State function

 State functions are values that depend on the current state of the system, and
not on how that state was reached.
 Internal energy (U) of a system is a state function.
 Similarly all the properties that are used to define a state.
 State sunctions (Path functions) have exact differentials

1 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Basic Engineering Thermodynamics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Work
 Moving boundary work or Expansion work
 The work arising from a change in volume
 This type of work includes the work done by a gas as it expands
 A reversible change in thermodynamics is a change that can be reversed by an
infinitesimal modification of a variable.
 To achieve reversible expansion we set pex equal to p at each stage of the expansion

 P is absolute pressure, always positive

 Total work

2 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Basic Engineering Thermodynamics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Path functions
 Path functions are functions that depend on the path taken to reach a specific
value.
 Ex. Work done and Heat transfered.
 Path functions have inexact differentials designated by the symbol δ

3 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Basic Engineering Thermodynamics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Free expansion and constant pressure expansion
 free expansion is the expansion against zero opposing force (w = 0).
 Const. pr. expansion in like expansion against atm. pressure (or any const. pr.)

4 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Basic Engineering Thermodynamics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Work
 Electrical work

 Shaft work

5 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Basic Engineering Thermodynamics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 First law of thermodynamics
 Conservation of energy
 For all adiabatic processes between two specified states of a closed system, the
net work done is the same regardless of the nature of the closed system and the
details of the process.
 In all cases in which work is produced by the agency of heat, a quantity of heat
is consumed which is proportional to the work done; and conversely, by the
expenditure of an equal quantity of work an equal quantity of heat is produced.
-Rudolf Clausius, 1850
 Change in the internal energy of a closed system is equal to the amount of heat
supplied to the system, plus the amount of work done on the system.
dU= Q - W
6 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering
Basic Engineering Thermodynamics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Enthalpy
 Change in internal energy is not equal to the heat transfer when the fluid is
allowed to expand (or change its volume).

 Some of the energy is given back to the surrounding as expansion work.

 δQ = dU (fixed volume), but in case of expansion δQ > dU!

 H = U + pV

7 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Basic Engineering Thermodynamics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 First law of thermodynamics
 Conservation of energy
 In all cases in which work is produced by the agency of heat, a quantity of heat
is consumed which is proportional to the work done; and conversely, by the
expenditure of an equal quantity of work an equal quantity of heat is produced.
-Rudolf Clausius, 1850
 Change in the internal energy of a closed system is equal to the amount of heat
supplied to the system, plus the amount of work done on the system.
dU= Q - W

8 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Basic Engineering Thermodynamics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Zeroth law of thermodynamics
 If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in
thermal equilibrium with each other.

9 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Basic Engineering Thermodynamics National Institute of Technology Karnataka