SUMMARY PACKAGE – A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE

Name: ___________________ Class: ________

The Summary Question …
You may think you know how to do the summary question so long as
you read and understand the comprehension passages, but this is a
common mistake.

Reading is one of the hardest skills to master in the world! (Another

being listening, but that’s a challenge for another day.) Don’t
confuse ‘reading’ with ‘skimming’.

Our eyes move very fast – we can easily skim and scan pages upon
pages of text in a hurry - but what your eyes see may not reflect
what is going on through your mind.

Your mind must process what your eyes see and interact with the
words in order to create your own meaning - this is what I mean by
the correct way of reading.

You are called upon to paraphrase because that is how you can
show your understanding. Why do you think there are so many
questions in Paper 2 that require you to rephrase the given
quote/words?

Ultimately, Paper 2 comprehension is testing:

Your ability to make meaning
from the text thrown at you.

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… May involve a little less time than
the comprehension part of the paper,
but it is certainly important.
Tips you should remember:
● You should allocate at least 35
-45 minutes to this section.
● If you are running out of time,
it is recommended that you
move on first to the summary
question before returning to
whatever comprehension
questions you have left behind.
● You must remember to always
try to paraphrase. Copying
sentences wholesale only leads
to wasted time and shows the
examiner your lack of
understanding.
There are only 2 ways you can get better
Complete the
comprehension
questions first. The
comprehension section
helps scaffold your
understanding and gives
you a chance to
familiarize yourself with
the text.
One way to relate:
you cannot get to the 3rd
Floor without passing
the 2nd floor.
Since you are not
Superman, do not expect
to be able to do a good
summary while you are
still so ‘fresh’ in your
understanding.
at doing the summary question.
● Read more.
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 o Reading helps give you a better vocabulary,
which really helps with paraphrasing main
points,
o Helps you instinctively recognise correct
and incorrect English (which really helps
with your sentence structures),
o And sharpens your skills with catching the
gist of sentences.
● Write more.
o Practise! Without practice, the skills you
have been taught will never become
automatic.
o This is the same with driving. Just because
you passed your test does not mean you are
a good driver. It only means your skills have
fulfilled the minimum level of competency.
Only by practice will your skills become
‘automatic’ and you can do it without
thinking.
This package is a step-by-step instruction booklet that teaches you
Step 1: Understand the question
ONE way of tackling the summary question.
Bear in mind that this may not necessarily be a strategy
you are comfortable with. However, your job as a
student is to find out what is your best way of learning,
and then stick with it. The second part is all about
practice.
This, unfortunately, is where most people fail. You can
make up excuses all day, whether it is that:
► You’re not in the mood
► You think you understand and thus, there’s no
need to do anything about iYou are feeling
lazy and you can do it another day
► You have plenty of time
► You’re not smart enough
If you really want to improve your
Discipline yourself.
summary skills, then you need to practise like there’s
no tomorrow.
No one can help you unless you decide to help
yourself!
When you are faced with the summary question, the first
thing you will do is read the question. However, this is a
crucial moment.
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You must ask yourself this serious question: Are you merely ► Report, recount, supporting an argument,
reading or do you really understand what the summary refuting an argument, or comparison?
question wants you to do? ● Determines whose perspective you are writing from.
Are you taking on the narrator’s role, or the
True understanding means you are able to see the ‘big picture’ of character? Are you writing from the 1st person point-
the summary. What is it that the summary wants you to summarise? of-view?
The summary question is made up of three parts:
(1) The key question ● It is a forgone conclusion
that you must use your own
words.
● The question contains the
topic of the summary. It is
useful to imagine the topic
as the headline for your
summary.
(2) Technical ● Using material from Line X
requirements to the end of the passage
● Word limit: 150 words
(3) Prompt ● The words to help you start.
● The prompt is especially
useful because it sets the
tone for the passage.
● It also gives you the hint on
what perspective to write
from.

The key question

● Is made up of one topic and usually 1 – 3
requirements.
● Sets the nature of the summary you are to write:

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TIP! Why do this?
Once you have ► Just like when you are
concluded what planning a story, you use a
the topic for your mind-map. The topic is
summary should usually in the centre so your
be, write it brain keeps track of the
briefly, in bullet topic.
points, on top of ► Since you have to go through
the passage in the passage again, it helps to
question. keep in mind the topic as
you begin the selection
exercise.
► Besides, it only takes a few
seconds, and reduces the
annoying page flipping
(which does affect your train
of thought!).

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Exercise 1.0 – Underline the requirements found in each summary question below and count them. The first two questions
have been done as an example.

No Question Requirements Nature of the Points

summary
1 Write a report, giving the reasons why Carl was arrested, 3 Recount ► Reasons he was arrested
the steps taken by his accomplices to get him out of ► Steps taken to get him out
prison, and the mistakes they made, which helped the ► Mistakes they made
police to track him down.
2 The author explores several arguments against the 2 Comparison / - arguments for hate speech
prohibition of hate speech and refutes them. Summarise Arguments for - arguments against hate
the arguments and corresponding counterarguments for and against speech
hate speech.
3 Summarise the differences as well as the similarities 2 comparison - diff between men and apes
between men and apes. - similarities between men
and apes
4 Summarise the problems and difficulties, and the things 2 recount - problems and difficulties of
these climbers did to increase their chances of survival. hikers
- things climbers did to
increase their chances of
survival

5 Write a summary of the factors that emphasised how 3 recount - how the author was unloved
unloved the author was, other factors that made life as a - factors that made life as a
boarder a less than pleasant experience for her, and what boarder unpleasant
she did to try to make her life in Sacred Heart more - what she did to make her life
bearable. more bearable
6 Write an account of Hasari Pal’s efforts to earn money, and 2 recount - his efforts to earn money
the problems and difficulties he encountered as he did so. - the problems he faced in
doing so
7 Summarise the actions of the supervisor to help his men till 1 recount - what the supervisor did to
they were rescued. help his men till rescue came

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8 Write a summary to describe how the Japanese
demonstrated their love for ‘plain living and high thinking’
and how the Chinese demonstrated courage.
Step 2: Searching for main points
You have already read the passage twice when you were doing your
comprehension.
So when you are reading the passage for summary points, go over
each sentence for the final time and decide whether they answer
your summary question above. (This is why it helps to write the
summary requirements on top of the passage itself!)
The skill of searching for main points involves your ability to
recognise the topic sentence and the key points of the paragraph.
You must be able to cut out the details and examples, repetitions
and unnecessary elaboration.
Suggested tools for this task:
● A highlighter is best as it can help you visually identify the
points you have picked out since you are under pressure to
keep time.
● A separate piece of paper so you can paraphrase the
sentence immediately. You may also do this along the
margin of the paper but you risk making a mess since you
don’t have time for neat handwriting.
2 recount -how the Japanese show their
love for plain living and high
thinking
- how the Chinese showed
courage
THE TOPIC SENTENCE 🡪 The topic sentence is the central
idea of the paragraph. It can be located anywhere inside the
paragraph.
For essays or non-fiction, the topic sentence is usually (but not
always) found at the start of the paragraph. For narratives, it can
be trickier to find the topic sentence.
When you are looking at a paragraph, you must be able to find the
‘gist’ of the paragraph quickly.
Example:
We need to stop the international trade in wild animals. It is
currently big business – worth up to 5 billion a year worldwide.
Most of the trade is unlawful commerce in rare and endangered
species, usually poached in the wild and smuggled across frontiers.
We need to pass laws to stop the trade before many species are
driver to extinction.
In this case, the topic sentence would be the first sentence while
the rest are elaborations.
Example:
A tanker is designed to transport liquids, such as petrol oil.
Refrigerated dairy trucks, cement-mixing trucks, fire trucks and
garbage trucks are other kinds of specialized trucks. Trucks are
designed to transport a variety of goods. We can see that trucks
come in all shapes and sizes.
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summary: different functions of trucks is usually more elaboration usually are more specific.
‘general’ than the
In this case, can you tell which is the topic sentence? If so, other sentences. Sometimes they contain words like ‘for
underline it. example’ or they talk about one aspect of
the idea, which signals they are not the
topic sentence.

TIP! It talks about the ‘big picture’ and does not

The topic sentence have examples. Detail sentences or

Exercise 2.0 – Underline the topic sentences for each paragraph below. The first one has been done for you.

No Paragraph Topic Sentence (Main Idea)

1 Though the United States has spent billions of dollars on foreign aid programs, it has Americans are not well liked by the rest of
captured neither the affection nor esteem of the rest of the world. In many countries the world.
today Americans are cordially disliked; in others merely tolerated. The reasons for this sad
state of affairs are many and varied, and some of them are beyond the control of anything The writer attempts to justify the topic
this country might do to try to correct them. But harsh as it may seem to the ordinary sentence by explaining why they are not
citizen, filled as he is with good intentions and natural generosity, much of the foreigners' liked and why.
animosity has been generated by the way Americans behave.

2 Anthropology is the study of humankind, especially of Homo sapiens, the biological species The writer attempts to explain what
to which we human beings belong. It is the study of how our species evolved from more anthropology is about.
primitive organisms; it is also the study of how our species developed a mode of
communication known as language and a mode of social life known as culture. It is the
study of how culture evolved and diversified. And finally, it is the study of how culture,
people, and nature interact wherever human beings are found.

3 A post-secondary education can have very positive effects on income and employment.  The writer attempts to give examples of
Numerous studies conducted in the United States over the past ten years have how post-secondary education can result
demonstrated that earnings for anyone with a post-secondary education are on average
twenty percent higher than the earnings of those whose education stopped with a high
in positive outcomes on our salary and
school diploma.  Incomes are higher still for those with four-year degrees, and even higher employability.
at the master’s and doctoral levels.  Regardless of the post-secondary degree level,
graduates are fifteen percent less likely to be laid off in difficult economic times.

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4 Stress is a normal reaction to the needs and demands of everyday life like work, The writer attempts to explain what our
responsibilities, decisions, relationships and money. We can be stressed by happy events sources of stress are.
such as a promotion, getting married and having a baby. On the other hand, we can also
be stressed by unfortunate events such as getting fired from a job, losing money or losing
a loved one.
5 Wildlife products are among the most expensive in the world. Daggers with handles The writer attempts to illustrate the
fashioned from African rhino horn fetch $12,000 each. White rhino horn is sold at $20,000 examples, how expensive wildlife
a pound in the Far East. A leopard coat costs over $100,000 in Japan. A consignment of
endangered parrots is often valued at over $200,000. Rare species of cacti found in the
products are.
desert can fetch up to $15,000 per specimen.

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 it corresponds with or always try to give
Step 3: Highlight + Paraphrase supports the topic of the back what you take.
summary question. ► No Shortchanging.
Is this the most crucial step in doing your summary? Yes.

It is no easy challenge when you have to go through the passage

again, highlight the main points in reference to the topic at hand, Paraphrasing can be a challenging art to master. The correct
and paraphrase them on the spot.
paraphrase is more than just substituting words here and
Here’s a quick breakdown of what you should be doing in this step: there. The sentence structure must be altered and not just
switched around.
1. Read the passage.
2. Highlight relevant point. Not only must you preserve the original meaning of the
sentence, you must show that you know how to ‘play’ with
3. Paraphrase the highlighted section. the words.
4. Repeat items (2) & (3) till end of section.
When you are a looking at an original sentence, try removing
Highlight Paraphrase the unnecessary words first. For instance, ‘thoughts and
ideas’ is too much – just choose one of them.

One good way to do it is to read and understand the original

► Remember that you are
selecting the facts to be
included into your
summary.
► So for every point you
have selected, make sure
sentence, then cover it (or ignore it completely) and try to
► After you have highlighted
explain it in your own words on a separate sheet of paper.
your points, paraphrase
each sentence on the
spot. When you are done, return to the original and double-check
► The rule with it with your paraphrase. Has the original meaning been
paraphrasing is simple: retained? Revise your paraphrase and add any other
important information you have missed.

Exercise 3.0 – Highlight and paraphrase the relevant main points in relation to the topic given.

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TOPIC: Summarise the steps taken by key leaders around the world to establish and maintain the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).

No Paragraph Paraphrase
1 In 1961, a limited number of organizations around the world – such Conservation-based organisations struggled
as the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and to meet their needs due to the lack of financial
Natural Resources (IUCN) and The Conservation Foundation – were resources back in 1961.
trying to meet conservation needs, but were desperately short of
funds.
2 A small but influential group of Europeans—scientists, naturalists, The World Wildlife Fund was established in
business and political leaders—rose to the occasion: on September Switzerland by a small contingent of
11, 1961 World Wildlife Fund was formed and soon set up shop at European leaders in fields of science,
IUCN’s headquarters in Morges, Switzerland. H.R.H. Prince business and politics.
Bernhard became the organization’s first president.
3 Several leaders arranged the key organizational meeting for the new
venture. Those involved include noted biologist and African wildlife
enthusiast Sir Julian Huxley, IUCN vice president Sir Peter Scott
and director-general of the British Nature Conservancy E. M.
Nicholson. The decision was made to establish World Wildlife Fund
as an international fundraising organization that will work in
collaboration with existing conservation groups to bring substantial
financial support to the conservation movement on a worldwide

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 scale. The new organization will raise funds through national
appeals and, using the best scientific advice available from IUCN
and other sources, channel the money to appropriate organizations.
4 The first call for broad support was the Morges Manifesto, signed in
1961 by 16 of the world’s leading conservationists. The Morges
Manifesto stated that while the expertise to protect the world
environment existed, the financial support to achieve this protection
did not, and that these conditions supported the development of a
nongovernmental organization that would work to protect the world's
environment.
5 H.R.H. Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, became president of
the British National Appeal, the first national organization in the
World Wildlife Fund family. The second national organization to be
formed was World Wildlife Fund, Inc. (WWF) – the U.S. appeal.
Incorporated in the District of Columbia on December 1, 1961, WWF
named Dwight D. Eisenhower its President of Honor. Ira N.
Gabrielson and Russell E. Train were the first president and vice
president, respectively.
6 The 45-year evolution of WWF has entailed not only philosophical
and organizational changes, but also has yielded a maturing and
increasingly productive relationship with the international World

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 Wildlife Fund Network.
7 While WWF in the United States is an independent organization, it
plays an increasingly important role in the worldwide conservation
programs of the Network. WWF is bound by U.S. tax laws to
exercise independent judgment in allocating funds, and its Board
has complete authority to determine where and when these funds
are spent.
8 A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), signed in 1992 and
revised in 1994 and 1998 by WWF and WWF-International, reflects
a comprehensive agreement on the planning and implementation of
WWF Network activities. Central to the MOU is the “team approach,”
which builds on the work of country teams representing WWF-
International, WWF-US and other concerned National Organizations
(NOs) in the WWF Network.

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 Step 4: Count + Double check
From here on, it does get a little bit easier. But don’t rest on
your laurels! You’re not quite done yet.
After highlighting and paraphrasing (your question paper
might look like it’s attempting to blind you with its
fluorescent colours by now), you should count the sentences
you have paraphrased.
Count that you have 10 main points. It is very likely that you
will have more than 10 points – but that’s okay.
Now double check the points you have selected against the
topic one last time – because you cannot spare any more
time going back to the passage again.
Ask yourself these questions:
► Do the points answer the summary question?
► Have I paraphrased them correctly – i.e. retained the
original meaning of the sentence?
Using a grid can be helpful because it saves you time in
counting words.
You have already been given foolscap paper – use it
well.
All you have to do now is copy all your paraphrased
sentences onto to grid.
While you copy, it’s a great time to be doing some
editing here and there.
While transferring your work into the grid, you should:
► Copy quickly – use short forms if you need to.
There is no need for good handwriting since this
is your draft.
► Try to combine sentences, either by merging
ideas or using connectors.
► Cut out unnecessary words and examples.

If you can confidently answer ‘yes’ to both questions, then

it’s time to move on.

When you first learn how to do summaries, you may not be

sure. Don’t worry. Confidence comes with time and lots of
practice.

Step 5: Write in grids (OPTIONAL)

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 Step 6: The 4 Cs – Cut, Connect, Copy + Count
Finally! You are at the last step! Imagine you have just spent
the entire day cleaning the house.

Before you take a rest, however, you must double-check for

the little things you have missed: the corners you have
forgotten to dust down, the spider-webs still hanging from
the ceiling, the chair you must tuck in, the dusty cloth you
have yet to wash …

This is the same for summaries. There are definitely

unnecessary words you can cut, you can tighten your
sentences even further, you can take out repetitions or
elaborations, you must check for word count accuracy, and
you must make sure your grammar and spelling are spot on.

When you have a little time after you are done with your
comprehension, the worst thing you can possibly do is put
your head down on the table and have a little cat-nap.

Out of all the times you can choose to have a nap, this is the
time you pick!? It’s utterly ridiculous and shows your lack of
care. After all, your exam only lasts for lesser than 2 hours,
while you usually spend at least 7 to 8 hours every night
sleeping.

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 CUT ► This must be done especially if you are
already full up on main points.
► If you have exceeded the word count,
then you must cut your words.
► Double check again that you do not have
examples or unnecessary elaboration.
► Have you phrased a sentence awkwardly?
CONNECT ► You know how to use connecters. Use
them effectively to bridge or combine
sentences,
► Avoid repetition at all costs. If you have
stated an idea before, don’t repeat!
► Don’t repeat the question stem given to
you! It’s a waste of time. Readdress the
question through your answers.
COPY ► Now copy your summary onto the paper
you submit.
► It usually helps if you write in your best
handwriting.
► Lousy handwriting and messy papers (full
of correction tape and pencil marks and
crossing out marks) is not going to make
reading and marking enjoyable.
COUNT ► Count your summary for the last time.
► Your words must not exceed 80 words
(not including the prompt given to you).
► If at any time you have exceeded 80
words, I suggest you cut words or bridge

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 ideas quickly.
You may say: But I have already double-checked everything!
Nope, that’s not true. Something else can always be done.
Look over your summary with a fresh eye, and concentrate.

SUMMARY PACKAGE Conclusion

You have come to the end of this summary package. But
now, your own journey in improving your summary skills
begins.

There is only so much your teachers, tutors, class lessons,
summary packages can do for you. You may have the skills,
but without the practice, you remain a novice.
If you want to become an expert, then practise. There is no
other way around it.
General suggestions:
► Mark your completed answers. Then FIND OUT WHY you
have made the mistakes.
► Don’t make the same mistakes again.
► Try to practise at least once a week. Forty minutes once a
week is not too heavy a demand on your time. Compare
that to your time Facebooking, listening to music, playing
computer games and watching TV.
► Learn to love the English language. It is a fantastic
language, full of little twists and turns, and yet can be so
rich at the same time. When you love something, you will
be more willing to invest time and effort into improving
your skills.
Imagine your secondary school years as being on an island.
During these years, you are trained to ‘jump’ on a boat
called Chance and Opportunity that will only come by the
island once, sometime in the future.
If the boat passes you by and you are not ready to jump,
then you will be stranded. So you must make sure you are
well prepared for the day when you have to make that leap.

► Read more. Poor readers make poor writers. So make sure

you are always reading: whether it is newspapers, books
(fiction and non-fiction), or magazines.

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Summary Practice
This passage describes how nature can sometimes be
mistaken as ghostly encounters.
1 Many of us live in towns and cities and hardly ever
notice nature. And yet, despite the concrete, asphalt
and brick, it is still there. Perhaps we do not notice it
because, unconsciously, we think it belongs in the
countryside.
2 Scratching sounds heard in your house is more often
than not from rodents, insects, bats, dormice, 5
nesting birds or even squirrels than paranormal
activity. It can sound much louder at night and often
reacts to knocking on walls where the sound is
loudest. Try a pest control company before you call
paranormal investigators. Please be aware,
however, that most species of bird and bats are
protected by law.
3 In the UK, people are sometimes woken up in the 10
middle of the night (particularly in spring) by a
chilling scream. It can sound like something out of a
horror film. If you dare look out of your window, the
most likely thing you will see is a fox! Foxes are best
known for their bark which is quite distinctive once 15
you recognise it. But the scream always sounds
spectacularly horrific. Urban foxes are so common
and bold that it is easier to see these animals in
cities than in the countryside.
4 Foxes will move objects around gardens in the night!
If you are finding smallish things moving around in
your garden at night, or even vanishing completely,
ask yourself if you have ever seen foxes nearby.
5 People associate ghosts with moaning because of 20
ghost stories and Hollywood. In fact, there are very
few reports of moaning in real haunting cases. The
most frequent cause of moaning is the wind. This
may sound obvious but really spooky moaning is
only heard occasionally. That is because it needs to 25
come from a particular direction, be of certain
strength and interact with specific objects to sound
really eerie. So, due to the uncertainties of the
weather, you may only hear it a few times a year, if
ever. As a result, it comes as a surprise (or even a
shock) on the rare occasions when it happens.
6 People have frequently reported eerie hissing
sounds from old, often abandoned, buildings. The
noises can be chilling and sometimes react to 30
human presence. The cause is usually found to be
Barn Owls. These owls prefer lonely buildings away
from people and disturbance. When seen flying at
night, often in car headlights on a lonely country
road, they can appear startlingly, dazzlingly white. 35
This also leads to reports of encounters with the
strange beings. Barn Owls, though fairly rare, occur
throughout most of the world.
7 Okay, this is not exactly a natural sound but then, it
is not exactly paranormal either. It is particularly
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 important in the new house effect. Nature can sometimes be mistaken for ghostly encounters.

8 On one ASSAP investigation there was a large room

where various people had reported hearing
whispering. The words could not quite be made out 40
but it certainly sounded like people whispering.
9 On a later watch, investigators heard the whispering
too, in the quiet of the night. It became obvious,
however, that the sound was made by water flowing
through a distant pipe. The faint, disjointed hissing
had enough variations in it to sound like people 45
whispering. It really did sound like words but none
could ever be made out. That is because, of course,
there were no actual words, just water running
rapidly through a pipe. The effect stopped as soon
as the water stopped flowing.

10 A similar effect has been heard from an electric fan.

The fan, like the water, did not run entirely smoothly.
It could, sometimes, sound like people talking just 50
under the whirr of the fan.

11 The water in the pipe and the air around the fan
were both flowing rapidly. It is not like white noise,
which is a predictable hissing sound. Instead, there
are constant unpredictable changes, some of which
can sound like vocal tones. This confusing sound 55
seems to deceive us into hearing whispering that is
not there.

Adapted from
http://www.assap.org/newsite/htmlfiles/Naturalcauses.html

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 DRAFT 1

Use only information from paragraphs 2 to 6. Your

summary must be in continuous writing (not note form). It must
not be longer than 80 words (not counting the words given to
help you begin).

1) Eliminate any redundant information by canceling

the phrases/sentences with a pencil and ruler.
2) Re-read and re-write the narrative such that the
relations between the main concepts and
supporting details are clear. Use your own words
as much as possible.

Sometimes paranormal activities such as scratching

sounds can be caused

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Final Draft

Using your own words as far as possible, summarise

how nature can sometimes be mistaken for ghostly
encounters.
Use only information from paragraphs 2 to 6. Your
summary must be in continuous writing (not note form). It
must not be longer than 80 words (not counting the
words given to help you begin).

Sometimes paranormal activities such as scratching

sounds can be caused

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 Summary Package: Secondary 2 Exp/NA
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