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SESSION: 2018 – 19
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
TOPIC: PREPARATION OF DOUBLE SALTS
ROLL NO:
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Riyan kaibarta of Class XII ‘A’ of
Jawahar Navodaya vidyalay, Bankura has successfully
completed the Chemistry Investigatory Project on the
topic Preparation of Double Salts
under the guidance of Chemistry teacher Dr.Jamshed Ali
in partial fulfillment of curriculum of
Central Board Of Secondary Education (AISSCE) for
the academic session 2018-19.
PRINCIPAL SIGNATURE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would deeply like to thank our Honourable Principal,
Dr. XXX , Vice Principal , Ms. XX and Chemistry
Teacher , Mrs. XXfor giving me a golden opportunity for
making a successful project on the topic
Preparation of Double Salts.
I am thankful to my esteemed teacher for guiding me and
providing lab facilities to conduct the experiments .This
project helped me to explore my knowledge, and do
research work.
Secondly, I am grateful to my parents for providing me all
the materials required to complete this project within
limited time in an organized manner.
CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE NO.
1. DOUBLE SALTS 01
2. MOHR’S SALT 03
3. POTASH ALUM 06
4. AMMONIUM ALUM 10
5. METHODS OF PREPARATION 12
5.1 EXPERIMENT 1
5.2 EXPERIMENT 2
5.3 EXPERIMENT 3
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 19
DOUBLE SALTS
Double salts are salts containing more than one cation or anion,
and are obtained by combination of two different salts which
were crystallised in the same regular ionic lattice.
Examples: Aluminium Sulfacetate(Al2SO4(CH3CO2)4) ,
Rochelle’s Salt(
KNaC4H4O6·4H2O) etc.
Each salt in the mixture has its own unique crystal structure.
Properties of Double Salts are –
1. A double salt is combination of two or more different salts.
2. A double salt completely disassociates in ions in water and
gives simple ions. An aqueous solution of a double salt is
composed of cations and anions which were in the initial two
salt compounds.
3. A double salt can be easily analysed by testing the presence of
simple cations and anions present in it.
Points of Difference between Double Salt and Complex Salt
are –
1. Double salts completely dissociate into its ions in water
whereas Complex salts do not completely dissociate into its
01
ions in water.
02
MOHR’S SALT
(AMMONIUM IRON SULPHATE /
(NH4)2SO4Fe(SO4)2.6H2O)
Ammonium iron sulphate, or Mohr's salt, is the inorganic
compound containing two different cations, Fe2+ and NH4+, and
an anion SO42-. It is classified as a double salt of ferrous sulphate
and ammonium sulphate. The
ammonium ions make solutions of Mohr's salt slightly acidic.
Mohr's salt is named after the German chemist Karl Friedrich
Mohr, who made many important advances in the methodology
of titration in the 19th century.
STRUCTURE:
PREPARATION:
03
containing a little sulphuric acid, and then subjecting the
resulting solution to crystallization. Ferrous ammonium
sulphate forms light green crystals.
Detailed steps of preparation of Mohr’s salt will be discussed
later in this project.
PROPERTIES:
04
USES:
1. This salt is used as an efficient source of ferrous ions( Fe2+ )
due to its long shelf life.
POTASH ALUM
(POTTASIUM ALUMINIUM SULPHATE/
KAl(SO4)2.12H2O)
STRUCTURE:
PREPARATION:
PROPERTIES:
USES:
1. Potassium alum is used in medicine mainly as an astringent
(or styptic) and antiseptic.
2. Potassium alum is used to reduce blooding and to relieve
stings and bites.
3. Potassium and ammonium alum are the active ingredients
in some antiperspirants and deodorants, acting by inhibiting the
growth of the bacteria responsible for body odour. Alum's
antiperspirant and antibacterial properties contribute to its
traditional use as an underarm deodorant.
4. Potassium alum is used as a fire retardant to render cloth,
wood, and paper materials less flammable.
08
AMMONIUM ALUM
(AMMONIUM ALUMINIUM SULPHATE/
NH4Al(SO4)2.12H2O ) STRUCTURE:
MELTING POINT : 93.5οC ; 200.3οF ;
It is a white crystalline double sulphate usually encountered as
the dodecahydrate. It has a hexagonal crystal structure when in
an anhydrous state and a cubic crystal structure when in a
hydrous state. It has an octahedral coordinate geometry.
PREPARATION:
NATURAL OCCURENCES: The dodecahydrate occurs
naturally as the rare mineral tschermigite.
INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION: Ammonium alum is made
from aluminium hydroxide, sulphuric acid and ammonium
sulphate. It forms a solid solution with potassium alum.
Pyrolysis leaves alumina.
PROPERTIES:
CHEMICAL FORMULA NH4Al(SO4)2.12H2O
MOLAR MASS 237.15 g/mol (anhydrous)
453.33 g/mol (dodecahydrous)
APPEARANCE Dull white crystals
DENSITY 2.45 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
1.64 g/cm3 (dodecahydrous)
10
BOILING POINT 120οC ; 248οF ;
398K(dodecahydrate)
MELTING POINT 93.5οC ; 200.3οF ; 366.6K
SOLUBILITY IN WATER 15 g/ 100ml at 20οC
(dodecahydrate)
pH 3 to 5 (slightly acidic)
USES:
1. It is used in water purification.
11
MY PROJECT: METHODS OF PREPARATION OF DOUBLE
SALTS –
12
6. Dry the crystals by placing them between filter paper.
REACTION:
FeSO4.7H2O + (NH4)2SO4 FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O(aq)
(Ferrous (Ammonium (Mohr’s Salt)
Sulphate) Sulphate)
13
EXPERIMENT 2: PREPARATION OF POTASH
ALUM
AIM: To prepare a pure sample of potash alum.
REQUIREMENTS: Beakers, china dish, funnel, glass rod, wire
gauze, Bunsen burner, Potassium Sulphate, Aluminium
Sulphate, dilute sulphuric acid.
PROCEDURE: 1. Take a 250ml beaker. Transfer 2.5g of
potassium sulphate crystals to it. Add about 20ml of water. Stir
to dissolve the crystals.
2. Take another 250ml beaker and transfer 10g of aluminium
sulphate crystals to it. Add about 20ml of water and add 1ml of
dilute sulphuric acid to prevent hydrolysis of aluminium
sulphate crystals to it. Heat for about 5 minutes and filter the
solution if milkiness still persists.
3. Mix the two solutions in a china dish and place the china
dish over a wire gauze placed over a burner. Stir the solution
with a glass rod. Concentrate the solution till crystallization
point is reached. Place the dish over a beaker containing cold
water.
4.Crystals of potash alum will separate out. Decant off the
mother liquor and wash the crystals with cold water.
5. Dry the crystals by placing them between filter paper.
14
REACTION:
K2SO4 + Al2(SO4)3.18H2O + 6H2O
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
(Potassium Sulphate) + (Aluminium Sulphate)
(Potash Alum)
15
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Chemistry Class XII Part-1 – NCERT
2. Comprehensive Practical Chemistry – Class XII
3. Wikipedia and other websites
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