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The Effect of Different Ratios of Jackfruit and Rubber Tree Latex as an

Alternative Sealant

Research · April 2019

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32764.90249

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The Effect of Different Ratios of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and Rubber Tree (Hevea
brasiliensis) Latex Mixture as an Alternative Sealant

A Research Paper Presented to:

The Research Committee of Sindangan National High School

In Partial Fulfilment of the requirements in Research IV

Ermildo Lynx R. Diamante1

Mark Joshua C. Carpo2

i
 Acknowledgement

First and foremost, I would like to thank God, the Almighty, for His guidance

throughout the completion of this study.

I would like also to express my gratitude and appreciation to my adviser, Mr. Mark

Joshua Carpo, for his encouragement and being a great mentor. His advices and supervision

in research have been valuable.

Special thanks to my teachers, Mrs. Vanesa Patron and Mrs. Nova Dunque for their

motherly support to finish our research.

I would also like to extend my thanks to those people who helped me in

accomplishing this study, especially to my family.

Lastly, to my classmates and friends who made me smile amidst the pressure I felt in

completing this work.

May the Almighty God bless us all.

Ermildo Lynx R. Diamante

ii
 THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT RATIOS OF JACKFRUIT (ARTOCARPUS
HETEROPHYLLUS) AND RUBBER TREE (HEVEA BRASILIENSIS) LATEX
MIXTURE AS AN ALTERNATIVE SEALANT
Ermildo Lynx R. Diamante1
Mark Joshua C. Carpo2

Research Abstract

This study investigated the effect of different ratios of jackfruit and rubber latex as an
alternative sealant due to the commercial sealants’ high price, use of toxic ingredients, and
unsustainability. The researcher tested the maximum pressure tolerances of different mixtures
of jackfruit and rubber latex
Different set-up mixtures were prepared by the researcher. Each set-up differed in the amount
of jackfruit latex infused in the mixture. The first of the set-ups was composed of 5ml rubber
and 5ml jackfruit latex (1:1), the second was composed of 4ml rubber and 8ml jackfruit (1:2),
the third of 3ml of rubber and 9ml of jackfruit (1:3). The different set-ups were mixed and
heated until both ingredients incorporated. A control setup was also created which consisted
of commercial sealants. Then each set-up was then subdivided into 10 rough portions, with
each portion applied to a galvanized iron sheet. A total of 50 galvanized iron sheets were
used. To test the maximum pressure tolerance of each sample, the sample was placed in the
pressure test device and tested to destruction.
Analysis of Variance was performed which showed a significant difference between the
tolerances of the set-ups. Further statistical analysis showed that out of all the setups tested,
the 1:2 setup had the highest pressure tolerance. The commercial sealant on the other hand
had a tolerance lower than the 1:2 setup. Furthermore, it was proven that there was a
significant effect of using different amount of ratio of jackfruit and rubber tree latex as an
alternative sealant.
The researcher recommend the use of the 1:2 mixture for commercial sealing purposes as it
can withstand the highest pressure out of all the sealants tested and is well enough to handle
the rigors of regular use. Commercialization is feasible with jackfruit latex extracted from the
trees

Keywords: Maximum Pressure Tolerance, Jackfruit Latex, Rubber Latex, Latex Sealant,
Sealant

iii
 Contents

Cover i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgment iii
Abstract iv
Contents vi
List of Figures viii
List of Tables ix

Chapter 1. Background and Its Scope 1

Background 1

Theoretical Framework 3

Statement of the problem 9

Null Hypothesis 9

Conceptual Framework 9

Significance of the Study 11

Scope and Delimitations 12

Definition of Terms 13

Chapter 2 Materials and Methods 14

Research Design 14

Research Locale 14

Procurement of Components 15

Extraction of Main Components 15

Making of the Setup 16

Creation of the Measuring Equipment 17

Pressure Testing 17

Treatment of Data 18

iv
Chapter 3 Results and Discussions 19

The Average Amount of Pressure that Each 19

Setup of Different Ratio of Jackfruit and Rubber
Tree Latex Withstood

ANOVA of the Maximum Pressure Tolerance 21

Using Different Ratios of Jackfruit and Rubber
Tree Latex as an Alternative Sealant

Chapter 4 Conclusions and Recommendations 25

Summary 25

Findings 25

Conclusions 26

Recommendations 27

References 28

Appendices 32

v
 List of Figures

Table Title Page

1 Conceptual Framework of the Study 10

vi
 List of Tables

Table Title Page

1 The average amount of pressure that each setup of different 19

ratio of jackfruit and rubber tree latex can withstand

2 Analysis of Variance 21

3 Tukey Post Hoc Test 22

4 Homogeneous Subsets 23

vii
viii
 Chapter 1

Background and Its Scope

Introduction

Random unexpected eventualities such as pipe leakage and roof breakage

are bothersome circumstances due to the discomfort it provides. Pipe leakage and

roof breakage are the usual problems in the household that lead to abrupt expenses

for its repair. The damages are usually treated with a sealant. Sealant is a

substance used to block the passage of fluids through the surface or joints or

openings in material (Oxford University Press, 2009). Sealants fall between

higher-strength adhesives at one end and extremely low-strength putties and

caulks at the other (Adhesive and Sealant Council, 2008). There are certain types

of sealants which are manufactured commercially by certain companies which aid

in the common problem that every household experience. However, commercial

sealants these days are usually expensive. Furthermore, recent studies show that

some commercial sealants are potential hazards since they contain toxic chemicals

like isocyanates (Blue Green Alliance Foundation, 2016).

It has been postulated that latexes from certain trees and plants contain

various components like latex. Latex is a milky liquid found in many plants but is

not the same as sap (Myers, 2017). After such deliberation, the researcher decided

to make use of jackfruit latex and rubber tree latex to make an alternative sealant.

This mixture of materials was selected due to the unique properties possessed by
 2

the said materials. It has been scientifically proven that jackfruit latex is a

potential source of adhesive. Jackfruit trees are 30 to 70 ft. (9-21 m) tall, with

evergreen, alternate, glossy, somewhat leathery leaves to 9 in (22.5 cm) long, oval

on mature wood, sometimes oblong or deeply lobed on young shoots. All parts

contain sticky white latex (Morton, 1987). The heated latex is employed as

household cement for mending chinaware and earthenware, and to caulk boats and

holes in bucket (Tacio, 2017). The chemical constituents of the latex have been

reported by Tanchico and Magpanlay. It is not a substitute for rubber but contains

82.6 to 86.4% resins which may have value in varnishes (Morton, 1987). The

latex extracted from the plant is extremely sticky and therefore also used as an

adhesive (Dass, 2017).

Another scientific inquiry has tested and proven the elastic property of

rubber making it the perfect binder and filler for a sealant. The rubber trees grow

to heights of 100 to 130 feet and can live up to 100 years. Its most famous feature

is the milky white sap, known as latex, which flows freely from the tree when a

sliver of bark is removed. A rubber tree, also referred to as rubber wood, can be

tapped for latex once it reaches approximately six years of age (Rainforest

Alliance, 2012). From surgical bandages to caulks, Natural Rubber Latex (NRL)

is used in numerous products in the adhesives and sealants industry. In the 1845,

the first rubber-based adhesive patent (U.S. Patent number 3, 965) was issued to

Henry Day. Natural rubber latex was the first polymer to be used to produce

pressure-sensitive adhesives. Interestingly, NRL is the only material that sticks to

itself, making it ideal for cold-seal adhesives (Doyle, 2010).

 3

The jackfruit latex and rubber tree latex mixtures are possible eco-friendly

and inexpensive solution for sealing common household leakages. The researcher

combined the constituents which are jackfruit latex and rubber tree latex by

heating the ingredients to form a tacky substance that was used as an alternative

sealant. Carpenters, plumbers, and ordinary household members can be the

beneficiaries of the said alternative sealant. In the study, the researcher

manipulated the concentrations of the jackfruit latex to determine the optimal

measurement of the said ingredient. Furthermore, the sealant was applied on steel

sheets with a punctured hole and the researcher tested its effect by applying high

pressures until the seal was broken.

Theoretical Framework

The researcher of the study have decided that mixtures composed of

jackfruit latex on a rubber base are an appropriate alternative to commercial

sealants. This is due to several factors inherent to jackfruit latex and rubber.

According to Team WFM (2016), it has been established that sealants are

“polymers having a tight molecular structure that does not allow water to

penetrate a seal”. The researcher of the study has empirical evidence that a

mixture of jackfruit latex upon a rubber base possesses hydrophobic properties

and other desirable properties usually required for a sealant to do its job. The

hydrophobic property of the components is the main factor for producing the

sealant as the mixture is a worthy alternative to the commercial sealants found in

 4

hardware shops. According to an article by Than (2017), it was mentioned that

“hydrophobes are nonpolar molecules and usually have a long chain of carbons

that do not interact with water molecules.” American Chemist Walter Kauzmann

described that nonpolar substances tend to clump up together rather than evenly

distribute itself in an aqueous medium, because this allows the compounds to

expose the least surface area to the aqueous solution. When hydrophobes are

placed in an aqueous medium, the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules

will have to be broken for the hydrophobe to be dissolved into the medium and as

commonly noted, hydrogen bonds are the strongest bonds that form between any

given molecules. It is due to the hydrogen bonds that hydrophobes would much

rather stick together than dissolve into the solution.

Sealants, sometimes called caulks, are viscous substances which are used

to fill the voids, cracks, and gaps between substrates. Sealants are usually used as

barriers because of its structure and properties. Sealants generally contain inert

filler material and are usually formulated with an elastomer to give the required

low flexibility and elongation as overall strength is not important. They usually

have a paste consistency to allow filling of gaps between substrates.

There are different types of sealants which includes latex sealants and

elastomeric sealants. Latex sealants are water-based, easy to tool, easy to clean up,

paintable, and relatively less expensive than other types of sealants. Latex sealants

are usually made from latex emulsions. As stated by Reddy and Palmer (2004),

latex emulsions, which contain a stable water-insoluble, polymeric colloidal

suspension in an aqueous solution, are commonly used in sealant compositions to

 5

improve the properties of those compositions by suspending the small particles

inside the flexible structure of the colloid. Latex emulsions are also employed to

reduce the brittleness of the sealant compositions. In addition, latex emulsions are

used to improve the flexibility of sealant compositions. Different types of sealants

have different pressure tolerances for different purposes as the pressure tolerance.

Elastomeric sealant is a building material used to fill and seal up spaces.

With a rubbery liquid texture that dries hard but retains flexibility, it can be easy

to work with and is typically long lasting. When applied or inserted into a crack or

space, the sealant expands and seals to the surface, creating a waterproof barrier.

A chemical compound, or polymer, called elastomer makes up elastomeric sealant.

It is strong and spongy-hard and rubbery, making it an elastic polymer.

The Japanese Patent No. 3210863 (1989) describes “a puncture sealant for

sealing a punctured tire, containing a rubber latex comprising only natural rubber

latex and also containing a resin-based adhesive that is compatible with the natural

rubber latex.” (Takahara and Okamatsu, 2009). Rubber is a known elastomer and

jackfruit latex can be considered as a resin-based adhesive since jackfruit latex

contains adhesive properties.

The Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-

035867 (2004) describes “a tire puncture sealant containing at least a natural

rubber latex, a tackifying resin emulsion, and an antifreezing agent, wherein a

solid content of the natural rubber latex is from 30 to 60 parts by weight, a solid

content of the tackifying resin emulsion is from 10 to 30 parts by weight and a

content of the antifreezing agent is from 20 to 50 parts by weight per 100 parts by
 6

weight of a total solid contents that is a sum of the solid content of the natural

rubber latex, the solid content of the tackifying resin emulsion and the content of

the anti-freezing agent; an aromatic modified terpene resin is used as a tackifying

resin in the tackifying resin emulsion, and the tire puncture sealant can maintain

high, stable sealing performance over a long period of time even when stored

under harsh temperature conditions for a long period of time” (Takahara and

Okamatsu, 2009).

Most current formulations of the liquid sealant contain natural latex. For

example, the invention patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,344,499 B1 (1994) discloses a kind

of sealant comprising 55-60 wt % deproteinized natural latex. Another invention

patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,992,119 B2 (2006) discloses a kind of sealant comprising

30-60 wt % natural latex. For the sealing purpose, various kinds of tackifier such

as aromatic terpene resin or phenol resin can be added to the sealant, as pointed

out by the invention patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,864,305 B2. Additionally, the

invention patent U.S. Pat. No. 8,148,448 B2 (2002) discloses that 20-40 wt %

VEVA copolymer resin can be used as the tackifier. The invention patent US

20120277364 A1 (2010) discloses that other materials, such as synthetic latex, can

also be used as the tackifier (Lam and Chan, 2013).

Reddy and Palmer (2004) also suggested that sealant compositions may

include: an aliphatic conjugated diene monomer; an additional monomer

comprising a non-aromatic unsaturated mono- or di- carboxylic ester monomer, an

aromatic unsaturated monomer, a nitrogen-containing monomer, or combinations

thereof; and a protective colloid.

 7

Acrylic latex-based sealants exhibit many desirable properties, such as,

good flexibility, good adhesion to many substrates and resistance to degradation

by ultraviolet radiation. They suffer from one or more fatal weaknesses,

unfortunately, viz., poor wet adhesion and lack of water resistance. Intermittent

wetting of acrylic latex-based sealants after they have cured is not a problem.

However, if the acrylic latex-based sealants are immersed in water for continuous

periods of time, that is, 24 hours or longer, total loss of adhesion can occur.

Furthermore, these sealants under such conditions begin to soften and lose

integrity due to the lack of water resistance. Latex sealants which have only cured

for several hours exhibit greater sensitivity to water and lose dimensional stability

(Bullman, 1982).

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is a medium-size evergreen tree

typically reaching 8–25 m (26–82 ft) in height that is easily recognized by its fruit,

the largest among cultivated plants. All parts contain a sticky, white latex.

The heated latex is employed as household cement for mending chinaware

and earthenware, and to caulk boats and holes in buckets. The chemical

constituents of the latex have been reported by Tanchico and Magpanlay. It is not

a substitute for rubber but contains 82.6 to 86.4% resins which may have value in

varnishes.

In a previous study by Abbas and Cabili (2012), the researcher of that

study planned to use the Jackfruit peeling as the raw material of the target

alternative binder. Almost all the parts of the Jackfruit tree including its fruit

secrete latex when injured which is a good factor when it comes to binding. The
 8

Jackfruit peeling itself also contains cellulose which is the chief component of

plants’ cell walls. Cellulose products such as the Carboxymethyl Cellulose are

used as binder.

According to The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica (2013), rubber tree

(Hevea brasiliensis) is a South American tropical tree of the spurge family

(Euphorbiaceae). . The milky liquid (latex) that oozes from any wound to the tree

bark contains about 30 percent rubber, which can be coagulated and processed

into solid products, such as tires. Latex can also be concentrated for producing

dipped goods, such as surgical gloves.

Rubber is an example of an elastomer type polymer, where the polymer

has the ability to return to its original shape after being stretched or deformed. The

majority of rubber polymer molecules contain at least some units derived from

conjugated diene monomers (Ophardt and Padleckas, 2017). Natural rubber is

obtained as a milky white fluid known as latex from a tropical rubber tree. Natural

rubber consists in particular of long polymer chains. If it is mixed with resin (to

make it sticky), you get an adhesive that is extremely flexible due to the length

and mobility of these polymer chains (Wikitapia, 2014). Also, in the 19th century,

the introduction of rubber and rubber-based products throughout the world

brought about a new series of adhesive materials that made great impact on

industry. Natural latex had been used as an adhesive by natives, but industrial

processing improved its material properties for adhesive uses. Peal and Johnson

received British patients in 1791 and 1797, respectively, for the use natural rubber

as an adhesive. Rubber cements - natural rubber (or more recently synthetic

 9

rubber) in a solvent – proved to be extremely water resistant and resilient

(Anderson, 1990).

Objectives of the Study

This study aimed to devise an eco-friendly alternative sealant out of the

jackfruit latex in a rubber-based sealant. Moreover, this study sought to determine

the following:

1. The Maximum Pressure Tolerance of Each Setup of Jackfruit and

Rubber Tree Latex Mixture

2. The effect of using different ratios of jackfruit and rubber tree latex

mixture as an alternative sealant.

Null Hypothesis

There is no significant effect of using different ratios of jackfruit and

rubber tree latex as an alternative sealant.

Conceptual Framework

This study aimed to find out the effects of the different ratios of rubber tree

and jackfruit latex mixture as an alternative sealant. The independent variable of

the study is the different ratios of rubber tree and jackfruit latex mixture. The
 10

dependent variable of the study is the maximum pressure tolerances of the ratios

of the alternative sealant.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

The different ratios of rubber

tree and jackfruit latex mixture The maximum pressure
tolerance of the different ratios
A: 1:0 (12mlRubber Latex; 0ml
Jackfruit Latex) of rubber tree and jackfruit
B: 1:1 (6ml Rubber Latex; 6ml latex mixture
Jackfruit Latex)
C: 1:2 (4ml Rubber Latex; 8ml
Jackfruit Latex)
D: 1:3 (3ml Rubber Latex; 9ml
Jackfruit Latex)

Figure 1. Conceptual Model of the Study

 11

Significance of the Study

This study will help in finding more uses of natural ingredients and its

results could contribute to society, particularly to the carpenters and repairmen by

giving them a new aid for preventing leaks from worsening. The main benefit of

this study is to give a person a new variety of sealant for blocking leaks. This

study is found to be beneficial to future researchers as they might come up with a

study from simple things that may have great effects.

The environment should benefit from this study since the ingredients of

the mixture are eco-friendly and nontoxic compared to commercial sealants. This

study can also help plumbers, carpenters, or repairmen since the main purpose of

the mixture is to seal metal roof breakages, which is in line with their job.

Household members may also benefit in this study because they can use

the mixture to seal some small leakages in the house. The mixture can also help

them in terms of their financial aspect since the constituents of the mixture are

recycled and are harvested from natural resources. The local farmers also have a

stake in the research due to the study’s utilization of local materials instead of

foreign petroleum.

In economic terms, this study is very much cheaper when compared to

commercial sealants where prices range from 100 pesos and higher. This product

meanwhile could cost 50 pesos for the same volume as commercial sealants. The

packaging of the product could be in bars pre mixed then simply melted and

applied on the actual construction sites.

 12

Scope and Delimitations

This study was experimental in nature wherein the different ratios of

rubber tree and jackfruit latex was tested and compared to the commercial sealant

to know the optimal ratio among the set-ups. The study utilized a control setup,

which is the commercial sealant bought in the hardware store. The study was

conducted at the Biology Laboratory of Sindangan National High School, Dapaon,

Sindangan, Zamboanga del Norte on the school year 2018-2019. The researcher

asked for permission to use the apparatuses needed in conducting the study such

as alcohol lamp, tripod, and wire gauze. The researcher harvested and brought the

components of the alternative sealant, jackfruit latex and rubber tree latex.

The researcher then placed the alternative sealant on pieces of galvanized

iron sheets with holes of similar diameters then test its durability by exposing the

sealant to a pressure tolerance test which was done by applying pressure onto the

samples until the seal of the sealant broke apart and released the air and the water

contained inside the pressure testing vessel.

 13

Definition of Terms

Jackfruit. A large tropical Asian tree (Artocarpus heterophyllus) related to

the breadfruit that yields a fine-grained yellow wood and immense fruit

which contain an edible pulp and nutritious seeds (Merriam-Webster, Inc.,

2018).. The latex extracted from the jackfruit tree is the main ingredient of

the alternative sealant.

Latex. A colloidal suspension of very small polymer particles in water.

Many polymers can be produced as latex, but tuber latexes are of great

commercial importance (Gale Research Inc., 1996). Latex is extracted

from rubber tree and jackfruit and is used as ingredients of the alternative

sealant.

Maximum pressure tolerance. The maximum force a subject can tolerate without

excessive effort (Fischer, 1986). It is the dependent variable of the study.

Pressure. Continuous physical force exerted on or against an object by something

in contact with it. The force per unit area exerted by a fluid against a

surface with which it is in contact (Oxford University Press, 2019). The

quantity that is being measured in testing the samples of the study.

Rubber tree. A South American tree (Hevea brasiliensis) of the spurge family that

is cultivated in plantations and is a chief source of rubber latex

(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2013). The rubber latex extracted from the

rubber tree is the filler for the alternative sealant.

Sealant. A substance that is put on a surface in order to protect it from air,

 14

water, etc. (Oxford Dictionary Press, 2009). The proponents will devise an

alternative sealant.
 15

Chapter 2

Materials and Methods

Research Design

Two Group Design was used as the research design of the study. The

researcher would like to find out if the mixture of Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis)

latex and Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) latex was feasible as an alternative

sealant. The researcher tested different ratios of Rubber tree and Jackfruit latex

mixture to know the optimal ratio that can compete with the commercial sealant.

The data gathered was the maximum pressure tolerance of the experimental

samples along with commercial samples. The study had five levels and 10

replications, 50 samples in total.

Research Locale

This study was conducted at the Biology Laboratory of Sindangan

National High School located in Dapaon, Sindangan, Zamboanga del Norte as the

researcher utilized materials coming from the school laboratory.

Experimental Procedure

A. Procurement of Components

The rubber latex used in the study was of the local variety extracted from

the rubber plantations in the Municipality of Sindangan. The rubber latex was
 16

placed in an airtight container to avoid contamination and to decrease the

coagulation rate of the natural rubber. The jackfruit used in the research was

unripe as the sap was more concentrated in an unripe stage rather than in its ripe

stage. The unripe jackfruits were taken from various sources as the timeline of the

research placed the experimentation period during the off season of jackfruit

farming. To extract the sticky jackfruit latex, the researcher simply cut the

jackfruit fruit by slices a half inch thick until all the latex in the jackfruit was

extracted. The task proved easy due to the fast rate of flow in unripe jackfruits.

B. Extraction of Main Components

After the procurement of both components, different set-ups mixtures were

then made by the researchers. Three set-ups were made, with each set-up having

one part more latex than the previous set-up, giving the researcher set-ups of 1:0,

1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and a commercial sealant acting as the control groups. The control

group consisting of the commercial sealant was purchased from a hardware store.

The first group purely composed of 12ml rubber. The 1:1 set-up with rubber tree

latex and jackfruit latex respectively was composed of 6ml rubber and 6ml

jackfruit latex, the second set-up which is the 1:2 ratio was composed of 4ml

rubber and 8ml jackfruit, the third set-up which is the 1:3 ratio was composed of

3ml of rubber and 9ml of jackfruit.

To create the sealant, the different set-ups were heated by an alcohol lamp

until both ingredients incorporated into one substance with the rough consistency

of wet chewing gum. Then each set-up was then subdivided into 10 rough portions,
 17

with each portion to be applied to a galvanized iron sheet 5cm x 5cm, in total 40

galvanized iron sheets were used, each sheet was recycled from an actual roof for

realistic results.

C. Making of the Setup

To test the mixture, the researcher took 10ml syringes and cut the syringes

up to its barrel. The syringes were then stuck to the sheets of galvanized iron,

making sure that the syringe covered up the sample. 2ml of water was then placed

inside the syringe to act as an indicator of whether or not the seal has been broken

or not, finally, the plunger was placed on the syringe.

D. Creation of the Measuring Equipment

The nature of the study made the researcher test the maximum pressure

that each sample was able to bear. In testing this variable, the researcher have

conjured up a home-made device for testing the maximum pressure. The device

was similar to that of a compressive testing device used by laboratories. The

device was primarily composed of a manual shop press and a weighing scale, the

press to provide the pressure, and the scale to measure said pressure. The main

components were placed above each other and held by restraining devices to stop

any instability in the system.

Data Gathering Procedure

To test the maximum pressure tolerance of each sample, the sample was

placed in the pressure test device and pressure was slowly applied onto the syringe,
 18

the syringe then applied its pressure onto the sample as the researcher closely

monitored the instrument’s display. The pressure was applied until a leak was

spotted on the sample, a leak being indicated by the decrease in the applied

pressure and by the decrease in the amount of water in the syringe. Once the

sample has catastrophically failed, the researcher then recorded the data on their

logs for data processing.

Treatment of Data

Once raw data had been extracted, the researcher processed the data by

taking the mass and multiplying it by Roma thus yielding the weight required

by the pressure formula. The other half needed by the pressure formula is the area

which can easily be taken by taking the diameter (1.5cm) of the syringes by using

Vernier Calipers and dividing it by 2 to get its radius which then has to be squared

and multiplied by pi to get the area. To get the pressure, the researcher divided the

weight applied on the sealant by the area of the bottom of the syringes. The result

of the formula was in pascals and so it had to be converted into kilopascals (kP)

for ease of computation.

An analysis of variance was then conducted to determine whether the F-

value was significant. After determining the F-value, a Tukey Post Hoc Test was

conducted to specify which of the six possible pairings had a significant effect. A

homogeneous subset table was then made to determine which of the four ratios

was the most effective.

 19

Chapter 3

Results and Discussions

In this chapter, the results of the experiment are presented. Data

presentation and analysis are done based on the statements of the problem stated

in Chapter 1.

A. The Maximum Pressure Tolerance of Each Setup of Jackfruit and Rubber

Tree Latex Mixture

The first table shows the pressures at which each sample broke its seal and the

average pressure that each mixture was able to withstand.

Samples/Number Maximum Pressure Tolerances in Kilopascals (kPa)

of Replications A B C D Commercial
1 0 0 721.30 610.33 221.94
2 0 0 610.33 388.39 554.85
3 0 0 554.85 554.85 721.30
4 0 0 416.14 388.39 665.82
5 0 721.30 943.24 110.97 610.33
6 0 624.20 749.04 277.42 554.85
7 0 0 610.33 499.36 665.82
8 0 0 665.82 554.85 443.88
9 0 0 554.85 221.94 471.62
10 0 416.14 443.88 499.36 332.91
Average 0 176.16 626.98 410.59 524.33

Legend:
A: 1:0 (12mlRubber Latex; 0ml Jackfruit Latex)
B: 1:1 (6ml Rubber Latex; 6ml Jackfruit Latex)
C: 1:2 (4ml Rubber Latex; 8ml Jackfruit Latex)
D: 1:3 (3ml Rubber Latex; 9ml Jackfruit Latex)
 20

Table 1 showed the amount of pressure that each sample was able to withstand

and the average for each ratio. The result was gathered by taking the amount of

mass exerted onto the samples and multiplied it by the value for the acceleration

due to gravity to get its weight which was needed to acquire the pressure that was

exerted onto the sample utilizing the formula for pressure. The researcher took the

resulting mass and divided it by the area exposed to the pressure. The result of the

calculation yielded the pressure exerted in pascals and converted pascals into

kilopascals (kP). In interpreting the processed data, it was gathered that set-up B

(having a ratio of 1:1) had an average pressure of which was the second lowest

average among the tested ratios and sealants only beaten by setup A meanwhile

set-up C obtained a pressure higher than all other setups tested so far with the

commercial sealant only found to be better than the averages of setup A, B, and D.

The result of the study was verified by Reddy and Palmer (2004) who

stated that latex sealants were usually made from latex emulsions which contained

a stable water-insoluble, polymeric colloidal suspension in an aqueous solution. It

was used in sealant compositions to improve the properties of those compositions

by suspending the small particles inside the flexible structure of the colloid.

In the present study, the addition of jackfruit latex to a rubber latex base

proved that the jackfruit latex acted as the latex emulsion found in ordinary latex

sealant and reduced the brittleness of the sealant compositions thus, improving the

flexibility of the resulting sealant mixture.

Another verification of the study’s results was the statement by Takahara

and Okamatsu (2009) which proved the fact that rubber was known elastomer and
 21

that jackfruit latex can be considered as a resin-based adhesive since jackfruit

latex contained adhesive properties.

B. ANOVA of the Maximum Pressure Tolerance Using Different Ratios of

Jackfruit and Rubber Tree Latex as an Alternative Sealant

Table 2 Analysis of Variance

Table 2 is analysis of variance of the results of the study. ANOVA was

conducted so that the researcher can gauge whether or not there was a significant

effect of using different ratios of jackfruit and rubber latex as an alternative

sealant.

Degree of
Sum of Squares Mean Square F Significance
Freedom

Between Groups 2634695.643 4 658673.911 20.388 .000

Within Groups 1453783.075 45 32306.291

Total 4088478.718 49

As shown in Table 2, the p-value was noticeably lesser than the alpha level

which was 0.05 and therefore there was a significant difference in the maximum

pressure tolerance of the alternative sealant using the different ratios of jackfruit

latex and rubber tree latex. This meant that the different ratios of the sealant had a

significant effect on the highest amount of pressure that it could sustain.

 22

Table 3. Tukey Post Hoc Test

p-value Interpretation

A&B .243 Not Significantly Different

A&C .000 Significantly Different

A&C .000 Significantly Different

B&C .000 Significantly Different

B&D .042 Significantly Different

C&D .071 Not Significantly Different

Commercial & A .000 Significantly Different

Commercial & B .001 Significantly Different

Commercial & C .706 Not Significantly Different

Commercial & D .621 Not Significantly Different

Legend:
A: 1:0 (12mlRubber Latex; 0ml Jackfruit Latex)
B: 1:1 (6ml Rubber Latex; 6ml Jackfruit Latex)
C: 1:2 (4ml Rubber Latex; 8ml Jackfruit Latex)
D: 1:3 (3ml Rubber Latex; 9ml Jackfruit Latex)

Table 3 was a table that displayed the results of the post hoc tests. A post

hoc test was applied in order that the researcher could pin point as to which setups

were significantly different to one another and in doing so show which setups

would show the researcher which ratios should be pursued in the future. The tukey

test in particular was chosen since it compares every mean with every other mean.

Table 3 showed the difference of the sealant’s p-values which indicates the

significance of the given ratio. As shown, when the set-up A was compared with
 23

set-up B, there was no significant differences between the two means. Set-up A,

relative to set-up C and D had a significant difference since both their p-values

were at their lowest possible value. On the other hand, when the means of set-ups

B and C were compared their p-value was higher than the alpha value by a small

margin. The set-ups C and D, when compared yield a p-value that was larger than

the alpha value by a large amount. The commercial setup meanwhile as found to

have pressure tolerances that were not all that different from setups C and D but

were significantly different from those of setup A and set-up B.

Table 4. Homogeneous Subsets

Table 4 consists of a homogeneous subsets table. This type of statistical tool was

used by the researcher to determine which of the five setups had means which

were statistically close.

Pressure Subset for alpha = 0.05

1 2

A (1:0) .0000

B (1:1) 176.1640

D (1:3) 410.5860

Commercial 524.3320

C (1:2) 626.9780

Significance .202 .071

 24

Table 4 illustrated the difference of the means of the ratios and their

significance levels. More specifically it showed the fact that there were two

distinct groups of samples which had similar and insignificant differences in their

pressure tolerances with the first group having had a significant difference when

compared to the pressure tolerances of those in the second group. Moreover, it

illustrated that setups C, D, and the commercial setups had negligible differences

between them and therefore showed that the experimental setups C and D were

comparable in performance to the commercial sealants albeit having a drastically

lesser impact on the environment owing to the fact that it used all-natural

ingredients.

Therefore, in the process of the study, the researcher have found that out of

the different setups tested, certain setups were found to have higher average

pressure tolerances than others. Specifically, it was found that the 1:2 setup had on

average the highest-pressure tolerances while the 1:0 setup had the lowest average

pressure tolerance and the commercial sealant having an average pressure

tolerance a slight bit lower than the 1:2 setup. Moreover, it was found that there

were two homogeneous subsets in the data, the first subset composed of the 1:0

and the 1:1 setup and the second subset was composing the rest of the setups

tested.
 25

Chapter 4

Summary, Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

Summary

The research aimed to create an alternative sealant out of natural materials

such as rubber tree latex and jackfruit latex and test its capabilities through

pressure testing the seal by way of airtight syringes and presses. In addition to that,

a commercial sealant was also tested by taking 10 samples which were then tested

in the same method as the experimental samples. The commercial sealant acted as

the control group for the research study. In total, the research utilised 5 levels and

10 replications with a total sample size of 50 samples 4 of those levels were the

experimental groups and the last level was the control group. The resulting data

was processed by in three stages, the first a simple analysis of variance, secondly

by a tukey post hoc test, and finally by a homogeneous subset.

Findings

Based on the experiment conducted, all the 1:0 ratio consisting of 12 ml

rubber latex with 0 ml jackfruit latex and most of the 1:1 setup comprising of 6 ml

rubber latex with 6 ml jackfruit latex failed before any significant pressure was

applied. Both the 1:2, entailed of 4 ml rubber and 8 ml jackfruit latex, and 1:3

setup, consisting of 3 ml rubber and 9 ml jackfruit latex, were able to tolerate high
 26

pressures. The commercial sealant, meanwhile, was found to have a pressure

tolerance that was greater than the 1:3 setup but still lesser than the tolerance of

the 1:2 setup.

From what was gathered from the post hoc test, the ratio of 1:1 had a

negligible difference from no jackfruit latex at all and the difference between

ratios 1:2 and 1:3 was also negligible. Nevertheless, the post hoc tests showed that

there was a significant difference between the 1:0 mixture and the 1:2,

commercial and 1:3 setups. Also, between the 1:1 and the commercial and 1:2

setup showed a significant difference. Furthermore, the homogeneous subsets

table presented the fact that out of the five different setups tested, the setup

containing the ratio of 1:2 had the highest significant difference.

Conclusion

Based on the experiment conducted, the following were the conclusions

drawn. The different setups of the mixture had different average pressure

tolerances. The setup which contained 6 ml rubber latex and 6 ml jackfruit latex

had an average pressure tolerance of 176.16 kPa. The setup with 4 ml rubber and

8 ml jackfruit latex had a pressure tolerance of 626.98 kPa. In addition to that, the

setup containing 3 ml rubber and 9 ml jackfruit latex could on average tolerate a

pressure of 410.59 kPa. Finally, the commercial sealant was found to have an

average pressure tolerance of 524.33kPa.

 27

From the Analysis of Variance, it was proven that there was a significant

effect of using different amount of ratio of jackfruit and rubber tree latex as an

alternative sealant

Finally, from the post hoc test conducted, it was shown that the 1:0 and 1:1

setups differed from each other only slightly and the 1:2, 1:3 and commercial

setups also only differed from each other slightly all while the two groups being

significantly different from each other. In addition to that, the researcher have

found that out of all the different ratios tested, the 1:2 ratio is the best as it is the

furthest from the 1:0 set-up in the homogeneous subsets table.

Recommendations

The following are the researchers’ recommendations on the study:

1. The materials to be used in the experiment are to be extracted on the

same day to ensure the consistency of the results as unprocessed, the

ingredients are prone to rapid decomposition.

2. The jackfruit latex should be extracted straight from the tree as the

latex can also be extracted from the tree and although taking longer to

yield the same amount of latex, causes less harm on the jackfruit

production rates.

3. The creation of the sealants should be in high volumes to decrease the

wasted materials and to decrease overall costs as the rubber can often

be purchased only in bulk and if not fully utilized, may be wasted.

 28

4. The mixture should be tested using proper testing equipment as

homemade testing equipment is more often than not less precise than

those found in professional testing centres

5. Further research should be done on the individual effects of the

jackfruit latex and the rubber latex on the maximum pressure tolerance

of the sealant as this study only studied the effects of both as a single

mixture.

6. The 1:2 mixture should be commercialized as this mixture was found

to have the highest maximum pressure tolerance and was closest to the

commercial mixture

7. Preservatives should be added to the final product to increase the shelf

life of the product

8. Additional measures should be made to decrease the overall costs of

the production of the final product to better facilitate the commercial

appeal of the product to the public

9. This product should be commercialized as when compared to the

commercial sealants this product contains less toxic ingredients that

might harm the environment and those who constantly use sealants in

their daily jobs.

 29

References

Abbas, A.J., Cabili J.L. (2012). The feasibility study of jackfruit peeling as binder

to whiteware plastic mass. Retrieved December 10, 2017

Anderson, K.J. (1990). Adhesive materials. Retrieved December 10, 2017, from

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-

core/content/view/S0883769400059066

Bullman, A.R. (1982). Patent No. US4340524A. Retrieved February 3, 2018,

from https://patents.google.com/patent/US4340524A/en

Dass, A. (2017). Jackfruit. Retrieved December 10, 2017, from

http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_870_2005-01-11.html

Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2013). Rubber tree. Retrieved December 10,

2017, from https://www.britannica.com/plant/rubber-tree

HowStuffWorks.com Contributors "What makes adhesives sticky?" 25 July 2011.

HowStuffWorks.com. <https://home.howstuffworks.com/adhesives-

sticky.htm> 14 January 2017

Lam, K.F., Chan, W.M. (2013). Patent No. US20150166848A1. Retrieved

February 3, 2018, from

https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150166848

Morton, J. (1987). Jackfruit. p. 58–64. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F.

 30

Morton, Miami, FL.

Myers, V.R. (2017). Where does latex come from?. Retrieved January 29, 2018

from https://www.thespruce.com/where-does-latex-come-from-3269790

NA. Sealant technologies. Retrieved December 10, 2017, from

http://www.adhesives.org/adhesives-sealants/adhesives-sealants-

overview/sealant-technologies

NA. (2012). Rubber tree. Retrieved December 10, 2017, from

https://www.rainforest- alliance.org/species/rubber-tree

NA. (2013). Rubber tree. Retrieved February 3, 2018 from

https://www.britannica.com/plant/rubber-tree

NA. (2016). Sealants and their toxins. Retrieved December 10, 2017, from

http://www.buildingclean.org/sealants-and-their-toxins

NA. (2018). Candle sciences. Retrieved December 10, 2017, from

http://candles.org/candle-science/

NA. (2018). Waxes. Retrieved December 10, 2017, from

http://candles.org/elements-of- a-candle/wax/

Ophardt, C., Padleckas, H.A. (2017). Rubber polymers. Retrieved December 10,

2017, from

https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Organic_Chemistry/Polymers/Rubber_Pol
 31

ymers

Reddy, B.R., Palmer, A.V. (2004). Patent No. US8062999B2. Retrieved February

3, 2018, from https://patents.google.com/patent/US8062999B2/en

Sealant, Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) Oxford

University Press 2009

Tacio, H.M. (2017, March 29). AGRI TRENDS The jack of all fruits. Edge

Davao. Retrieved December 12, 2017, from

http://edgedavao.net/agri- trends/2017/03/29/agri-trends-jack-fruits/

Takahara, H., Okamatsu, T. (2009). Patent No. US8148448B2. Retrieved

February 3, 2018, from https://patents.google.com/patent/US8148448

Team WFM. (2016, May 14). What is the difference between adhesives and

sealants?. WFM. Retrieved January 19, 2017, from

https://www.wfm.co.in/what-is-the- difference-between-adhesives-

sealants/

Than, J. (2017). Hydrophobic interactions Retrieved January 14, 2018, from

https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Phy

sical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolec

ular_Forces/H ydrophobic_Interactions
 32

Wikitapia. (2016). Can I seal my parcel with milk?. Retrieved December 10,

2017, from http://www.tesa-asia.com/wikitapia/can-i-seal-my-parcel-

with-milk.html
 33

Appendices
 34 A
Appendix

Vanesa Patron, E M.D.

Biology Laboratory In-charge

Dear Dr. Patron,

I am writing you this letter to humbly ask for your permission regarding
the use of the Biology Laboratory as our research locale in our study which is
entitled “The Effectiveness of Different Concentrations of Jackfruit (Artocarpus
heterophyllus) Latex and Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis) Latex Mixture as an
Alternative Sealant.” In addition, I would like to request to utilize some of the
laboratory apparatus that will be needed in the experiment. I would also like you
to observe us as we conduct the experiment since we need the assistance in using
certain apparatuses.
I hereby take full responsibility for any misconduct that will take place. I
am hoping for your approval on our request. Thank you and God bless.

Respectfully yours,
Ermildo Lynx R. Diamante

MARK JOSHUA CARPO

Research Adviser

VANESA PATRON E M.D.

Biology Laboratory In-charge
 35 B
Appendix

Extracting Jackfruit Latex

Measurement of Rubber
 Appendix B
36

Mixing of Mixture

Application of Sealant Mixture

 Appendix37
B

Multitude of Samples (A, B, C)

Sample with Syringe

 Appendix B
38

Complete Pressure Chamber

Testing Equipment
 Appendix
39B

Testing of Samples

Application of Commercial Sealant

 Appendix
40 B

Commercial Sealant Samples

 Appendix
41 C

Computation of Area
ঘ
r = 0.0075
A = π(0.0075)
A = 0.000176625

Computation of Pressure for Control Samples

Samples Force (N) Area (m²) Pressure (kPa)
1 0 0.000176625 0
2 0 0.000176625 0
3 0 0.000176625 0
4 0 0.000176625 0
5 0 0.000176625 0
6 0 0.000176625 0
7 0 0.000176625 0
8 0 0.000176625 0
9 0 0.000176625 0
10 0 0.000176625 0

Computation of Pressure for Set-up 1:1

Samples Force (N) Area (m²) Pressure (kPa)
1 0 0.000176625 0
2 0 0.000176625 0
3 0 0.000176625 0
4 0 0.000176625 0
5 127.4 0.000176625 721.30
6 110.25 0.000176625 624.20
7 0 0.000176625 0
8 0 0.000176625 0
9 0 0.000176625 0
10 73.5 0.000176625 416.14

Computation of Pressure for Set-up 1:2

Samples Force (N) Area (m²) Pressure (kPa)
 Appendix42C

1 127.4 0.000176625 721.30

2 107.8 0.000176625 610.33
3 98 0.000176625 554.85
4 73.5 0.000176625 416.14
5 166.6 0.000176625 943.24
6 132.3 0.000176625 749.045
7 107.8 0.000176625 610.33
8 117.6 0.000176625 665.82
9 98 0.000176625 554.85
10 78.4 0.000176625 443.89

Computation of Pressure for Set-up 1:3

Samples Force (N) Area (m²) Pressure (kPa)
1 107.8 0.000176625 610.33
2 68.6 0.000176625 388.39
3 98 0.000176625 554.85
4 68.6 0.000176625 388.39
5 19.6 0.000176625 110.97
6 49 0.000176625 277.42
7 88.2 0.000176625 499.36
8 98 0.000176625 554.85
9 39.2 0.000176625 221.94
10 88.2 0.000176625 499.36

Computations of Pressure for Samples Commercial Sealant

Samples Force (N) Area (m²) Pressure (kPa)
1 98 0.000176625 554.85
2 39.2 0.000176625 221.94
3 107.8 0.000176625 610.33
4 117.6 0.000176625 665.82
5 127.4 0.000176625 721.30
6 117.6 0.000176625 665.82
7 78.4 0.000176625 443.88
8 58.8 0.000176625 332.91
9 49 0.000176625 277.42
10 98 0.000176625 554.85

Cost Breakdown of the Research Study

Item

Rubber 40 for 500 ml

View publication stats

Appendix43C

Jackfruit DONATED

Commercial Sealant 100 for 100 ml