Ben. Use ‘than’.

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1 Kate …...is older than Ben…………………...
2 Ben …….is a better swimmer than Kate…
3 Kate is …………………………………………………
4 Kate starts ……………………………………… Ben
5 Ben …………………………………………
6 Ben has …………………………………………………
7 Kate is a …………………………………………………
8 Ben …………………………………………………
9 Ben …………………………………………………
10 Kate …………………………………………………
11 Kate …………………………………………………
12 Ben …………………………………………………
6. Complete the sentences. Use ‘than’.
1 He isn’t very tall. You’re …………………………………………………………………
2 She isn’t very old. You’re …………………………………………………………………
3 I don’t work very hard. You work…………………………………………………………………
4 He doesn’t watch TV very much. You……………………………………………………………
5 I’m not a very good cook. You …………………………………………………………………
6 We don’t know many people. You…………………………………………………………………
7 They don’t have much money. You …………………………………………………………………
8 I can’t run very fast. You can …………………………………………………………………
9 She hasn’t been here very long. You have been here …………………………………………
10 They don’t get up very early. You …………………………………………………………………
11 He wasn’t very surprised. You …………………………………………………………………

7. Complete the sentences with ‘a bit’ or ‘much’ + comparative (older/better etc.)

1 Emma is 25. Joe is 24
→ Emma …………………………………………………………………
2 Jack’s mother is 52. His father is 69
→ Jack’s mother …………………………………………………….

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 3 My camera cost £120. Yours cost £112
→ My camera ……………………………………………………………
4 Yesterday I felt terrible. Today I feel OK.
→ I feel …………………………………………………………………
5 Today the temperature is 12 degrees. Yesterday it was 10 degrees.
→ It’s …………………………………………………………………
6 Sarah is an excellent tennis player. I’m not a very good player.
→ Sarah …………………………………………………………………

8. Write ‘as’ or ‘than’

1 Athens is older …than…. Rome. 5 Joe isn’t as intelligent …………. he

2 I don’t watch TV as much …………. you
3 You eat more …………. me
4 I’m more tired today …………. I was
yesterday.
thinks.
6 Belgium is smaller ………….
Switzerland.
7 Brazil isn’t as big …………. Canada.
8 I can’t wait longer …………. an hour.

9. Complete the sentences about Julia, Andy and Laura. Use the same age / the same street etc
as….

1 (age) Andy …..is the same age as Laura……….

2 (street) Julia lives …………………………………………..
3 (time) Julia got up ………………………………………..
4 (color) Andy’s car ………………………………………….

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 SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES

Bigger and more expensive etc. are comparative forms.

Biggest and most expensive etc. are superlative forms.

The superlative form is -est (oldest) or most … (most expensive).

✔ For short words (one syllable): → the –est:

hot hotter the hottest

fat fatter the fattest
thin thinner the thinnest

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 big bigger the biggest

old older the oldest

young younger the youngest
slow slower the slowest
fast faster the fastest

but: good → the best bad → the worst

✔ Words ending in -y (easy/heavy etc.): → the -iest:

early earlier earliest
easy easier easiest
heavy heavier heaviest
dry drier driest

✔ For long words (≥ 2 syllables): (careful/expensive/interesting etc.): → the most …:

careful more careful the most careful
polite more polite the most polite

We say the oldest … / the most expensive … etc. (with the)

Examples:

● The church is very old. It’s the oldest building in the town.
( = the church is older than all other buildings in town)
● What is the longest river in the world?
● Money is important, but it isn’t the most important thing in life.
● Excuse me, where is the nearest bank?

You can use the oldest / the best / the most expensive etc. without a noun:

● Luke is a good player, but he isn’t the best in the team.

( the best = the best player)

Exercise:
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1. Complete the sentences. Use a superlative (the oldest etc.).
1 This building is very old. It’s ….the oldest building……. in the town.
2 It was a very happy day. It was ……………………………………….. of my life.
3 It’s a very good film. It’s……………………………………….. I’ve ever seen.
4 She’s a very popular singer. She’s ……………………………………….. in the country.
5 It was a very bad mistake. It was ……………………………………….. I’ve ever made
6 It’s a very pretty village. It’s ……………………………………….. I’ve ever seen.
7 It was a very cold day. It was ……………………………………….. of the year.
8 He’s a very boring person. He’s ……………………………………….. I’ve ever met.

2. Write sentences with comparatives (older etc.) and superlatives (the oldest etc.).

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1 big / small
(D/C) D is ……………………………... C
(B) B is ……………………………..
(A) A is ……………………………..
2 long/short
(C/A) C is ……………………………... A
(D) D is ……………………………..
(B) B is ……………………………..
3 young/old
(D/C) D is ……………………………..
(B) B is ……………………………..
(C) C is ……………………………..
4 expensive/cheap
(D/A) D is …………………………….. A
(C) C is ……………………………..
(A) A is ……………………………..
5 good/bad
(A/C) A is …………………………….. C
(A) A is ……………………………..
(D) D is ……………………………..

88
 UNIT 8: CAN OR CAN’T

1. Getting to know:

do
I / we / you /
can play
they / he / she /
can’t (cannot) see
it
come etc.

do?
I / we / you /
play?
can they / he / she /
see?
it
come? etc.

a. Can and can’t

I can do something = I know how to do it, or it is possible for me to do it:

I can’t do something = I don’t know how to do it, or it is possible to do it:

⮚ I can play the piano. My brother can play the piano too.
⮚ Sarah can speak Italian, but she can’t speak Spanish.
⮚ A: Can you swim?
o B: Yes, but I’m not a very good swimmer.
⮚ A: Can you change twenty pounds?
o B: I’m sorry, I can’t.
⮚ I’m having a party next week, but Paul and Rachel can’t come.
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 b. Can I do something?

Can you … ? Can I … ?

We use Can you … ? when we ask people to do things:

⮚ Can you open the door, please?

⮚ Can you wait a moment, please?
We use Can I have … ? or Can I get … ? to ask for something:
⮚ Can I have a glass of water, please? or Can I get … ?
Can I … ? = is it OK to do something?:
⮚ Can I sit here?

2. Exercise

a. Ask Steve if he can do these things

b. What can you do? Write one or two sentences about things you can and can’t do
7. I ______________________________________
________________________________________

8. _______________________________________
________________________________________

9. _______________________________________
________________________________________

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 c. Complete these sentences. Use can or can’t + one of these verbs:
come find hear see speak

1. I’m sorry, but we ______________________ to your party next Saturday.

can’t come
2. I like this hotel room. You _____________________________ the mountains from the window.

3. You are speaking very quietly. I ____________________________ you.

4. Have you seen my bag? I _______________________ it.

5. Catherine got the job because she _____________________ five languages.

d. Work in pairs. Ask and answer

EXAMPLE:

Kevin / understand lions? Can Kevin understand lions? Yes, he can.

1. The lions / understand Kevin?

2. Ding Wen / use a computer?
3. He / write computer programs?
4. Olga and Inna / speak Japanese?
5. Inna / use a computer?
e. Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks of the dialogue

Can can he can you he can

they can he can’t I can I can’t

A: So, Mrs Redwood, can you speak Italian?

B: Yes, (1)________. My mother and father are from Switzerland. (2)_______speak Italian, English,
French and German.
A: Great. (3)________speak French and German too?
B: I (4)________speak German but (5)________speak French.
A: OK. The manager, Mr Harris, is from France so (6)_________speak French. But he can speak
Italian too.
B: Really? That’s great! (8)_________speak German?
A: No, (7)________.

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 f. Put the words in the correct order to make questions.
me | hear | you | can ..........................................................................?
you | song | sing | can't | this ..........................................................................?
on | come | why | can't | Peter | Sunday ..........................................................................?
brother | can | run | your | fast ..........................................................................?
where | can | tonight | sleep | we ..........................................................................?
milkshakes | can | two | we | have ..........................................................................?
now | do | can't | it | just | you ..........................................................................?
g. Correct the mistakes and rewrite the sentences
Example: Daddy can to cook really good food.
⮚ Fish can swimming.
……………………………………………………
⮚ Dog can loved run fast.
……………………………………………………
⮚ Can you to go shopping?
……………………………………………………
⮚ Mommy, can I hanging out with Manny?
……………………………………………………
⮚ Elephant can remembering really well.
……………………………………………………
⮚ Whales cannot is drown.
……………………………………………………

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3. Activity
Go around and ask your friends if they can do these things or not? Get their names and then
work in pairs to say it

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 UNIT 9: PRESENT PERFECT
PART ONE

A.

have / has lost etc. is the present perfect (have + past participle):

Structure:

I cleaned
we have (’ve) finished
you have not (haven’t) started
they lost
he has (’s) done
she has not (hasn’t) been
it gone
have I cleaned
we finished
you started
they lost
has he done
she been
it gone

Verbs in Present Perfect:

Regular verb: The past participle is -ed (the same as the past simple):

clean →I have cleaned finish → we have finished start → she has started
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Irregular verbs The past participle is not –ed

Sometimes the past simple and past participle are the same:

buy → I bought / I have bought have → he had / he has had

Sometimes the past simple and past participle are different:

break → I broke / I have broken see → you saw / you have seen
fall → it fell / it has fallen go → they went / they have gone

We use the present perfect for an action in the past with a result “now”
(the result is in the present)

● I’ve lost my passport ( = I can’t find my passport now)

● ‘Where’s Rebecca?’ ‘She’s gone to bed.’ (= she is in bed now)
● We’ve bought a new car. (= we have a new car now)
● It’s Rachel’s birthday tomorrow and I haven’t bought her a present. (= I don’t have a present for
her now)
● ‘Bob is away on holiday.’ ‘Oh, where has he gone?’ (= where is he now?)
● Can I take this newspaper? Have you finished with it? (= do you need it now?)

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 VERB LIST

begin began begun

break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
come came come
do did done
drink drank drunk
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
get got got / gotten
give gave given
go went gone
have had had
hear heard heard
know knew known
leave left left
lose lost lost
make made made
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
ring rang rung
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
sit sat sit
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
stand stood stood
take took taken
tell told told
think thought thought

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 win won won
write wrote written

B. Interrogative question: Have you ever ... ?

We use the present perfect (have been / have had / have played etc.) when we talk about a time from the past
until now (when we don't know the time of the action, or when the time of the action isn't important. ) – for
example, a person’s life:

Examples:

● ‘Have you been to France?’ ‘No, I haven’t.’

● I’ve been to Canada, but I haven’t been to the United States.
● Mary is an interesting person. She has had many different jobs and has lived in many places.
● I’ve seen that woman before, but I can’t remember where.
● How many times has Brazil won the World Cup?
● ‘Have you read this book?’ ‘Yes, I’ve read it twice.’ (twice = two times)

✔ ‘ever’ and ‘never’ in present perfect:

We often use ‘ever’ and ‘never’ with the present perfect simple to ask or talk about past events and situations.

‘ever’ is used in questions and ‘never’ is used in answers

● ‘Has Ann ever been to Australia?’ ‘Yes, once.’ (once = one time)
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 ● ‘Have you ever played golf?’ ‘Yes, I play a lot.’
● My sister has never travelled by plane.
● I’ve never ridden a horse.
● ‘Who is that man?’ ‘I don’t know. I’ve never seen him before.’

✔ ‘gone’ and ‘been’

Compare:

● I can’t find Susan. Where has she gone? (= where is she now?)
● Oh, hello Susan! I was looking for you. Where have you been?

Exercise:

1. Complete the sentences with a verb from the box.

break buy decide finish forget go go

invite lose (x) see not / see take tell not / tell

1 I …..’ve lost…….. my keys. I don’t know where they are.

2 I ................................................ some new shoes. Do you want to see them?
3 ‘Where is Helen?’ ‘She’s not here. She ................................................ out.’
4 I’m looking for Paula. ........................ you ........................ her?
5 Look! Somebody ................................................that window.
6 ‘Does Lisa know that you’re going away?’ ‘Yes, I ................................................ her.’
7 I can’t find my umbrella. Somebody ................................................ it.
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 8 ‘Where are my glasses?’ ‘I don’t know. I ................................................ them.’
9 I’m looking for Sarah. Where ........................... she..........................?
10 I know that woman, but I ................................................ her name.
11 Sue is having a party tonight. She ............................................... a lot of people.
12 What are you going to do? .......................... you.......................... ?
13 A: Does Ben know about the meeting tomorrow?
B: I don’t think so. I ................................. him.
14 I ...............................................with this magazine. Do you want it?

2. Look at the pictures. What has happened? Choose from the box.
go to bed clean his shoes(x) stop raining

close the door fall down have a shower

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 3. Mary is 65 years old. She has had an interesting life. What has she done?

1 She has had many different jobs …………………………………

2 She …………………………………………………………………………………….
3 …………………………………………………………………………………….…….
4 …………………………………………………………………………………….…….
5 …………………………………………………………………………………….…….
6 …………………………………………………………………………………….…….

4. You are asking Helen questions beginning Have you ever … ? Write the questions

…… Have you ever been to London?.........

1 (be / London?)
…… Have you ever played golf? ……………….
2 (play / golf?)
Have ………………………………………………………..
3 (be / Australia?)
………………………………………………………..………
4 (lose / your ………………………………………………………..………
passport?) ………………………………………………………..………
5 (fly / in a ………………………………………………………..………
helicopter?) ………………………………………………………..………

6 (win / a race?) ………………………………………………………..………

7 (be / New York?)

8 (drive / a bus?)
9 (break / your leg?)

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5. Write sentences about Helen. (Look at her answers in the exercise above)

1 (be / New York) …..She’s been to New York twice……………

2 (be / Australia) ………………………………………………………..………
3 (win / a race) ………………………………………………………..………
4 (fly / in a ………………………………………………………..………
helicopter)

6. Write ‘gone’ or ‘been’.

1 Ben is on holiday at the moment. He’s …..gone….. to Spain.
2 ‘Have you ever ……………………… to Mexico?’ ‘No, never.’
3 My parents aren’t at home at the moment. They’ve ……………………… out.
4 There’s a new restaurant in town. Have you ……………………… to it?
5 Rebecca loves Paris. She’s ……………………… there many times.
6 Helen was here earlier, but I think she’s ……………………… now.
7 ‘Where’s Jessica?’ ‘She’s not in the office. I think she’s ……………………… home.’
8 Hello, Sue. I was looking for you. Where have you ……………………… ?

C. How long have you …?

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Compare:

present simple present perfect simple (have been / have lived / have known etc.)
Dan and Kate are married They have been married for five years.
(not They are married for five years.)
Are you married? How long have you been married?
(not How long are you married?)
Do you know Lisa? How long have you known her?
I know Lisa. I’ve known her for a long time.
Vicky lives in London. How long has she lived in London?
She has lived there all her life.
I have a car. How long have you had your car?
I’ve had it since April.

D. for / since
We use ‘for’ and ‘since’ to say how long:
for three days
● Helen is in Ireland. She has been there
since Monday

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We use ‘for’ + a period of time We use ‘since’ + the start of the period
(three days / two years etc.) (Monday / 9 o’clock etc.):

for since
three days ten minutes Monday Wednesday
an hour two hours 9 o’clock 12.30
a week four weeks 24 July Christmas
a month six months January I was ten years old
five years a long time 1985 we arrived

● Richard has been in Canada since January.

● Richard has been in Canada for six months.
(= from January to now)
(not since six months)
● We’ve been waiting since 9 o’clock.
● We’ve been waiting for two hours.
(= from 9 o’clock to now)
(not since two hours)
● I’ve lived in London since I was ten years old.
● I’ve lived in London for a long time.
✔ Compare ‘ago’ and ‘for’:
● When did Helen arrive in Ireland?
She arrived in Ireland three days ago.
● How long has she been in Ireland?
She has been in Ireland for three days.
● Exercise:
1. Complete these sentences.
1 Helen is in Ireland. She …..has been….. in Ireland since Monday.
2 I know Lisa. I …..have known….. her for a long time.
3 Sarah and Andy are married. They ……………………………. married since 2005.
4 Ben is ill. He ……………………………. ill for the last few days.
5 We live in Scott Road. We ……………………………. there for a long time.
6 Catherine works in a bank. She ……………………………. there for five years.
7 Alan has a headache. He ……………………………. a headache since he got up this morning.
8 I’m learning English. I ……………………………. English for six months.
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2. Make questions with ‘How long’ …

Helen is on holiday.

……. How long has she been on

Steve and Nadia are in
holiday…………?
Brazil.
How long ……………………………………………….
I know Amy. ………?
How long ……………………………………………….
My brother lives in Canada.
………?

3. Which is right?
1 Mark lives / has lived in Canada since April. (has lived is right)
2 Jane and I are friends. I know / I’ve known her very well.
3 Jane and I are friends. I know / I’ve known her for a long time.
4 Luke works / has worked in a hotel. He likes his job a lot
5 ‘How long do you live / have you lived in this house?’ ‘About ten years.
6 ‘Is that a new coat?’ ‘No, I have / I’ve had this coat for a long time.’
7 Tom is / has been in Spain at the moment. He is / He has been there for the last three days

4. Write ‘for’ or ‘since’:

1 Helen has been in Ireland ….since….Monday.
2 Helen has been in Ireland ….for…. three days.
3 My aunt has lived in Australia ……………. 15 years.
4 Tina is in her office. She has been there ……………. 7 o’clock.
5 India has been an independent country ……………. 1947.
6 Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty ……………. many years.
7 Michael has been ill ……………. a long time. He has been in hospital ……………. October

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5. Complete the sentences. Use ‘for’ or ‘ago’ with these words:
1 Helen arrived in Ireland three days …..ago…... (three days)
2 Helen has been in Ireland …..for….. three days. (three days)
3 Lynn and Mark have been married ……………………………..(20 years)
4 Lynn and Mark got married …………………………….. (20 years)
5 Dan arrived …………………………….. (an hour)
6 I bought these shoes …………………………….. (a few days)
7 Have you known Lisa ……………………………..? (a long time)

6. Complete the sentences with ‘for’ or ‘since’.

1 (Helen is in Ireland – she arrived there three days ago)
……..Helen has been in Ireland for three days………..
2 (Jack is here – he arrived on Tuesday)
Jack has ………………………………………………………………………..
3 (I know Sue – I first met her in 2008)
I’ve ………………………………………………………………………..……..
4 (Claire and Matt are married – they got married six months ago)
Claire and Matt have ………………………………………………………………………..
5 (Laura studies medicine at university – she started three years ago)
Laura has ………………………………………………………………………..
6 (David plays the piano – he started when he was seven years old)
David has ………………………………………………………………………..

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”just”
Use ‘just’ for a very recent action
(just = a short time ago)

Examples:

● A: Are Laura and Paul here?

B: Yes, they’ve just arrived.

● A: Are you hungry?

B: No, I’ve just had dinner.

● A: Is Tom here?
B: No, I’m afraid he’s just gone.
(= he has just gone)

1. Write a sentence with ‘just’ for each picture.

This is our

1 ….. They’ve just arrived ……………… 3 They ..………………………………………….

2 He ……………………………………………… 4 The race………………………………………

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2. Write a sentence with ‘just’ (They’ve just … / She’s just …)

1 …………She has just gone out………………..

2 The bus ……………………………………………………
3 The train ……………………………………………………
4 He ……………………………………………………
5 They ……………………………………………………
6 It ……………………………………………………

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PART TWO
just / already / yet
✔ Use ‘just’ for a very recent action
(just = a short time ago)

Examples:

● A: Are Laura and Paul here?

B: Yes, they’ve just arrived.

● A: Are you hungry?

B: No, I’ve just had dinner.

● A: Is Tom here?
B: No, I’m afraid he’s just gone.
(= he has just gone)

✔ Use ‘already’ in positive sentences.

(already = before you expected / before I expected)
Examples:

● A: What time are Laura and Paul coming?

B: They’ve already arrived.
(= Laura and Paul arrived before A expected)

● It’s only 9 o’clock and Anna has already gone to bed.

(= Anna went before I expected)

● A: Jon, this is Emma.

B: Yes, I know. We’ve already met.

✔ Use ‘yet’ in negative sentences and in questions. It goes at the end of the sentence.
(yet = until now)
‘yet’ in negative sentences:

Examples:

● A: Are Laura and Paul here?

B: No, they haven’t arrived yet.
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 (but B expects Laura and Paul to arrive soon)

● A: Does James know that you’re going away?

B: No, I haven’t told him yet.
(but B is going to tell him soon)

‘yet’ in questions (Have you … yet?)

Examples:

● A: Have Laura and Paul arrived yet?

B: No, not yet. We’re still waiting for them

● A: Has Nicola started her new job yet?

B: No, she starts next week.

Exercise:

1 Write a sentence with ‘just’ for each picture.

This is our

5 ….. They’ve just arrived ……………… 7 They ..………………………………………….

6 He ……………………………………………… 8 The race………………………………………

2 Complete the sentences. Use ‘already’ + present perfect.

What time is Paul arriving?

…….. He’s already arrived ………………………..
Do your friends want to see the film?
No, they …………………………………………. it
Don’t forget to phone Tom.
I …………………………………………………….
When is Mark going away?
He …………………………………………………..

Do you want to read the newspaper? I……………………………………………………..

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When does Sarah start her new job? She………………………………………………….
3 Write a sentence with ‘just’ (They’ve just … / She’s just … etc.) or a negative sentence with
‘yet’ (They haven’t … yet / She hasn’t … yet etc.).

4 Write questions with ‘yet’.

1 Your friend has a new job. Perhaps she has started it. You ask her:
…….. Have you started your new job yet ………………………………………?
2 Your friend has some new neighbours. Perhaps he has met them. You ask him:
………………… you ………………………………………………………………………………?
3 Your friend has to pay her electricity bill. Perhaps she has paid it. You ask her:
………………… you ………………………………………………………………………………?
4 Tom was trying to sell his car. Perhaps he has sold it. You ask a friend about Tom:
………………… you ………………………………………………………………………………?

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 UNIT 10: RELATIVE CLAUSE
1. Getting to know
The girl who is talking to
you, is my sister.
Who Refers to human
John is the man who lives
next door.
That’s the TV, which I
bought last week.
Which Refers to things
I don’t like parties, which
are so crowded.

a. Who
Who can act as the subject of the relative clause:
⮚ He is going out with a girl who is a nurse.
⮚ Joni is working with Mr. Denzel, who is a wonderful person.
Who can be the object of the relative clause:
⮚ The woman who you talked to yesterday, is my sister.
⮚ The guy who Susie is hanging out with, works in a museum.

b. Which
Which can act as the subject and as the object of the relative clause:
⮚ The Time Magazine, which releases a special issue every year, will be bought by
another organization.
⮚ It’s the same movie which I saw last week.
Which can refer to a whole sentence:
⮚ There’s going to be a head chef in May, which is good.
⮚ Growing up in urban cities gives children many privileges, which is not always a
good thing.

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2. Exercise
a. Put the nouns in the right box
Tommy bike chair doctor woman banana car waiter lawyer

necklace ring lighter nurse house laptop

Who Which

b. Use the relative pronouns to rewrite the sentences

1. He worked for a woman. She used to be an artist.

..........................................................................................
2. They called a doctor. He lived nearby.
..........................................................................................
3. I wrote an email to my sister. She lives in Italy.
..........................................................................................
4. Linh liked the waiter. He was very friendly.
..........................................................................................
5. We broke a car. It belonged to my uncle.
..........................................................................................
6. Ba dropped a cup. It was new.
..........................................................................................
7. Nam loves books. They have happy endings.
..........................................................................................
8. I live in a city. It is in the north of Vietnam.

..........................................................................................

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c. Use “who” or “which” to complete these sentences

1. She worked for a man (the man used to be an athlete)

..........................................................................................
2. They called a lawyer (the lawyer lived nearby)

..........................................................................................
3. I sent an email to my brother (my brother lives in Australia).

..........................................................................................
4. The customer liked the waitress (the waitress was very friendly).

..........................................................................................
5. We broke the computer (the computer belonged to my father)

..........................................................................................
6.  I dropped a glass (the glass was new)

..........................................................................................
7. She loves books (the books have happy endings)

..........................................................................................

d. Correct the mistakes, know that there are correct sentences

1. We have 5 different phones who are from 5 brands.

2. The girl who used to be my neighbor.
3. The police caught a thief which stole the diamonds.
4. The phone, which I bought last month, is an iPhone 8.
5. I gave my mom a necklace where I bought in Nigeria.
6. My dad fixed the motorbike, who used to be mine, and gave it to my brother.

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 e. Multiple choice

1. The woman ________ we met is my aunt.

a. who
b. why
c. which
2. The book ________ she read is from the library.
a. where
b. which
c. why
3. The girl _________ is on TV, is a singer.
a. who
b. which
c. when
4. The drink ________ I brought yesterday, is not wine.
a. where
b. who
c. which
5. The boy ________ lives next door, is my cousin.

a. who
b. which
c. when
3. Activity:
Work in pairs:
Use “who” and “which” to describe your family members and things in your bag.

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 UNIT 11: PASSIVE VOICE
infinitive to be sung

perfect infinitive to have been sung

participle sung

perfect participle having been sung

gerund being sung

Simple Continuous Perfect

Present am, are, is sung am, are, is being + V3/ed have, has been +
V3/ed

Past was, were + was, were being + V3/ed had been + V3/ed
V3/ed

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 Future will be + V3/ed will be being + V3/ed will have been + V3/ed

1.Fill in the blanks:

1. Penicillin ______ by Alexander Fleming in 1928. (discover)
2. Statements ______ from all the witnesses at this moment. (take)
3. Whales ______ by an international ban on whaling. (must protect)
4. Both weddings _______ by Good Taste. (cater)
5. A Picasso ____ from the Metropolitan Museum of Art.(steal)
6. ____ this washing machine ______in Germany? (make)
7. Tea _____ in China. (grow)
8. When we reached the airport, we found that all the flights____ due to the storm. (cancel)
9. The fax _____ until tomorrow morning. (not send)
10.The soundtrack of a movie _____ always _____ after the filming is finished. (is/add)

2. Change from active voice to passive voice:

1. The waiter brings me this dish.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Our friends send these postcards to us.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

3. Their grandmother told them this story when they visited her last week.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Tim ordered this train ticket for his mother.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

5. She showed her ticket to the airline agent.

……………………………………………………………………………………..
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6. Jim baked this cake yesterday.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

7. They are going to buy a new apartment next year.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

8. The shop assistant handed these boxes to the customer.

……………………………………………………………………………………..
9. The board awarded the first prize to the reporter.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
10. Have you sent the Christmas cards to your family?
……………………………………………………………………………………..
11. The committee appointed Alice secretary for the meeting.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
12. Tom will give Anna a ride to school tomorrow.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
13. They keep this room tidy all the time.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
14. We gave Ann some bananas and some flowers.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
15. They moved the fridge into the living room.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
16. When will you do the work?

……………………………………………………………………………………..
17. How are you going to deal with this problem?

……………………………………………………………………………………..
18. How do you spend this amount of money?

……………………………………………………………………………………..
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19. I wonder whether the board of directors will choose Susan or Jane for the position.

……………………………………………………………………………………..
20. How did the police find the lost man?

……………………………………………………………………………………..

3. Fill in the blanks: Writing IELTS Task 1:

The first diagram (1-illustrate)____________the process of cement manufacture, and the

second diagram (2-show)_____________ the materials that go into the production of concrete.

It is clear that there are five stages in the production of cement, beginning with the input of raw
materials and ending with bags of the finished product. To produce concrete, four different
materials (3-mix)______________ together.

At the first stage in the production of cement, limestone and clay (4-crush)____________ to
form a powder. This powder then (5-mix)______________ before it passes into a rotating
heater. After heating, the resulting mixture (6-grind)_______________, and cement (7-
produce)______________. Finally, the cement (8-package)_______________in large bags.

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Cement is one of the four raw materials that (9-use)_______________ in the production of
concrete, along with gravel, sand and water. To be exact, concrete (10-
consist)_______________ of 50% gravel, 25% sand, 15% cement and 10% water. All four
materials are blended together in a rotating machine called a concrete mixer.

119