ELECTROMAGNETICS –

VECTOR ANALYSIS
PRELIMS – LECTURE 1
 SCALAR AND VECTOR

❖ Scalar – These refers to a quantity whose values are represented by a single real number (Positive or Negative).
❖ Examples: Speed,Temperature (+ or – degree) , Length, Height, etc.
❖ Vector – These refers to a quantity that has both magnitude and direction (2 – dimensional & 3 – dimensional space)
❖ Examples: Force(Need direction to be defined),Velocity, Electric field, etc.
❖ Represented by a directed ray.
Arrowhead or Arrow

R
CONVENTION:
A quantity is a vector if it is written in bold font or has an
End Point
arrow above. A or A
 VECTOR AND SCALAR FIELD

❖ A “Field” (Scalar or Vector) may be defined mathematically as some function of that vector which connects an
arbitrary origin to a general point reference or space.
❖ Input – Output:
❖ x, y, z – f(x, y, z)
❖ Examples:
❖ (Scalar Field)Temperature at any point A inside a container.
❖ (Vector Field) Magnetic field of earth.
 ALGEBRA OF VECTOR

❖ Vectors – Represented by an arrowhead or a letter.

❖ Two vectors may be added graphically by having a sketch or drawing bot vectors from a common origin and
completing a parallelogram or endpoint to arrowhead method or (Tip to Tail Method).

❖ Example:
B
A
A

B
 ALGEBRA OF VECTOR

❖ Vectors – Represented by an arrowhead or a letter.

❖ The rule for subtracting the vectors is to negate one of the vector then perform the addition.
❖ Negating the vector is simply changing its direction.
❖ Example:

Vector Addition Vector Subtraction

A A

B B
 ALGEBRA OF VECTOR

❖ Vector multiplied by scalar:

❖ Vectors can be multiplied by scalar, but the only thing that changes is the magnitude (except for -1) of the vector
and not its direction.
❖ Multiplication of a vector by a scalar obey the “Associative” and “Distributive” laws of algebra.

(r + s) (A + B) = r(A + B) + s(A +B) = rA + rB + sA + sB

❖ Dividing a vector by scalar value is multiplying it with the reciprocal scalar.

𝟏
A ÷a = A x
𝒂
 CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

❖ Also known as the rectangular coordinate system.

❖ Axes of convention follows the right – hand – rule.
❖ It is the simplest way to describe a position in space.

Right-Handed Rectangular
Point P & Q Differential Volume Element
Coordinate System
 CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

❖ Also known as the rectangular coordinate system.

❖ Axes of convention follows the right – hand – rule.
❖ It is the simplest way to describe a position in space.

❖ Pointing Finger (x)

❖ Middle Finger (y)
❖ Thumb finger (z)
 VECTOR COMPONENTS

❖ Vector “r” can be written as r = x + y + z

❖ x – coordinate is equal to the distance of P from the yz plane.
❖ y – coordinate is equal to the distance of P from the xz plane.
❖ z – coordinate is equal to the distance of P from the xy plane .

❖ A vector is identified by giving its three

“component vectors” each lying along
the three coordinate axes whose vector Vector r drawn
sum is the given vector.
❖ x y and z are the component vectors of r.
 UNITS AND POSITION OF VECTORS

❖ Unit Vector – These are vectors with unit magnitude and directed along the coordinate
axes in the direction of increasing coordinate values.

❖ Symbols : ax + ay + az ax + ay + az i, j, k z
❖ A vector pointing from the origin to a point P(x=x0, y=y0, z=z0) is
written as:
rP = x0ax + y0ay + z0az
rP
Illustration: For P(2, -3, 1) we have y
rP = x0ax + y0ay + z0az 2, -3, and 1 are the component scalars, and
rP = 2ax – 3ay + 1az
2ax, 3ay, 1az are the component vectors. x
 VECTOR OF TWO COMPONENTS

❖ To find vector formed two points, subtract their coordinates plus

the unit vectors.
rP = x0ax + y0ay + z0az
❖ The vector from P ( 1, 2, 3) to Q (2, -2, 1)
z RPQ = rQ – rP
RPQ = (2ax - 2ay + 1az) – (1ax + 2ay + 3az)
P (1,2,3)
Distribute the negative sign of rP
RPQ = (2ax - 2ay + 1az) –1ax - 2ay - 3az
y Combine similar terms

Q(2,-2,1) RPQ = (2 – 1)ax + (-2 – 2)ay + (1 – 3)az

RPQ = ax – 4ay – 2az
x
 MAGNITUDE OF VECTORS (EUCLIDEAN NORM)

❖ Any vector B may be described by its magnitude given by:

B = 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑦 2 + 𝐵𝑧 2 Note that if we get the magnitude of any vector, its result is always scalar.
z
❖ The unit vector in the direction of B, or ab, is given by:

𝐵 Note that if we get the unit B

ab =
𝐵2 𝑥+𝐵2 𝑦+𝐵2 𝑧 vector of a given vector, its
Bz
𝐵 result is a vector. Bx y
ab = a
𝐵

x By
 MAGNITUDE OF VECTORS (EUCLIDEAN NORM)

❖ Any vector B may be described by its magnitude given by:

B = 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑦 2 + 𝐵𝑧 2
z
❖ The unit vector in the direction of B, or ab, is given by:

𝐵 Ex. Given H= ax+2ay-2az B

ab =
𝐵2 𝑥+𝐵2 𝑦+𝐵2 𝑧
H = 12 + 22 + −22 = 3 Bz
Bx y
ab =
𝐵
𝐻 1 aH
𝐵 aH = = 3ax + 23ay - 23az
𝐻 x By

H
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

Specify the unit vector extending from origin towards the point M(2, -2, -1). Find also its magnitude and the
desired unit vector.
Solving for terminal Point of origin and Point M.

Given:
Solving for magnitude of vector “M”. Solving for desired unit vector “M”.
Point of origin: (0, 0, 0,) 𝑀
M = 𝑀𝑥 2 + 𝑀𝑦 2 + 𝑀𝑧 2 aM =
Point M: (2, -2, -1) 𝑀

M = (2-0)ax + (-2-0)ay + (-1-0)az M = 22 + (−22 ) + (−12 )

aM =
2𝑎𝑥 −2𝑎𝑦 −𝑎𝑧
3
M = 2ax -2ay - az M = 9 aM = 𝑎𝑥 – ay – 1az
2
3
2
3 3 or
M =3 aM = 0.667ax – 0.677ay – 0.333az
DOT OR SCALAR PRODUCT

• Definition:The dot product of two vectors a= (a1, a2, …an) and b=(b1, b2, …bn).
a . b = σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖𝑏𝑖 =a1b1 + a2b2 + …+ anbn = a b cosø

Properties:
a . b = b. a (commutative)
a . (b + c) = a . b + a . c (distributive over vector addition)
a b, then a. b = 0 (orthogonal vectors) Projection of vector A in the direction of
vector B is given by:
𝐴.𝐵
AB = 𝐵
 DOT PRODUCT OR SCALAR

• The dot product of two vectors A and B is defined as the

scalar value AB cosø where ø is the angle between them such
that 0≤ø ≤π.
• It is denoted by A . B by placing a dot sign between vectors.
 CROSS PRODUCT

The cross product of A x B is vector; the magnitude of A x B is equal to

the product of the magnitudes of A,B and the sine of the smaller angle
between A and B; the direction of A x B is perpendicular to the plane
containing A and B and is along the one of the two possible
perpendiculars which is in the direction of advance of a right – hand
screw as A is turned into B.
 OPERATION OF CROSS PRODUCT

Begin with:

Where: (ax x ay = az) (ay x az = ax) (az x ax = ay)

Therefore:

OR
 CROSS PRODUCT

The cross product of two vectors A and B is defined as AB sinø with a

direction perpendicular to A and B in right hand rule where ø is the angle
between them such that 0≤ø ≤π.

It is denoted by A x B by placing a cross sign between vectors.

 DOT PRODUCT VS CROSS PRODUCT

Dot Product Cross Product

Result of the dot product is a scalar quantity Result of cross product is a vector quantity

It follows commutative law It doesn’t follow commutative law

Dot product of vectors in the same direction is Cross product of vectors in same direction is zero
maximum
Dot product of orthogonal vector is zero Cross product of orthogonal vector is maximum

It doesn’t follow right hand rule It follows right hand rule

It is used to find projection of vectors It is used to find third vector

It is represented by a dot (.) It is represented by a cross (x)

SOLVING CROSS PRODUCT

Given M = 2ax + 4ay –az and N = ax – 2ay

Since Naz is not given, it is automatically the value of az is 0.
M x N = (My Nz – Mz Ny)ax + (Mz Nx – Mx Nz)ay + (Mx Ny – My Nx)az
M x N = [(4)(0) – (-1)(-2)]ax +[(-1)(1) – (2)(0)]ay +[(2)(-2) – (4)(1)]az
M x N = [(0) – (2)]ax + [(-1)-(0)]ay +[(-4) – (4)]az
M x N = -2ax – ay – 8az
 SOLVE PROBLEM DOT AND CROSS PRODUCT

• Given A = 2ax + 4y and B = 6ay – 4az find the smaller angle ø between them using.
• A. Cross Product
A = ( 2) + ( 4 ) + 02 = 4.47
2 2
• B. Dot Product
B = 02 + ( 6 ) + ( −4 ) = 7.21
2 2
Using Cross Product
A x B = (Ay Bz – Az By)ax + (Az Bx – Ax Bz)ay + (Ax By – Ay Bx)az
A B = ( −16 ) + ( 8 ) + (12 ) = 21.54
2 2 2

A x B = [(4)(-4) – (0)(6)]ax +[(0)(0) – (2)(-4)]ay +[(2)(6) – (4)(0)]az

A x B = [(-16) – (0)]ax + [(0)-(-8)]ay +[(12) – (0)]az
A  B = A B sin 
A x B = -16ax + 8ay + 12az
21.54  = 41.9o
sin  = = 0.668
( 4.47 )( 7.21)
 SOLVE PROBLEM DOT AND CROSS PRODUCT

• Given A = 2ax + 4y and B = 6ay – 4az find the smaller angle ø between them using.
• A. Cross Product
• B. Dot Product

A  B = ( 2 )( 0 ) + ( 4 )( 6 ) + ( 0 )( −4 ) = 24

A B 24
cos  = = = 0.745  = 41.9o
A B ( 4.47 )( 7.21)
ANY QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU & KEEP SAFE