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An Examination of Post-Brexit Hates Crimes Against Eastern and Central Europeans in

the Context of Wider Hate Crime Incidents and Responses.

Name

Professor

Institution

Course

Date
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Introduction

The project will examine the rise of hate crimes against Eastern and Central European

people in the UK following the referendum (Benedi Lahuerta & Iusmen, 2021). The rise in hate

crimes in these countries has been attributed to a fear of 'foreigners' and an upsurge in the

amount of individuals who feel that immigration has changed their society. Hate crimes against

non-British and non-Irish people in Britain are more common than previously thought, and often

they are directed against people from Eastern Europe (Duda-Mikulin, 2020). It aligns with the

general trend of hate crimes in Britain, which shows a sharp increase since the Brexit

referendum. The purpose of this report is to analyse hate crimes against Eastern and Central

Europeans in the aftermath of Brexit.

Several studies reveal that immigrants are extra probable to be victims of offense than the

native population in their new country (Korzekwa, 2021). One may wonder why, is it that

immigrants are more likely to be victims of burglary or mugging because of their culture or is it

because they are victims of hate crimes (Korzekwa, 2021)? A hate crime against Muslims is

increasing in Britain and the UK (Albornoz, Bradley & Sonderegger, 2020). For example, a

recent incident in East London involved a Muslim man attacked by a mob of 100 people in a

train station (James &Smith, 2017). The attackers were shouting racist and Islamophobic slurs at

him. The attack resulted in serious physical injuries to the victim (McGuire, 2018).

The purpose of this assignment is to understand hate crimes against Eastern and Central

Europeans after the Brexit vote (Radziwinowiczówna, Galasińska, 2021). It involves looking at

hate crimes through a social science lens, using the available data and conducting a range of

quantitative analyses (Friedrichs, 2021). The assignment includes collecting data from the
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relevant databases and conducting analysis. A range of different methods are used, and the

resulting work is presented in a proposal.

I'll create a dataset to analyse and present the results to my final assessment (Lumsden,

Goode & Black, 2019). The data has been collected from the UK government website, the Home

Office, the Home Affairs Select Committee, and the article published in the Daily Telegraph, the

Daily Mail and the Guardian newspaper (Awan & Zempi, 2020). I will use the data to conduct a

statistical analysis of the hate crime data concerning the EU. I will use the data to analyse hate

crimes post Brexit.

We will read other researchers' work. It is going to be reading other people's work. It is an

excellent idea to read more research from people who are better than you and read it as

thoroughly as you can (Korzekwa, 2021). I will give you a list of other researchers to read, and

we will discuss them.

I propose to examine hate crimes against people from Eastern and Central Europe. I want

to examine the hate crimes against eastern and central Europeans in the context of broader hate

crimes and responses to them (Richardson & Codona, 2018). In particular, based on Taylor

(2017) study, I will examine the crimes occurring after the referent to Brexit and the hate crimes

against Eastern and Central Europeans for the period after the referent to Brexit.

As the article is secondary research by analysing and collecting data from government and

private institutional statistics, police reports, etc., the author must cite sources (Piatkowska &

Stults, 2021). This report will be secondary research, and it will look at the hate crimes against

Eastern and Central Europeans after the EU referendum in 2016 (Myslinska, 2016). The hate

crimes have occurred in the UK in the past few years since the UK voted to leave the European

Union (Jessica, R.E.E.D). It will be based on an analysis of hate crimes committed in the United
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Kingdom after the EU referendum result, 2016 (Myslinska, 2016). It will be secondary research

by analysing and collecting government and private institutional statistics, police reports, etc.

There has been a increase in hatred wrongdoings against Eastern and Central Europeans

since the Brexit vote for the last few years (Lobanov, 2021). Around 40 incidents against the

Eastern Europeans, mainly in London and around Birmingham (Burnett, 2017). Since the EU

vote, there has remained a growth in hatred criminalities with many different motives: a common

one is "Britain First" or "British First", as they seem to hate foreigners from Eastern and Central

Europe (Piatkowska & Lantz, 2021). According to Reed (2018), the most significant problem

with hate crime is the lack of an adequate legislative framework to protect groups, regardless of

their demographics, in this case, Eastern and Central Europeans, because hate crime is not a

criminal offence. The table below shows dataset for hate crimes as recorded by police year

2018/19.
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References

Albornoz, F., Bradley, J. and Sonderegger, S., 2020. The Brexit referendum and the rise in

hate crime: Conforming to the new norm (No. 2020-12). CeDEx Discussion Paper Series.

Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/228376

Awan, I. and Zempi, I., 2020. ‘You all look the same’: Non-Muslim men who suffer

Islamophobic hate crime in the post-Brexit era. European journal of criminology, 17(5),

pp.585-602. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370818812735

Benedi Lahuerta, S. and Iusmen, I., 2021. EU nationals’ vulnerability in the context of Brexit:

the case of Polish nationals. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(1), pp.284-306.

Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1710479

Burnett, J., 2017. Racial violence and the Brexit state. Race & Class, 58(4), pp.85-97.

Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396816686283

Duda-Mikulin, E.A., 2020. Gendered migrations and precarity in the post-Brexit-vote UK: the

case of Polish women as workers and carers. Migration and Development, 9(1), pp.92-

110. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2018.1502004

Friedrichs, J., 2021. Majority-Muslim Hate Crimes in England: An Interpretive Quantitative

Analysis. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 41(2), pp.215-232. Retrieved from:

https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2021.1947587

James, Z. and Smith, D., 2017. Roma inclusion post Brexit: a challenge to existing

rhetoric?. Safer Communities. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1108/SC-06-2017-0022

Jessica, R.E.E.D., The Future Of Eastern Europeans In Post-Brexit United Kingdom.

Retrieved from: http://ier.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/publicatii/WP-

36_IER_Brexit_Paper_Reed.pdf
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Korzekwa, C.E., 2021. A Federalist Essay No. 10 Commentary on the Dangers and

Disadvantages of Post-Brexit Intolerance Henry T. Edmondson III and. Imagining

Europe: Essays on the Past, Present, and Future of the European Union, p.107. Retrieved

from: https://bit.ly/34agj8n

Korzekwa, C.E., 2021. A Federalist Essay No. 10 Commentary on the Dangers and

Disadvantages of Post-Brexit Intolerance Henry T. Edmondson III and. Imagining

Europe: Essays on the Past, Present, and Future of the European Union, p.107.

Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/3u6shdU

Lobanov, N., 2021. Humour, Hate Crimes and British Radical Right Users on Twitter: A

longitudinal Post-Brexit study. Retrieved from: http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9887/

Lumsden, K., Goode, J. and Black, A., 2019. ‘I will not be thrown out of the country because

I’m an immigrant’: Eastern European migrants’ responses to hate crime in a semi-rural

context in the wake of Brexit. Sociological Research Online, 24(2), pp.167-184.

Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1360780418811967

McGuire, K., 2018. Engaging with the media in a pre and post Brexit world: racism,

xenophobia and regulation: a United Kingdom perspective. J. Hate Stud., 15, p.255.

retrieved from:

https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jnlhtst15&div=15&id=&

page=

Myslinska, D.R., 2016. Post-Brexit hate crimes against Poles are an expression of long-

standing prejudices and contestation over white identity in the UK. LSE BrexitVote

Blog. Retrieved from: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2016/09/29/post-bre...

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Piatkowska, S.J. and Lantz, B., 2021. Temporal Clustering of Hate Crimes in the Aftermath

of the Brexit Vote and Terrorist Attacks: A Comparison of Scotland and England and

Wales. The British Journal of Criminology, 61(3), pp.648-669. Retrieved from:

https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa090

Piatkowska, S.J. and Stults, B.J., 2021. Brexit, Terrorist Attacks, and Hate Crime: A

Longitudinal Analysis. Social Problems. Retrieved from:

https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spab005

Radziwinowiczówna A., Galasińska A.. (2021). ‘The Vile Eastern European’ : Ideology of

Deportability in the Brexit Media Discourse. Central and Eastern European Migration

Review 10(1): 75-93. doi: 10.17467/ceemr.2021.01

Reed, J., 2018. The future of Eastern Europeans in post-Brexit United Kingdom (No. 36).

EIR Working Papers Series. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/197798

Richardson, J. and Codona, J., 2018. Blame and fear: Roma in the UK in a changing

Europe. Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, 26(1), pp.95-112. Retrieved from:

https://doi.org/10.1332/175982717X15127350591914

Taylor, G., 2017. Post-Brexit Trajectories. In Understanding Brexit. Emerald Publishing

Limited. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78714-678-520171006