COSH Training Manual

Department of Labor and Employment
Occupational Safety and Health Center

Accredited Safety Training Organization
Accreditation No. 1030-101818-094
CONSTRUCTION
OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY & HEALTH
(COSH)
TRAINING MANUAL
Name:
Company:
Dates:
Venue:
“The more you sweat in training, the less you bleed in battle”
Unit 14 & 15 Pilar Arcade Brgy. Panilao

Pilar, Bataan, Philippines
www.avietcs.com
Tel# 0995 980 2496 0921 929 0719
AVIE TRAINING AND CONSULTANCY SERVICES
Stall No 15. Panilao Arcade Pilar Bataan Philippines – 0995 980 2496 / 240 47 27
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction: COSH Framework …………………..………………………………………...….. 3
Module 1: Importance of Safety and Health………………………………..……………….…. 6
Module 2: Unsafe act & Unsafe Condition (Basic causes of workplace
accidents)………………………………..………………………………………....10
Module 3: Construction Site/Premises ……………………………………………………..…...16
Module 4: Excavation Safety ………………………………………………………………….…35
Module 5: Tools and Equipment Safety ….………….....…………………………...……….…43
Module 6: Construction Machinery (Mobile Equipment)………………,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,…………....46
Module 7: Construction Machinery (Crane Safety)….……………------------.……………….. 54
Module 8: Fall Protection ……………………………………………………………………….. 59
Module 9: Temporary Structures (Scaffolding & Ladder/ Erection &
Dismantling)………..………………………………………..……………………..65
Module 10: Environmental Safety ……………………………………………………………….73
Module 11: CoViD-19 Prevention Measures …………...…………………….……………….101
Module 12: Occupational Health …………………………………………….…………….……112
Module 13: Personal Protective Equipment …………………………….……………………..129
Module 14: Demolition Safety …………………………………………………………………..138
Module 15: Routine Site Safety Inspection ..…….……………………………….……………142
Module 16: Job Hazard Analysis..…….………………………………………..…………….…147
Module 17: Accident Investigation & Reporting ..…….…………………….…………………152
Module 18: Role of Safety Officers ………………………….……………………….………...161
Module 19: Tool Box Meeting………………………………………………………………...…163
Module 20: Emergency Preparedness ………………………………………………….….….166
Module 21: Employees’ Compensation Program ………………………………………....….171
Module 22: OSH Legislations and Programming ……………...…………….…….…….……181
ANNEX A - Department Order No. 198-18 or The Implementing Rules and Regulations of
Republic Act No. 11058
ANNEX B - COVID-19 Prevention and Control in the Workplace
ANNEX C – Department Order Bo. 13-98 or The Guidelines Governing OSH in the
Construction Industry
All rights reserved 2020 property of ATCS duplication in any form without written approval is strictly prohibited
2 | | P a g e Email Address jarosalve@gmail.com / www.avietcs.com / avie.avietcs.com

INTRODUCTION: COSH Framework
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
The Construction Occupational Safety and Health (COSH) Training for Safety Officers is one
of the mandatory 40-hour training courses required for safety officers working in the
construction industry under Rule1030 of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards
(OSHS), Sections 14 and 16 of the DOLE Department Order No. 198 series 2008, and the
DOLE Department Order No. 13 series 1998: Guidelines Governing Safety and Health in the
Construction Industry.
• Course Overview, Requirements and Objectives
o To learn the basic principles of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)

o To reinforce participants’ positive behavior towards Occupational Safety and Health
(OSH)
o To increase awareness of the participants on the implementation of Occupational
Safety and Health (OSH) program
o To familiarize with the Occupational Safety and Health Standards as promulgated by
the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)
o To know the requirements for the appointment of a Safety Officer and for OSHC-
DOLE accreditation as OSH Practitioner/Consultant
o Individually, the participants shall develop a safety and health action plan or program
designed to prevent accidents and occupational diseases in accordance with the
provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards
(OSHS)
Introduction of Speakers and Participants
o Day 1
o Day 2
o Day 3
o Day 4
o Day 5

• House rules - for Webinars

1. Every participant must join the webinar and check their internet connection 30minutes prior
to start of the webinar and must inform the ATCS technical team in advance
2. Only the enrolled participants shall be on the webinar platform
3. During breaks everyone is ask to stand up relax and stretch, have a snacks or coffee
4. Everyone will have the privilege of ask question during the webinar. He/she must send his
question via chat so that the flow of training will not be much affected
5. Quizzes, exams and practical Q@A must be dealt with outmost truthfulness/ cheating is not
advisable
6. Participants shall wear proper attire during the seminar
7. All videos of the participants must be working at all times
8. If there is an emergency or need to go out, the participants must inform the group by
chatting "going out for a moment or gofm" and it must not last 10mnts
9. Must use their true names in the zoom platform
10. Assignments/homework shall be done accordingly to avoid the delay of distribution of the
certificates
• House rules - for Classroom Type of Training
1. Be on time at the beginning of the day and every breaks.
2. Come prepared with workbook and completed homework if any
3. Be kind, polite, and courteous to others.
4. Be respectful to classmates, speakers, and property.
5. Engage with the discussion and group activities.
6. Obey Housekeeping Rules
7. If need to go for personal comfort – no need to ask permission.

8. Obey all House rules.
• Diagnostic Examination/Pre-Test

Course Outline / Learning Road Map:
Nominal
Schedule Module No. Module Title
Duration (Hrs)
1 Importance of Safety and Health 1 Hr.

Unsafe act & Unsafe Condition (Basic causes
2 1.5 Hrs.
Day 1 of workplace accidents)
3 Construction Site/Premises 1.75 Hrs.
4 Excavation Safety 1 Hr.
5 Tools and Equipment Safety 1 Hr.
6 Construction Machinery (Mobile Equipment) 1.75 Hrs.
7 Construction Machinery (Crane Safety) 1.75 Hrs.
8 Fall Protection 1 Hr.
Day 2
9 Temporary Structures (Scaffolding & Ladder) 1.25 Hrs.
Temporary Structures (Erection &
2.50 Hrs
Dismantling))
10 Environmental Safety 1.75 Hrs.
11 CoViD-19 Prevention Measures 1.5 Hrs.
12 Occupational Health 1.75 Hrs.
Day 3 13 Personal Protective Equipment 1.75 Hrs.
14 Demolition Safety 1 Hr.
15 Routine Site Safety Inspection 1 Hr.
Construction Site Visit and Presentation of
4 Hrs,
Inspection Results
16 Job Hazard Analysis 1 Hr.
Day 4 17 Accident Investigation & Reporting 1 Hr.
18 Role of Safety Officers 1 Hr.
19 OSH Communication (Tool Box Meeting) 2 Hr.
20 Emergency Preparedness 1 Hr.
Day 5
21 Employees Compensation 1 Hr.
22 OSH Legislation and Programming 1.50 Hrs.
Re-entry Plan and Training Evaluation

Module 1 – Importance of Safety and Health
• Module Objectives
Upon completion of the module, participants will be able to:
1. Explain the current Philippine OSH situation
2. Describe the OSH situation in their own workplaces
W hatat is Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)?
OSH also commonly referred to as health and safety, occupational health and safety (OHS),
occupational health, or occupational safety, is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the
safety, health, and welfare of people at work.
OSH is generally defined as the science of the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and
control of hazards arising in or from the workplace that could impair the health and well-
being of workers, taking into account the possible impact on the surrounding communities and
the general environment.
OSH Situationer (Global and Local)

Latest data from the Philippine Statistical Authority’s survey (PSA) reveal that there has been
an increase on occupational injuries between the years 2003 to 2015 from 23,000

occupational injuries to an approximate of 51,000, and 55,000 occupational diseases to

around 128,000. However, there is a possibility of under-reporting of both occupational
injuries and diseases due to weakness in the notification system of workplace accidents and
data/report on workers’ exposure to hazard.
- Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics 2003/2004, 2007/2008, 2009/2010, 2011 /2012 BLES
Integrated Survey, Philippine Statistics Authority, 2013/2014,2015/2016 Integrated Survey on Labor and
Employment
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the total cases of occupational diseases in
workplaces reached over 125,000 in 2015. Back pain is the most common type of occupational
disease, making up 32.8% of the reported cases. This is followed by essential hypertension
(11.5%) and neck and shoulder pain (11.4%).
Meanwhile, the most at risk industry for workers was found to be in administrative and support
service activities (34.3%) and manufacturing industry (31.1%), jointly comprising almost two
thirds of the total cases of occupational diseases in 2015.
- Faizza Tanggol | Communications Officer WHO Philippines | 23 August 2018 | The Occupational
Safety and Health Standards Act will protect the health of workers in the Philippines
The Philippine Government estimates that 2.2 million Filipino workers in medium and
large enterprises enjoy effective occupational safety and health (OSH) protection and
services. In other words, 17 of 18 persons in the nation’s workforce of 38.8 million do
not benefit from acceptable working conditions. Studies substantiate that OSH conditions
in micro-firms and the informal sector pose risks and hazards.
- Ma Lourdes Macapanpan | Programme Assistant in Employment Policy and Job Creation ILO
Country Office for the Philippines (CO-Manila) |
https://www.ilo.org/manila/areasofwork/safety-and-health-at-work/lang-- en/index.htm

COSTS OF ACCIDENTS AND ILLNESSES:

Human Costs
The effect of accident to a worker entails a lot of losses in terms of:
Ø Disability- (temporary or permanent) Pain and suffering

Ø Loss of income; loss of earning capacity
Ø Change in social life
Ø Death
Economic Costs
The economic cost of incidents and illnesses are far greater than most people realize
Direct Costs:
Ø Medical Costs
Ø Insurance premium
Ø Employee compensation
Ø Regulatory penalties
Indirect Costs:
Ø Investigation of the incident
Ø Cleaning up of incident site
Ø Disruption in production
Ø Repair/ replacement of damaged materials/ equipment
Ø Training of new/ replacement employees
Ø Poor employee morale leading to low production
Ø Environmental litigation
Ø Ecological remediation
Ø Marketing efforts to project image

Summary Key Points:

• Every workplace has different hazards, risk, and level of exposures. Tailor fit your OSH
response.
• Safety officers play a key role in the overall management of programs in their
companies.
• Accidents and injuries result to losses of lives, limbs, time and property. Most
accidents at work could have been prevented. Immediate causes of accidents are
unsafe and unhealthy acts and conditions.
• Conduct workplace risk assessment through hazards identification, evaluation and
control.
Module 2 – Unsafe act & Unsafe Condition (Basic causes of workplace accidents)
1. Identify the two immediate causes of accidents
2. Explain the differences between the following OSH Concepts:
a. Unsafe Act VS Unsafe Condition
b. Accident VS Incident
c. Hazard VS Risk
3. Relate some examples of unsafe acts and condition to the construction industry
4. Practice identifying unsafe acts and unsafe condition in the workplace
General Concepts on OSH

Accident Causation Theories
Accidents occur every day and, one way or another, will impact virtually everyone. For the
record, an accident is technically anything that happens by chance or misfortune. This
definition provides two important points. First, accidents are unavoidable as a whole; the
chance of one occurring will virtually always be present. Second, the chance of an accident
occurring is a variable that can be changed. While it is impossible to prevent all accidents, it

is possible to decrease their rate of occurrence. Understanding the cause of a phenomenon

such as this is key to decreasing its occurrences, as often knowing the cause is the only
way to formulate effective prevention strategies.
Heinrich’s Domino Theory

As one could easily guess from the commonly used name for Heinrich’s theory, Heinrich
(1936) explained accidents using an analogy to dominos falling over one another and
creating a chain of events. While this theory is not the most advanced or complex theory,
it is especially noteworthy as one of the first scientific theories used to explain accidents.
It is often still referenced today, seven decades later.
When dominos fall over, each tips the next enough to push it over and continue the
process until all the connected dominos have fallen. However, if just a single domino is
removed, the entire process ceases. Heinrich explains accident causation in the same
way:
As you can see from the figure, Heinrich identified five stages of accident causation. The first
stage, the social environment and ancestry, encompasses anything that may lead to
producing undesirable traits in people. More precisely,
this includes the nature and nurture aspects of
someone’s background. Genetics, poor
parenting/socializing, and an unhealthy subculture are all
examples of characteristics o f nature and nurture that
can negatively influence individuals and lead to the next
stage of accident causation. It is worth noting that
Heinrich’s inclusion of genetics and ancestry is very
much a product of the time it was written. A modernized
version of this theory would likely use the term “inherited
behavior,” similar to how alcoholism and temperaments can be inherited.
The second stage, faults of a person, refers to personal characteristics that are

conducive to accidents. For example, having a bad temper may lead to spontaneous
outbursts and disregard for safety. Similarly, general recklessness can also be one of the
manifestations o f poor character. Ignorance, such as not knowing safety regulations or
standard operating procedures, is also an example of this stage.
The third stage, an unsafe act or condition, is often the beginning of a specific incident.
Unlike the first two stages, which affect the probability of accidents occurring, this stage is
closer to the accident in terms of temporal proximity. This can include a specific act that is
unsafe, such as starting a machine without proper warning, or failing to perform appropriate
preventative actions, such as using guardrails or other safety measures. In essence, this
stage entails acts (or failures to act) that occasionally cause accidents.
The next stage, logically, is the accident itself. This, in and of itself, needs little explanation.
It is, simply, when something occurs that is undesirable and not intended. The final stage,
injury, is the unfortunate outcome of some accidents. Whether an injury occurs during
an accident is often a matter of chance and not always the outcome. This relationship
highlights the relationships between stages in terms of causality. An accident occurring
is not a sufficient cause for an injury, but it is a necessary one. Similarly, the undesirable
characteristics in stage two do not always occur in poor environments, but could not occur
without such environments.
Given this necessary causality, the most important policy implication is to remove one of the
dominos (though try for more than one just to be safe); produce a healthy subculture through
positive accident prevention training and seminars, attempt to weed out people with
undesirable characteristics (or otherwise address said traits), and, if all else fails, have a
procedure in place for dealing with accidents to minimize injury and loss.
This “Loss - Causation model ” which has been made by Mr. Frank E. Bird, Jr. of the
International Loss Control Institute (ILCI) i n the USA was based on an earlier model
developed by Heinrich. This model can be considered a "negative" model since the
outcome of failures in the various phases is loss. As such the model can be used to

understand the various causes leading to accidents and as a framework for

accident/incident investigation.
Definition of terms:
Safety – Freedom from accident. The control of hazards to attain an acceptable level of risk.
Incident- An event that may or may not result to loss.
Accident- Unplanned, undesired event, not necessarily injurious or damaging, that disrupts
the completion of an activity.
Hazard- Is any potential or existing condition in the workplace that, by itself or by interacting
with other variables, can result in death, injuries, property damage, and other losses.
Risk- Chance of physical or personal loss.
Another definition of accident is usually a result of contact of a body with a source of energy
above the threshold limit of the body or structure.
Causes of Accidents
➢ Unsafe acts. A violation of safe procedure
• act of omission
• act of commission
➢ Unsafe Conditions. Seen as a physical or chemical property in the material
Three Steps to Control Hazards and Accidents:
1. Identify- Involves knowledge and understanding of the several types of workplace

environmental stresses and the effect of these upon the health of the worker.
2. Evaluate- The decision- making process resulting in an opinion as to the degree of
health hazard that exists from chemical of physical agents from industrial exposure.
3. Correct- Engineering, Administrative Control and PPE.

Risk Assessment
“overall process of estimating the magnitude of risk and deciding whether or not the risk is
tolerable”
Tolerable Risk
“risk that has been reduced to a level that can be endured by the organization having regard to
its legal obligations and its own OH & S policy”
Residual Risk
Once we have done all we can to reduce the risk on a particular hazard, there will still be some
risk there (we can rarely get it down to no risk without eliminating the job all together). The
amount of risk that remains after we’ve put our controls in place is called the residual risk.
In simple terms, the risk from the hazard should be determined by estimating
Ø Severity of harm
Ø Likelihood of harm occurring
Risk can be classified as:
Low Risk – considered acceptable. No further actions are necessary as existing Health &
Safety arrangements is adequate

Medium Risk – moderately acceptable level of risk. But risk reduction measures must be
developed and implemented
High Risk – unacceptable level of risk. Actions must be immediately implemented or the
risk mitigated or controlled
MANAGEMENT OF RISK
Based on the results of the risk assessment the organization must now decide if:
Ø No action required
Ø No additional controls required
Ø Efforts to be made to reduce the risks
Ø Work should not be started or continue until the risks have been reduced or urgent
action required
Summary Key Points:

• Safety Officers have the role of classifying their establishments through proper
identification of the different health hazards as part of the risk assessment process
• Unsafe c o n d i t i o n i s t h e d e v i a t i o n f r o m t h e s t a n d a r d physical /
chemical condition
• Unsafe act is the deviation from the standard practices
• Unsafe condition and acts are not only encountered in the construction industry but

also in everyday life

• Accident results to harm to a person while incident does not result to harm to a
person
• Hazard is anything the has the potential to cause harm, damage, health effect, or
environmental impact
• Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed if exposed to a hazard
• Accidents are caused and accidents can be prevented
Module 3 – Construction Site/Premises
1. Identify the things to consider in ensuring a safe and healthy construction site
premise
2. Relate some government regulations to the needed requirements in having a safe
and healthy construction site premise
3. Explain some OSH requirements in construction site premise
SEE ANNEX – Department Order No. 13 series 1998 or Guidelines

Governing Safety and Health in the Construction Industry
Coverage
• Good Housekeeping
• Safety Signage
• Fire Safety
• Means of Access and Egress
• Heavy Equipment
• Lifting Equipment
• Excavation
• Scaffolding

• Ladder
• Safety Inspection
HOUSEKEEPING
SIGNS OF POOR HOUSEKEEPING

1. cluttered and poorly arranged areas
2. untidy or dangerous storage of materials
3. presence of items no longer needed or in excess
4. dusty, dirty floors and work surfaces
5. tools and equipment left in work areas
6. no waste bins and containers
7. presence of spills and leaks
Disadvantages of Poor Housekeeping

• Low Morale
• Low Productivity
• Fire
Three Types of Hazards Resulting From Poor Housekeeping

1. Slip, trip, and fall hazards- One of the most common type of
hazards created by poor housekeeping are slip, trip, and fall hazards.
When objects, materials, tools, and equipment are not properly stored
workers are bound to trip over them. Slippery conditions are created
when water, moisture, oils, grease, etc. are left on the floor in work
areas. Fall hazards are created when employees have to stand on
make shift surfaces to reach items stored at higher levels. Falls also
occur when changes in elevation are not properly marked or
barricaded in work areas.
2. Strain and sprain hazards- Sprain and strain injuries can result from slip, trip, and fall
incidents. They also can occur when heavy items are not properly put away. When heavy or

awkward objects are placed on the floor and need to be picked up by a worker it creates a risk
for injury. Too often items have to be moved when there is poor housekeeping in a work area
just for the sake of getting them out of the way. Because of unnecessary lifting, sprains and
strains can occur.
3. Laceration hazards- Whether you are working in

a construction or a manufacturing setting, there are
plenty of sharp objects that can cut your hand or
body. When items are not properly stored this
creates a huge risk for laceration injuries. Sharp
tools, jagged metal, sharp edged material, etc. can
all easily cut through a glove or clothing and injure
a worker
WHAT IS GOOD HOUSEKEEPING?

Good housekeeping means there is a clean and orderly place for everything and
everything is in place.
The 5S of Good Housekeeping

Seri (Sort/eliminate)

Seaton (Systematize/organize)
Seiko (Sweep/clean/polish)
Seekers (Sanitize/standardize)
Shinseki (Self-discipline/ training
Controls
• Clean work area
• Provide waste bins
• Keep floors, aisles and stairs free from obstructions
• Properly stack & store materials, tools and equipment
Rule 1060 - Premises of Establishment
1. Building premises shall have adequate fire, emergency or danger sign and safety
instructions of standard colors and sizes visible at all times
2. Other visible signs that may be needed to direct the driver of motorized vehicle
such as STOP, YIELD, and DO NOT ENTER, properly positioned within the
compound of the establishment shall be used to increase safety especially during the night
3. Handicapped employees should be restricted only to designated workplaces.
As far as practicable and feasible they should be provided with facilities for safe and
convenient movement in the establishment
4. Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times through cleanliness of
building, yards, machines, equipment, regular waste disposal, and orderly
arrangement of processes, operations, storage and filing of materials
5. Personal Facilities: Adequate comfort rooms and lavatories separate for male and
female workers, adequate dressing rooms for female workers and locker rooms for male
workers shall be provided

SAFETY SIGNAGES
A Safety Sign provides information about health and safety at work by means of a
signboard, a safety color and a safety message to a specific object, activity or situation.
D.O. 13 Section 9
Construction Safety Signage
Construction Safety Signage must be provided to warn the workers and the public of
hazards existing in the workplace. Signage shall be posted in prominent positions at
strategic locations and, as far as practicable, be in the language understandable to most
of the workers employed.
Section 9.1 The signage should include but are not limited to:
a) Mandatory requirement on the usage of personal protective equipment prior to entry to the
project site.
b) Areas where there are potential risks of falling objects.
c) Areas where there are potential risks of falling.
d) Areas where explosives and flammable substances are used and stored.
e) Areas where there are tripping or slipping hazards.
f) Approaches to working areas where danger from toxic or irritant airborne
contaminants/substances may exist which should indicate the name of the contaminant/
substance involve and the type of respiratory equipment to be worn.
g) All places where contact with or proximity to electrical/ facility equipment can cause danger.
h) All places where workers may come into contact with dangerous moving parts of
machineries or equipment.
I) Location of fire alarms and firefighting equipment.
j) Instruction on the usage of specific construction equipment.
k) Periodic updating of man-hours lost.

Safety Bulletin Board

Mandatory provision of safety and warning signs are
reiterated not only for the protection of workers, but also
the public in general. Signs should conform with the
standard requirements of the OSHS.
Where Signage’s are needed . . .

• Usage of PPE
• Falling/falling objects
• Explosives and flammable substances
• Tripping and Slipping Hazards
• Toxic or irritant airborne contaminants/ substances
• Proximity to electrical facilities/equipment
• Moving parts of machines
• Location of Fire Fighting Equipment
• Instructional signs/Update of man-hours lost
PPE and Safety Scoreboard

FIRE PROTECTION
Fire is the result of the chemical combination of a combustible

material (fuel) with oxygen in the presence of enough heat. If any
one of the three is missing, a fire will not start. The relationship is
called fire triangle. It is important that every worker, not only
supervisor, knows the main causes of fire, how fire spreads, how
to fight fire, and how to prevent fire.
Basic Chemistry of Fire
Fuel. Or combustible materials. This includes many substances

such as natural gas (methane), plastics, wood, natural and artificial
fibers, paper, coal and other living matter. Inorganic substances are
also combustible, substances like hydrogen, ammonium nitrate
magnesium, phosphorus, sodium and sulfur.
Flashpoint - is the lowest temperature at which its vapors ignite if

given an ignition source. Examples of flashpoints:
Auto ignition temperature - is the temperature that causes spontaneous ignition
Oxygen. Fire normally draws its fire through the air, which is a mixture of 21 percent oxygen
and 78 percent nitrogen. 16% of oxygen is needed to sustain fire.

Heat. Sufficient heat to raise the temperature of the fuel surface to a point where chemical union
of the fuel and oxygen occurs. The temperature at which the substance gives off these vapors
or gases in sufficient quantity to be ignited is called the “flash point” of the substance.
Chemical Reaction. Vapors of gases, which are distilled during burning process of a material,
are carried into the flame
Three methods of Heat Transfer

➢ Conduction. Is the transfer of thermal energy between neighboring molecules in a
substance due to a temperature gradient. It takes place in solids, such as metals, timber,
concrete and glass. Some solids, such as metals, are better conductor of heat than woods, for
example.
➢ Convection. Is one of the major modes of heat transfer and mass transfer. It takes
place in fluids and gases cause by the convection currents.
➢ Radiation. Is electromagnetic radiation emitted from a material which is due to the heat
of the material, the characteristics of which depend on its temperature. It is the process of heat
transmission through air and gases. If you are sitting close to a bonfire, he will feel the heat of
the fire, even though the surrounding is cold, this is an example of heat radiation.
Sources of Ignition
➢ Electrical equipment. Hot surfaces produced by defective electrical equipment are a
common source of ignition.
➢ Spontaneous Ignition. If some liquids are heated or sprayed to a very hot surface, it
may ignite spontaneously without a present ignition source.
➢ Spontaneous Combustion. Is a type of combustion which occurs without an external
ignition source. Combustion begins if a sufficiently strong oxidizer, such as oxygen, is present.
➢ Smoking. In many workplaces, employees smoking, or other persons smoking in a
certain area, can be a source of fire.
➢ Friction. Sparks can be created by friction, for instance where the moving part of a
machine comes to contact with a fixed part, or two moving surfaces rub each other or slide
together during machine operation.

➢ Engines, Vehicle Emissions and Hot Surfaces. In vehicle maintenance, and parking
areas, diesel-petrol engine, vehicle emissions and hot surfaces like exhaust systems can be a
source of ignition.
➢ Open Flame Sources. Open flame in the workplace such as boilers, furnaces, portable
heating appliances, etc. can be also a source of ignition.
➢ Lighting. In limited cases, lighting can be a source of ignition.
Products of Combustion
➢ Fire Gases. Are the vaporized products of combustion.
➢ Flame. Is the visible luminous body of a burning gas, which becomes hotter and less
luminous when it is mixed with increased amounts of oxygen.
➢ Heat. Is the process of energy transfer from one body or system due to thermal contact.
➢ Smoke. The Visible product of incomplete combustion.
Phases of Burning
➢ Incipient Phase or Beginning Phase
➢ Flame Producing or Free-Burning Phase
➢ Smoldering phase
INCIPIENT PHASE – or beginning of fire

• oxygen is plentiful
• Temp has not built to high peak
• Breathing not difficult
• Direct water application
• Ventilation: not a problem
• Little steam production
FREE BURNING PHASE – fire begins to deplete the room’s oxygen supply and temperature
greatly increased.
• Fire has involved more fuels
• Oxygen supply is being depleted
• Heat accumulates at ceiling

• SCBA is a must
• Ventilation: not a definite need
• Good steam production
SMOLDERING PHASE – after oxygen content of the air falls below 15%, the fire enters a
smoldering phase where flame may cease but dense smoke and heat completely fill the room.
• Oxygen supply is below 15%
• Temp is very high
• Normal breathing not possible
• Backdraft hazard
• Fire extinguishment: indirect method
• Ventilation is a must
Fire Spread Control
Ø Starvation or Fuel Removal. There are three ways to achieve starvation:
• Take the fuel away from the fire

• Take the fire away from the fuel
• Reduce the quantity or bulk of the fuel.

Ø Smothering or oxygen removal. Smothering can be achieved by:
• Allowing the fire to consume the oxygen while preventing the inward flow
of more oxygen. Oxygen levels can be reduced below the minimum (16%)
percentage needed for combustion by purging and rendering the atmosphere
inert in closed containers or processing systems.
Ø Cooling or heat source control. The most common means of fire. Water is the
most effective and cheapest medium for fighting a fire.
Ø Inhibition. Breaking the chemical chain reaction.

Classifications of Fire and Extinguishing Methods
Ø Class A or combustible materials such as solid materials, wood,

cloth, paper, and natural fibers. Water is used in cooling to reduce the temperature of
the burning material below i t s i g n i t i o n temperature. It i s t h e m o s t e f f e c t i v e
way o f extinguishing the Class A fire.
Ø Class B fires involve Flammable liquids, greases and gases.

Foam, vaporizing liquids, carbon dioxide and dry powder can be used on Class B
fires. There may be some restrictions on the type of foam which can be used because
some foam breaks down on contact with alcohols.
Ø Class C fires involve energized electrical equipment. This class of fire can
be controlled by the use of non-conducting extinguishing agents. The safest procedure is to
always de-energize high voltage circuits and treat as Class A or Class B fire depending on the
fuel.
Ø Class D fires involve combustible metals such as magnesium,

titanium, zirconium, sodium and potassium. Water and other common extinguishing agents are
ineffective on this kind of fire because of its extremely high temperature. There is no agent
available that will effectively control fires in all combustible metals. Special extinguishing
agents are available for control of fire in each of the metals and are marked specifically for that
metal.
are
Ø Class K fire or kitchen fire. Fires that involve cooking oils or fats

designated “Class K” under the US system, and “Class F” under the European/Australasian
systems. Though such fires are technically a subclass of the flammable liquid/gas class, the
special characteristics of these types of fires are considered important enough to recognize
separately.
Fire Extinguishers - Is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control

small fires, often in emergency situations. This is the first line of defense.
The Parts of the Fire Extinguisher

Proper Use of Fire Extinguisher

SAFETY IN LIFTING OPERATIONS
Material Handling
Material handling, whether done manually or with mechanical equipment, can be a major source
of occupational injuries. It was estimated that 25% of all occupational injuries are from manual
handling of materials.
Common manual handling injuries workers suffer from includes:
1. strains and sprains,
2. fractures and bruises.
3. Back Injuries
4. Nip points accidents
5. Etc.
On the other hand, Mechanical handling injuries suffers may include:

1. Crushing of hands or feet
2. Roll over by wheels
3. Pin down by equipment
4. Struck by
5. Etc.
These are caused primarily by unsafe practices such as improper lifting, carrying heavy loads,
incorrect gripping, failing to observe proper foot or hand clearances and not using or wearing
proper equipment and/ or personal protective equipment and clothing.
Another cause of materials handling accidents can be caused by poor job design. Ergonomics is
sometimes described as “fitting the job to the person, rather than the person to the job.” The
ergonomic approach therefore looks at manual handling as a whole, taking into account a range
of relevant factors including the nature of the task, the loads, the working environment and
individual capability.
Many manual handling injuries are cumulative rather than being truly attributable to any single
handling incident.

Pictures of Equipment and Use
Basic Handling Principles

➢ Needless handling costs but cannot add value to the product
➢ Manual handling must be eliminated whenever possible and
mechanical means should be employed
➢ Handling should be correlated with operations, inspections, storage
and other handling that comes All handling systems should be integrated
➢ Handling equipment should be replaced wherever greater efficiency
can be so obtained.

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
According to
1. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
a) SOLIDS
• Bulk – crated large machineries and parts, crated materials, caustic blocks, soap blocks,
etc.
• Powder – flours, phosphates, sugar, cement.
• Granules & Gravel size – copra meal pellets, silicates.
• Odd size – copra.
b) LIQUIDS
• Light – solvents, oils, fuels.
• Viscous – molasses, asphalt, heavy oil, paints.
• Pastes – detergent paste, adhesives.
c) GASES
According to HAZARDOUS CHARACTERISTICS:

d) Flammables – easily set on fire & likely to burn rapidly.
e) Explosives
f) Toxic – poisonous.
g) Corrosive
h) Emits Hazardous Fumes or Gases
i) Fragile
MATERIALS HANDLING – is the preparation, placing, and positioning of materials to facilitate

their movement or storage.
• There is now substantial international acceptance of both the scale of the manual
handling problem and methods of prevention.
• Modern medical and scientific knowledge stresses the importance of an ergonomic
approach in removing or reducing the risk of manual handling injury.
• ERGONOMICS – is sometimes described as “fitting the job to the person, rather than
the person to the job”.

The ergonomic approach therefore looks at manual handling as a whole, taking into account a
range of relevant factors including the nature of risk, the load, the working environment and
individual capability.
Many manual handling injuries are cumulative rather than being truly attributable to any single
handling incident. The result can be physical impairment or even permanent disability.
MATERIALS HANDLING (Categories)

◼ LIFTING
Distance is particularly important where lifting is an integral part of the job.
◼ TRANSPORTING
Considerable thought should be given to the planning and routing of traffic.
◼ STORING
Depends on cost and type of materials and free flow of materials
TYPES OF MATERIALS HANDLING

◼ MANUAL
• Individual Capacity
• 25 kg…female
• 50 kg…male
• Accessories
• 2 wheeled hand trucks
• 4 wheeled hand trucks
• Crowbars
• Shovel
◼ MECHANICAL
• Powered Hand Truck
• Crane
• Hoist
• Forklift
• Boom Truck
• Heavy - Duty Truck

• Tractors
• Railroad Cars
• Conveyors
• Pipelines
• Pallets
• Carton Clamps
• Wire Ropes
• Lifting Bars
SAFE OPERATING PRACTICES

1) Can the job be engineered to possibly eliminate manual handling?
2) Can the material be conveyed or moved mechanically?
3) In what way do the materials being handled cause injury?
4) Can employees be given handling aids to make their job easier and safer?
5) Will protective clothing or equipment, help prevent injuries?
MATERIALS HANDLING PROBLEMS

Common injuries are strains, sprains, fractures & bruises. These are primarily caused by unsafe
practices:
• improper lifting,
• carrying too heavy load,
• incorrect gripping,
• failing to observe proper foot or hand clearance, and
• failing to use or wear proper equipment &/or personal protective equipment & clothing.
Property damage & serious injury/fatality caused by mechanical equipment!
Hazards in Crane Operations

• Structural failure
• Overloading
• Instability

• Falling or slipping load

• Electrical Hazards
Safety Precautions in Crane Operation

• Do not carry or use crane beyond the rated load
• Never move load over people.
• Never allow personnel to ride on a load.
• Center the crane over the load before starting to hoist.
• Lift, move & lower loads smoothly.
• Do not leave suspended load unattended.
• Keep hook block more than 2m above the floor when not in use.
• Use tagline to stabilize and control loads.
• Respond to signals from designated signalman only.
• Maintain safe distance from electrical transmission lines.
Rigging
is the process where a load is prepared for lifting using a lifting machine. The main part of this
process is the tying up of the load with sling and/or other connecting devices so that the load
could be hooked onto a crane.
Sling Inspection
• Broken Wires
• Abrasion
• Crushed Strands
• Corrosion
• Kinks
Safety Inspection
is a systematic way of identifying potential workplace hazards before they cause a health and
safety problem?

Purposes of Safety Inspection

• Eliminate Hazards
• Assess Effectiveness of OSH Program
• Display Visible Management Commitment to Safety
• Establish Accountability
• Identify Training Needs
• Fulfill Legal Obligations
Types of Inspection
• Continuous Inspection
a process conducted as part of their job responsibilities in noting and correcting potential
danger
• Periodic/Interval Inspection
a systematic process with specific intervals and widely regarded as “real” safety and health
inspection
• Intermittent/Emergency Inspection
an unscheduled inspection may be
After Inspection
• Writing of inspection report
• Correction of hazards
• Monitoring and evaluation
Corrective Actions
• Immediately correct everything possible.
• Report at once conditions beyond one’s authority and suggest solutions.
• Take intermediate action as needed.

Summary Key Points:

• Although work processes are high risk, but a construction site can be managed to
maintain a safe and healthy work environment
• Layout plan, perimeter fences, and security personnel are vital to keep the people
safe and to keep the property secured
• Welfare facilities are needed to promote the health and well-being of workers
• A good traffic management plan prevents accidents of people and the public near
any construction activities
• Good housekeeping eliminates accident and fire hazards
• Proper segregation of wastes in construction is needed to comply with RA 9003
• Emergency exits and portable fire extinguishers in a construction should comply with
OSH Standards Rule 1940
• Construction Safety signage in a construction should comply with DOLE DO 13
Section 9
• Electrical hazards should be identified and controlled in the construction site
Module 4 – Excavation Safety


1. Highlight the hazards of working in an excavation
2. Explain how to protect employees from cave-ins / soil collapse
3. Identify the factors that pose a hazard to the employees working in excavations
4. State the role of a competent person at an excavation site
Excavation
• Is any man-made cut, cavity or
depression in an earth surface that is
formed by earth removal

Trench
• is a narrow excavation where the depth is greater than its width, and the width
measured at the bottom is not greater than 15 ft.
Hazards of Excavation Works

• Soil Collapse
• Falls
• Vehicular Traffic
• Underground Utilities
• Working Surface
• Confined Space Conditions
Principal Causes of Soil Collapse

• Steep cutting angle
• Super imposed load
• Shock & Vibration
• Water Pressure
• Drying
Prevention of Soil Collapse
Type A – Most stable: clay

Type B – Medium stability: silt and unstable rock (disturbed soil as type B)
Type C – Least stable: gravel, loamy sand, submerged soil, soil from which water is
freely seeping.
Prevention of Soil Collapse
§ Cut the slope at a safe angle (H:V)
• Type A - 3/4:1 or 53°

• Type B - 1:1 or 45°
• Type C - 1½ :1 or 34°
Prevention of Soil Collapse…
• Provision of shoring and timbering
•
Sheet Piles

Plate Lining System Box Type
Shielding
Per Rule 1413 of the Occupational Safety and Health

Standards (OSHS):
The walls of every excavation over 1-meter-deep shall be

supported by adequate shoring…
Falls
• Minimum Berm
- not less than one third of the depth of the excavation
- may be reduced to not less than 1 meter provided that
materials are stable, shoring and barriers are present

(Per Rule 1413 of the OSHS)

• Barricades of at least 1-meter high should be provided.
• Signs should be posted to prevent the public from going
near the excavation.
Surface Crossing of Trenches

• Walkways or bridges must be provided
• Minimum clear width of 20 in.
• With standard rails
• Extended a minimum of 24 in. past the surface edge
Vehicular Traffic
• Provide workers with warning vests or other suitable
garments marked with reflectorized materials
• Designate a trained flag person along with signs and barricades
when necessary
• Use horn or give signals to ensure safety.
Underground Utilities
• Determine location of underground facilities and take necessary steps to prevent damage to
these facilities.
• In an open excavation, support, protect or remove underground
installation.
Working Surface
• Excavation shall be kept free of water at all times
• And in muddy area, workers should be
provided with boots to reduce the hazard of slipping.
Confined Space Conditions

Hazardous Atmosphere:

• Oxygen, O2: < 19.5% or > 23.5%

• Flammable gas concentration > 10% of Lower Flammability Limit (LFL)
• Hazardous toxic chemicals
Excavation in confined space

• Check the condition of the atmosphere before entry
• Do not work alone in a confined space
• Provide lifeline
• Provide ventilation or blower before entering
• Provide emergency rescue equipment such as breathing apparatus, safety harness and line
and basket stretcher
Working in Excavation
• Prior to opening
• Check excavation permit
• Identify all underground installations
• Remove trees, boulders, stumps, other surface encumbrances and hazards before
starting excavation
• During operations
• Wear appropriate PPE
• Give special attention to side slopes that are adversely affected by weather,
moisture content or vibration
• Safe working distance between workers
• Maintain guardrails, fences, or other barricades and warning lights
• During break time, workmen should never stand or take rest on high banks of soft
material
• Do not leave tools, materials, or debris in walkways, ramps, or near the edge of
excavations
• Do not use guardrails as resting place
Inspection

• Daily before start of each shift

• After heavy rain
• When fissures, tension cracks, undercutting, water seepage, bulging at the bottom
or other conditions occur
• When there is any indication of change or movement in adjacent structures or
spoil pile
Rule 1413 of the OSHS states that excavation shall be inspected at least once
everyday.
Additional Reference for Confined Space
An enclosed or partially enclosed space that:

• Is not designed or intended for human occupancy except for the purpose of
performing work
• Has restricted means of access and egress
• May become hazardous to any person entering to it
• Even if a space is not fully enclosed it can still be classified as confined.
- An open ditch / trench / excavation can be classified as a confined space.
• A space doesn’t even have to be small to be considered confined.
- e.g. cold storage, ships hold, etc.

Hazards of Confined Space
Summary Key Points:

- An excavation may not be safe to enter without a proper support structure being
provided.
- Types of Excavation Works include open excavation, pit excavation, and trench
- Excavation works are high risk because excavation failures like a soil collapse
occur quickly, limiting the ability of workers to escape
- There are safety and health risks in excavation works that need to be controlled
- The causes of soil collapse are steep cutting angle, super-imposed load, shock and
vibration, water accumulation, drying, and lack of regular monitoring and inspection
- There are several methods to protect and excavation and prevent soil collapse
- The type of soil should be considered in choosing the appropriate excavation
protection
- Minimum Berm for excavated material is 1/3 of the depth of the excavation
- Tools, materials, and machineries should be kept at a safe distance away from the
edge of the excavation
- Excavation more than 2 m deep shall be barricaded to a height of 1 m

- Water increases the possibility of a cave in.

- Excavation should be considered as a confined space.
Module 5 – Tools and Equipment Safety
1. Know what is a heavy equipment
2. Learn the legal basis of heavy equipment safety
3. Identify the hazards related to heavy equipment operations and the persons at risk
4. Identify some of the blind spots of heavy equipment
5. Explain the responsibilities of workers on foot and heavy equipment operators
Introduction:
• The Supervisor is primarily responsible for ensuring the safe use of tools.
• The use of hand and portable power tools must be accompanied with proper
orientation.
• The use of right tools for the job eliminates potential hazards thus ensuring quality
of work.
Hand tool accidents from:

• Human carelessness
• Not knowing the right tool for the job
• Ignorance of safety precautions
• Failure to maintain/keep the tools properly
• Not instructed for the correct usage
Basic tool check

• Are the tools right for the job?
• Are the tools in safe working condition?

• Are the tools being used properly?

• Are the tools kept in a safe place?
HAND TOOLS SAFETY TIPS

• Keep tools clean
• Check tools for good working condition ü Use the right size and type for the job
• Carry tools in tool box, bag or belt
• Do not use excessive force on the tool
• Wear appropriate PPE
MAIN TYPES OF PORTABLE POWER TOOLS

• Electric
• Pneumatic
• Cartridge/powder actuated
• Gasoline
• Hydraulic
INJURIES CAUSED BY:

• Electric shock
• Particles in the eyes
• Fires
• Falls
• Explosions
• Falling tools
Wheel Breaking
• choose, right wheel for the task.
• don’t bend or stress wheel.
• ensure disc is compatible with grinder.
• ensure disc is correctly fitted.
• wear correct PPE for the task

PNEUMATIC TOOLS DANGER

• Leaving airline where it may cause tripping hazard of be damaged by traffic
• Leaving tool with air supply switched on
• Disconnecting the hose from the tool using it to clean machine or clothing.
• Squeezing the trigger before reaching the work
CARTRIDGE TOOLS
• Used for fastening fixtures and materials to metal, pre-cast, pre-stressed concrete,
masonry, block, brick, stone and wood surfaces
DANGERS
• Free shots
• Ricochet
• Atmosphere causing explosion
• Projectiles fired through the work
SAFETY TIPS
• Do not use if your hands are wet or if standing on
wet surfaces
• Make sure that you know how to use the tool properly
• If tools are misused, it can result in injury or spoiled work
COMMON ERGONOMIC INJURIES

• Bursitis ¡ Osteo-arthritis
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ¡ Tendonitis
• Cellulitis ¡ Tenosynovitis
• Epicondylitis ¡ Tension Neck/Shoulder
• Ganglion ¡ Trigger finger
INJURIES CAUSED BY…

• Repeated overtime use of vibrating tool/equipment.

• Tools/tasks which require twisting hand or joint movement.
• Applying force in an awkward position.
• Applying excessive pressure on parts of the hands, back, wrists or joints.
• Working with the arms over-stretched or overhead.
• Working with a bent back
•
• REMINDER!
The injury/disease caused by poorly designed or unsuitable tools

and work stations often develop slowly over a period of months or
years.
However, a worker will usually have some signs and symptoms for a
long period of time indicating that something is wrong.
THE USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Because power tools often come into close contact with the body, wearing the appropriate
personal protective equipment is necessary to prevent personal injury.
Summary Key Points:
• Hand Tools are non-powered and operated by bare hands

• Portable Power Tools are operated through additional power source
• Types of Power Tools are Electric, Powered Abrasive Wheel Tool, Pneumatic, Hydraulic,
Liquid Fuel
Module 6 – Construction Machinery (Mobile Equipment)



1. Learn the types of heavy equipment

2. Identify the hazards related to its operations
3. Know the factors that cause accidents
4. Learn the basic safety based from OSH Standards and DO 13
Introduction
• Many types of mobile construction heavy equipment are being used in a construction
site doing a wide variety of work. Most of these machines operate within close proximity
to persons on foot. With this, many people are exposed to hazards associated with this
equipment.
• In short, you have a congested construction site with personnel on foot, and mobile
machines working in the same area at the same time!
TOTAL EQUIPMENT SAFETY MANAGEMENT
1. Management Commitment
• Restrict entry onto site of non-essential personnel.
• Establish Controlled Entry Points to site.
• Coordinate Operations of Various Trades Working in the Same Areas.
• Provide Fundamental Site Rules and Training to all Persons at Risk.
• Adequate Lay-Down Areas Established.
2. Employee Involvement
• All must receive basic orientation.
• Attend operator’s Tool Box Meetings
• Must learn, follow, and obey established Safety rules.
• Realize that they must see, and be seen.
DO 13 Sec. 12
Safety & Health Information
12.6 Specialized instruction and training should be given to:
a. drivers/operators of lifting appliances, transport, earth- moving and materials-handling equipment
and machinery or any equipment of specialized or dangerous nature.

b. Workers as signalers
3. Pre-Construction Job Hazard Analysis

• Identify Potential Known Hazards.
• Job Conditions: Haul Roads, Access Points.
• Lay down/Storage Areas.
4. HAZARD PREVENTION and CONTROLS

• Perimeter Fencing, Enclosures, signs.
• Spotters provided for in-the-blind, backing machines and/or equipment.
• Be Alert; Stay Clear; Hear Warnings.
• Temporary Barricades around Hazards.
5. Equipment maintenance
• Duly certified mechanics and operators shall conduct daily routine inspection
• Inspect before operation
• Check instrumentation
• Check safety devices; horns, lights
• Warm up and make trial run
• Keep machine clean
• Be aware of abnormalities
SAFE OPERATION GUIDELINES

1. AUTHORIZED OPERATOR
• Qualified with license
• Well trained
• Good physical condition
EQUIPMENT OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES

• Keep control of the Machine at all Times.
• Take Machine “Out of Service”, if it is unsafe to operate.

• Familiarity with the operating characteristics of your machine.

• Be On the Look-Out for Other Trades Working in the Same Area.
• Frequently check for the Location of other Machines. Keep Lights and Backup Alarm
in Operating Condition.
• Allow NO ONE to Ride Outside the Cab for Any Reason!
• Always inform Appropriate Personnel of any Abnormal Conditions, Defects, or
Changes made in Machine and/or Job Procedure or Conditions.
• Report Unsafe Workers to Supervisor.
• Talk Safety with Those Who Work with You. Maintain “Constant Awareness”.
• Do Not Attempt Repairs or Maintenance that You Do Not Understand.
• Always Check the Mirror on the Blind Side, making Sure of Your Clearance.
(Backing on the Blind Side should be Avoided if at all Possible).
• Learn and Follow Safe Work Practices!
2. Personal Protection
3. Physical Condition
4. SAFETY RULES
• Check job site condition
• Soil condition
• Working near utilities
5. SALIENT POINTS
• HE Operators be tested and certified
• All Heavy Equipment tested and certified
6. Alertness
The Most Dangerous Movement is Backing!
• Know where your Blind Spots are.
• Look for people walking around you.

• STOP! When Signaled; When waived at violently; Or if you are in doubt….

• Maintain a safe operating speed.
7. Avoiding Distraction
• Small Machines have small blind spots, where large machines have large blind spots,
both can cause serious injury or death!
• The taller and wider the machine, the bigger the blind spot area.
8. Appropriate Use
• Specific equipment operation
• Equipment capacity
• Equipment capability
• Equipment restriction
CONCERNED PERSONNEL
• Equipment Operator
• Workers on foot
• Spotters
• Management people and supervisors
• Other construction site personnel
HAZARDS PRESENT IN CONSTRUCTION HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATION
• Moving parts of the equipment

• Uneven terrain
• Energized electrical lines

• Fall
• Dust
• Overloaded equipment
• Noise

• Vibration
• Unsecured loads
• Improvised attachments
• Blind spot.
BLIND SPOTS – DUMP TRUCK

• Small heavy mobile equipment has small blind spots and heavy mobile equipment
have large blind spots, both can cause serious injury or death
• The taller and wider the machine, the bigger the blind spot area
• Operators, spotters and workers on foot need to be aware where the blind spots
are. Located
RESPONSIBILITIES OF WORKERS ON FOOT

• Wearing of high visibility vests (or equivalent) and other appropriate PPE’s.
• Keep a safe distance from heavy equipment
• Know the equipment’s blind spots. Never assume that the equipment operator sees
you
• Never ride on the steps or drawbars of any equipment.
• Watch out for swinging parts.
SPOTTER RESPONSIBILITIES
• Wearing of high visibility vests and other appropriate PPE’s.
• Spotters should use clearly understood hand signals or traffic control devices, (i.e.
signs, etc.)
• Spotters should know operator visibility limitations, always remain visible to the
operator and be sure eye contact is made before any signals are given.
EQUIPMENT OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES

• Learn and follow Safe Work Practices!
• Review manufacturer’s operating manual

• Conduct pre-operational inspection of equipment.

• Know how to operate and use safety features on equipment properly
• Allow NO ONE to ride outside the cab for any reason!
• Keep all lights, back-up alarm, seat belts, mirrors, shields and safety guards in place
and in good condition.
• Be aware of people on foot around you and other machines operating in the area.
• Know where your blind spots are and always check the mirror on the blind side.
• Avoid underground utilities and overhead power lines.
• Must understand signals and always obey the spotter.
• STOP! When signaled; when waved at violently; or if you are in doubt!
• Maintain a safe operating speed.
• Operate within the equipment’s rated capacity.
• Report any abnormalities, defects and unsafe condition. Take Machine “Out of
Service”, if it is unsafe to operate
• Do Not Attempt Repairs or Maintenance that You Do Not Understand
• Never get on or off a moving equipment. Park in a safe place, apply parking brakes,
turn off engine and remove the key before dismounting.
• Turn the engine off before refueling
OPERATOR AUTHORIZATION
• Operating heavy equipment is a great responsibility.
• Operation is reserved only for safe and responsible operators
• A policy and procedure on authorization of heavy equipment operators must be in
place. The operator must be competent, trained and in good health.
D.O.13 – ON HEAVY EQUIPMENT

Section 7.2
“The General Constructor must provide for one (1) Construction Safety and Health Officer for
every ten (10) units of heavy equipment assigned to the project site, to oversee the effective
compliance with the Construction Safety and Health Program at the construction project site,
in terms of heavy equipment utilization and maintenance”

Section 10.1-a
“All heavy equipment operators assigned at the project site must be tested and
certified in accordance with a standard trade test prescribed by TESDA in coordination with its
accredited organization/s”
Section 10.2.4-a
“Only duly certified operators shall be allowed to operate their designated heavy
equipment”
5 BASIC GUIDELINES ON HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATION
When using heavy equipment, there are 5 basic guidelines that the operators
must always follow to ensure safety:
1. Know how to properly operate the equipment you are using
2. Do not use heavy machinery when you are drowsy, intoxicated, or taking
prescription medication that may affect your performance
3. Use only equipment that is appropriate for the work to be done
4. Inspect your equipment to ensure that it is in good working condition before
beginning a job. In addition, ensure that regular inspections and maintenance are
conducted as appropriate
5. Do not stress or overload your equipment.
Summary Key Points:

• Heavy equipment is a machine with engine or electric motor as prime mover, with
minimum operating weight of 1,000 kg and horsepower of 10 HP
• Heavy equipment are powerful machines that are useful in construction, however they are
hazardous which may result to various accidents
• DOLE DO 13, Section 10 requires all operators to have a TESDA NC and all heavy
equipment to have a third-party testing
• One additional safety officer must be provided for every 10 units of heavy equipment
• All heavy equipment operating should have a designated spotter who is properly trained

Module 7 – Construction Machinery (Crane Safety)
1. Learn the types of cranes
2. Identify the hazards related to crane operations
3. Know the factors that cause crane accidents
4. Learn the basic crane safety based from OSH Standards, DO 13, and Code of
Practice for Tower Crane Safety

Some Common Overhead Crane Hazards and Tips On How to Prevent Them
Preventing Overhead Crane Hazards: In any type of industry, the coming together of
anticipation and pro-actively handling problems is something, which does result in greater
success than just reactively responding to incidents. If an individual works in the world of
construction and manufacturing, there are hazards always present at job sites, but w i t h
p r o p e r t r a i n i n g a n d p r e p a r a t i o n a h e a d f o r t h e m , a lot o f i s s u e s c a n
be prevented.
In order to keep all those involved safe, all operators and workers need to understand the
most basic of all safety hazards, and how to recognize any of them right away. Please
read on to learn more about the many potential risks that are a part of overhead cranes and
the accompanying preventable measures.
Potential Electrical Hazards

About 50% of all crane accidents that happen overhead can be attributed to machinery coming
into contact with a power source of some kind during operation. Typically, why this occurs is
because, as a crane moves materials close to or beneath energized power lines, the
hoist line or boom gets into contact with the electrical source. This is an issue, which is about
half of all hazards that are associated with these overhead cranes, and it can be stopped with
good safety planning.

Safety planning that is effective can be done before the cranes even get to the worksite. It is
important to establish who will be in charge of any and all pre-job safety. Every danger zone
should be clearly marked, and this does specifically apply to, the 10-foot radius of all power
lines of the entire area. The whole area should be considered to be an unsafe working
place from the get go. The 10-foot radius can be marked with barriers, fences, taping,
etc. to give clear visual clues for all workers.
In addition to this, make sure to ask electrical companies to de-energize or to ground any
existing power lines when there are individuals working in close proximity to them.
However, until specifically informed by the electrical company, all operators should assume
that all power lines are energized and extremely dangerous. A final preventative measure is
to make sure all ladders, tools, and other systems being used on the work site aren’t at all
conductive.
Crane Overloading
When a crane exceeds over its operational capacity, it can also prove to be the very thing,
which tends to cause about 80% of all crane accidents and structural failures as well. The
overloading of the crane’s operational capacity is caused by some of the following:
• The presence of swinging or a sudden dropping of any load

• Any defective components
• The hoisting of a load that is beyond its normal capacity
• The dragging of a load
• Whenever side-loading a boom
A lot of these mistakes are the result of predictable human error. The formal training for
operators should have a working knowledge of some key points, and any conditions where
stated lifting capacities happen to be valid. Some of these key points are crane load charts and
lifting capacities. Operators shouldn’t just rely on instinct or experience to decide if weight load
is correct.

Falling Loads
When working with overhead cranes, falling loads are one of the most common, and most
dangerous, hazards. A falling load can result in several injuries, fatalities and significant
structural damage to buildings and property. Additionally, it will also lead to significant time
and money costs.
One of the best ways to lessen the chance of any materials falling down from cranes is clear. It
is to make sure to perform regular maintenance of hoists. An example of this is to do load
testing maintenance to ensure that you know how many pounds a hoist can handle exactly.
It also will provide an accurate indication of just how well the hoist is functioning
currently. Another way to reduce the chance of mechanical failure is by performing
inspections of the crane each day. If, and when, a potential problem is identified by the
operators, they need to make sure to implement the lockout/tag-out procedure.
Though it may be obvious, what should be clearly stated is this, that workers need to always
wear the proper head, foot, hand, and eye protection while working on the job site itself.
They also need to be constantly aware of what is going on in their surroundings. They don’t
want to accidentally go walking beneath a suspended load at any time.
In summary, falling loads from an overhead crane could be the result of:
• Operator incompetency. You must ensure your employees are adequately

trained so they are able to carry out their roles competently and safely.
• Slipping. If you don’t secure loads properly it can result in slipping material.
• Mechanical failure. The risk of mechanical failure can be reduced if you ensure a
competent person carries out routine inspections, maintenance and repairs at
suitable intervals.
• Two blocking. Two blocking occurs when an uppermost hoist line component (i.e.
the load block, hook block, overhaul ball) touches the upper block, boom tip or
similar component. When two blocking occurs, increased tension is placed on the line

which can result in falling loads or crane components.
Crane Overload
The m a j o r i t y o f c r a n e s t r u c t u r a l f a i l u r e s a n d u p s e t s a r e t h e r e s u l t of
s o m e b o d y overloading a crane. If you exceed a crane’s operational capacity, you are likely
to subject it to structural stresses and cause irreversible damage.
You could overload a crane if you:

• Swing or suddenly drop loads.
• Hoist loads beyond the cranes capacity.
• Use defective components.
• Drag loads.
• Side-load a boom.
Crane Safety Tips

When working with cranes, there will always be hazards. However, you can minimize the
risks by ensuring you take appropriate precautions to undertake all operations safely
To carry out your crane operations safely, you should:
• Appropriately t r a i n all e m p l o y e e s . As a n employer, you
h a v e a l e g a l responsibility to provide appropriate health and safety training to
all your employees so they’re competent at their jobs. By training your employees
you’ll increase workplace safety, satisfaction and profits as you reduce injuries,
fatalities, accidents and sickness absence.
• Ensure employees know they must not stand under loads and ensure
operators never lift a load over an employee. You must never stand under a
crane or have a load lifted over you. It’s crucial your employees are aware of this and
avoid walking through any zones where cranes are overhead.
• Know, u n d e r s t a n d a n d c o m p l y w i t h t h e Lifting O p e r a t i o n s a n d L i f t i n g
• Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER). To find out more about your legal
responsibilities under LOLER, have a look at our LOLER FAQ Guide.
• Carry out routine maintenance and repairs of all on-site equipment at

appropriate intervals. Part of your legal responsibility under LOLER involves

• carrying out routine, periodic maintenance and repairs to ensure your machinery is
in safe working condition.
• Ensure a supervisor is present on site at all times when cranes are in
operation.
• Make employees aware of, and strictly enforce, your load and lifting limits.
• Ensure clear warning signals are displayed on-site when needed. You must
display the relevant hazard signs in all danger zones on-site to warn your
• employees of the potential hazards. You must also ensure all your employees know
and understand all the warning signs so they are aware of when they are entering a
danger zone.
• Select appropriate PPE for all employees. You must ensure your employees
• wear appropriate foot, head and eye protection, along with any other PPE
you have identified in your risk assessment.
• Properly safety-plan all jobs before starting work. You must also decide
who’s in charge of pre-job safety planning prior to any cranes arriving on-site.
Summary Key Points:

• Cranes are powerful machines that are vital in every construction project.
• However, more power also warrants higher risks which can lead to accidents
• All workers and subcontractors should follow the OSH Standards, DO 13, and Code of
Practice for Tower Crane Safety

Module 8 – Fall Protection
1. Have an understanding of the fall protection requirements
2. Know the height requirements for use of a safety harness and fall restraint system
in general construction and for steel erection
3. Be able to explain and demonstrate the proper uses of a body harness/ personal
fall arrest system
4. Know when and how safety nets should be used for fall protection
5. Know when and how guardrail systems should be used
6. Understand special fall protection requirements for working on scaffolding
7. Identify the elements of a fall arrest system and explain their use
8. Understand the requirements for covers over holes and other openings
Areas or Activities Where Fall Protection is Needed:

• Ramps, runways, and other walkways.
• Excavations,
• Hoist areas.
• Form work and reinforcing steel.
• Leading edge work, unprotected sides and edges.
• Roofing works, pre-cast concrete erection
• Residential construction and other walking/working surfaces.
Fall Protection Standard:

• The rule sets a uniform threshold height of 6 feet (1.8 meters), thereby providing consistent
protection.
• Employer must assess the workplace to determine if the walking or working surfaces
have the strength and structural integrity to safely support workers.
• Select the proper fall protection system to protect exposed employees at 6 feet
(1.8 m) or more.

• Provide the proper training.

• Protection also must be provided for construction workers who are exposed to
the hazard of falling into dangerous equipment.
Fall Protection Systems:

1. Guardrail Systems.
2. Personal Fall Arrest Systems.
3. Positioning Device Systems.
4. Safety Monitoring Systems.
5. Safety Net Systems.
6. Warning Line Systems.
1. Guardrail Systems:
• The top edge height of topsails must be 42 inches (1.1 meters) plus or minus 3
inches (8 cm) above the walking/working level.
• Screens, m i d r i b s , m e s h , i n t e r m e d i a t e v e r t i c a l m e m b e r s m u s t b e
i n s t a l l e d between the top edge of the guardrail system and walking/working
surface (at least 21 inches (53 cm) high.
• The guardrail system must be capable of withstanding a force of at least 200
pounds applied on the top from both directions, midtrial shall be capable of
• withstanding a force of at least 150 pounds applied in any downwards or outward
direction.
• A toe-board with minimum 3.5 inches high should be installed all around the
platform and should be capable of withstanding a force of at least 50 pounds.
• Guardrail s y st e m s s h al l b e s u r f a c e d t o pr o t e c t w or k e r s f r om p un c t u r e s o r
• lacerations and to prevent clothing from snagging.
• Distance Between Vertical Posts should not be more than 2.8 Ft.
• If no midtrial is installed the distance between the vertical posts should not be
more than 19 inches.

2. Personal Fall Arrest Systems:

These consist of an anchorage, connectors, and body belt or body harness. It must do the
following:
1. Limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 900 pounds when used with a body
belt.
2. Limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 1800 pounds when used with a body
harness.
3. Be rigged so that an employee can neither free fall more than 6 feet (1.8 meters)
1. nor contact any lower level.
4. Bring an employee to a complete stop and limit maximum deceleration distance an
employee travels to 3.5 feet (1.07 m). (shock absorber)
5. To keep at least 3 feet clearance from the ground.

6. Have sufficient strength to withstand twice the potential impact energy of an

employee free falling a distance 6 feet or the free fall distance permitted by the system,
whichever is less.
7. The use of body belts for fall arrest is prohibited (1/1/1998) and a full body
harness is required.
8. The anchoring point must withstand a force not less than 5000 pounds.
3. Positioning Device Systems:

• Body belt or harness are to be set up that a worker can free fall no farther than 2 feet.
• Secured to an anchorage capable of supporting 3000 pounds.
4. Safety Monitoring Systems:

• Used when no other alternative fall protection has been implemented.

• Competent person to monitor the safety of workers.

• The employer shall ensure that the safety monitor is competent in the recognition
• of fall hazards.
• Is capable of warning workers of fall hazard dangers and in detecting unsafe work
practices.
• Is closed enough to work operations to communicate
• orally with workers and has no other duties to
distract from the monitoring function.
5. Safety Net Systems:

• Safety nets must be installed as close as practicable under the walking/working
surface and never more than 30 feet (9.1 m) below such levels.
• Installed with sufficient clearance underneath to prevent contact with the surface
• or structure below.
• The maximum size of each safety net mesh opening shall not exceed 36 square
inches nor be longer than 6 inches (15 cm) on any side.
• Each Safety net or section shall have
a border rope for webbing with a
minimum
• breaking strength of 5000 pounds.
• Safety nets must extend outward
from the outermost projection of the
work surface as follows
• Safety nets shall be inspected at least once a

week for wear, damage, and other
deterioration.
• Safety nets shall be capable of absorbing
an impact force of drop test consisting
of a 400-pound (180 kilograms) bag of sand 30
inches (76 cm) in diameter dropped from the

highest walking/working surface at which workers are exposed, but not less than 42 inches
(1.1 m) above the level.
• Items that have fallen into safety nets including – but not restricted to, materials, scrap,
equipment, and tools – must be removed as soon as possible and at least
before the next work shift.
6. Warning Line Systems:

• Consists of ropes, wires, or chains, and supporting stanchions and are set up as follows:
1. Flagged at not more than 6 foot intervals with high visibility materials.
2. Rigged and supported so that the lowest point including sag is no less than 34 inches
(0.9 meters) from the walking/working surface and its highest point is no more than 39
inches (1 m) from the walking/working surface.
3. Shall be erected around all sides of roof work areas.
4. Warning lines shall be erected around all sides of roof work areas.
5. When mechanical equipment is being used, the warning line shall be erected not less
than 6 feet (1.8 m) from the roof edge parallel to the direction of mechanical
6. equipment operation, and not less than 10 feet (3 m) from the roof edge
7. perpendicular to the direction of mechanical equipment operation.
8. When mechanical equipment is not being used, the warning line must be erected not
less than 6 feet (1.8 m) from the roof edge.

Summary Key Points:

• Fall protection is a series of steps and safety measures conducted to
eliminate or control the injurious effects of an unintentional fall while working
at heights
• A body can fall up to 7 feet in 2/3 of a second
• Fall protection should be part of the planning process prior to construction
• DO 128-13, Rule 1414.12 is the legal basis of fall protection
• Fall protection methods are: fall prevention, work positioning and fall restraint, and
personal fall arrest system
• Fall prevention includes: guardrail systems and floor coverings
• PFAS includes: anchorage point, full body harness, deceleration devices, and
connectors
• Restraint devices prevents the fall of a worker by providing a short leash so
that workers cannot reach the edge
• There should be a rescue plan whenever working with the potential
of hanging by a harness
Module 9 – Temporary Structures (Scaffolding and Ladder Safety)
1. Identify safe and unsafe practices
2. Be aware of the hazards of working at height on scaffolds.
3. Classify scaffold structures.

4. Identify common accidents associated with scaffolds.

5. Be aware of the maintenance and inspection of scaffolding.
6. Describe correct practices for using ladders
SCAFFOLD means any temporary elevated platform (made of timber, metal or bamboo)
and its supporting structure (including points of anchorage) used for supporting
employees or materials or both in the course of any construction works, including
maintenance and demolition works.
Function
Ø As a working platform
• So that the worker can stand on the platform to do their work easily and safely
• So that the workers can place their materials and logistics to carry out their job
Ø As a platform and walking passage
• Scaffolding support the platform used by the worker as their walking path to
transport the material and logistics
Classification of Scaffolds
v Supported Scaffolds
v Suspended Scaffolds
Supported Scaffolds
• Supported Scaffolds are platforms supported by legs, outrigger, beams,
brackets, poles, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support.

Frame or fabricated scaffolds

• the most common type of scaffold because they are
versatile, economical, and easy to use.
• frequently used in one or two tiers by residential contractors,
painters, etc., but their modular frames can also be stacked
several stories high for use on large- scale construction jobs.
Mobile scaffolds
• a type of supported scaffold set on wheels or casters.
• designed to be easily moved and are commonly used for things
like painting and plastering, where workers must frequently
change position
Tube and coupler scaffolds

• they are built from tubing connected by coupling devices.
• are frequently used where heavy loads need to be carried, or where
multiple platforms must reach several stories high.
• Their versatility, which enables them to be assembled in multiple
directions in a variety of settings, also makes them
hard to build correctly
Pole scaffolds
• Are types of supported scaffold in which every structural component,

from uprights to braces to platforms, is made of wood. Cannot easily be reused,

and considered old- fashioned and are rarely used today.
Suspended Scaffolds
Suspended Scaffolds contains one

or more platforms suspended by ropes
or other non- rigid means from an
overhead structure.
Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds

• also known as swing- stage scaffolds, are perhaps
the most common type of suspended scaffold.
• Hung by ropes or cables connected to stirrups at
each end of the platform, they are typically used by
window washers on skyscrapers.
Single-point Adjustable
• consists of a platform suspended by one rope from an
overhead support and equipped with means to permit the
movement of the platform to desired work levels.
• The most common among these is the scaffold used by
window washers to clean the outside of a skyscraper (also
known as a boatswain's chair).
Suspended Scaffolds:
• Support Device rest on surfaces capable of supporting at
least four times the load imposed
• counterweights
o Must be able to resist at least four times the tipping moment
o Secured mechanically to outrigger arm

o Made of non-flow able materials

o Tiebacks must be installed
• Guardrails or personal fall arrest system or both
Hazards in the Use of Scaffolds

• Falls from elevation
• Struck by falling tools / debris
• Scaffold collapse
• Electrocution
Recommended Control Measures

Ø Falls from elevation
• Use guardrails
• Must be fully planked
• Use fall arrest systems
Ø Struck by falling tools or debris
• Barricade the area below the scaffold and forbid entry
• Use panels or screens
• Build a canopy or net
Ø Scaffold collapse
• Proper scaffold construction
• Firm foundation
• Plumbed and level
• All components installed
• Do not overload with people or equipment
• Provide wall ties or anchorage
• Have a competent person check scaffold
Ø Electrocution
• Observe clearance/distances required between power lines and scaffolding
• De-energize the lines
• Install protective covering

Mobile Scaffolds
• Plumb, level and squared

• Braced to prevent collapse
• Casters and wheels locked to prevent movement while in a
stationary position
• Not allowed to ride on scaffolds when moving
Three Stages of Scaffolding

1. Building Scaffolds
2. Using Scaffolds
3. Removing / Dismantling Scaffolds
Stage 1: Building Scaffolds

1. Persons Involved – wear PPE
2. Site Specific Hazards Identification
Erectors
Classification of Scaffolds
Inspect all scaffold parts before use (cracks, dents, bends, breaks, corrosion & bad
welds)
Condition of fittings (distorted, stripped, missing, bent parts)
Condition of scaffold planks (cracks, splits)
Damaged scaffold (tagged, set aside, repaired or replaced)
3. Erection of scaffolds

Supervised by competent person

4. Means of safe Access
• Stairs/ Ladders
• Frame scaffolds
• Platforms are fully planked
5. Fall protection systems and falling object protection
Platform
• No paint on wood platforms
• Use scaffold grade wood
• Fully planked between front upright and guardrail support
• Component pieces used must match and be of the same type
• Erect on stable and level ground
Platform Ends
• Each end of a platform, unless cleated or otherwise restrained by hooks, must
extend over its support by at least 6 inches
Proper Scaffold Access

• Provide access when scaffold platforms are more than 2 feet above or below a
point of access
Permitted types of access:

Ladders, such as portable, hook-on, attachable, stairway type, and built-ins
Stair towers
Ramps and walkways
May use building stairs and come out window
Access
• No access by cross braces
• When using ladders, bottom rung no more than 24 inches’ high

• Can use some end frames

• Can access from another scaffold, structure or hoist
Stage 2: Using Scaffolds

Training of personnel in the proper use of the scaffold and hazards associated
Establish and communicate jobsite rules
Put in writing
Taught to all employees
Part of the safety culture
Scaffold Inspection
• Competent person inspects scaffolds for visible defects
before each shift and after any alterations
• Defective parts must be immediately repaired
• Provide Scaffold tags
Stage 3: Removing / Dismantling of Scaffolds

• Must be done by trained personnel
• Proceed in reverse order to its erection
• Workers should wear a safety harness and lanyard tied off to a secured anchor
before attempting to loosen stuck or jammed parts.
• Do not hammer or pry apart the scaffold components.
• Do not throw scaffold components
Portable Ladders
• Used as work platform only when in use of small hand tools and handling of light
materials.
• Shall be of sufficient length and be placed such that worker will not stretch
• Damaged ladders shall be removed and tagged “unsafe” or “destroyed”
• Positioned at 1 horizontal to 4 vertical
• With handhold of at least 3 feet

Summary Key Points:

• Scaffolding is a temporary or movable platform used for access and/or working at
considerable heights above the ground
• Scaffoldings are useful in construction but they pose hazards and risks which may
result to accidents
• Classification of scaffoldings: supported and suspended
• Legal basis of scaffolding safety is DOLE DO 128-13
• Every scaffold shall be of good construction and sound materials
• Timber/bamboo scaffold is limited to a height of 6m
• Manufactured and site fabricated/conventional scaffolds exceeding 6m in height
shall be designed and inspected by the structural engineer
• Suspended scaffolds shall be designed by a structural engineer
• Persons involved in scaffoldings should be either competent or scaffold erector
• (qualified)
• Supported scaffold shall be capable of supporting at least 4 times the maximum
intended load
• Suspended scaffolds shall be capable of supporting at least 6 times the
maximum intended load
• Scaffoldings should be inspected and tagged prior to use
• Remember the safe clearance of a scaffolding used near power lines
• Do not move mobile scaffoldings while a person is on it
Module 10 – Environmental Safety
1. Identify the different environmental hazards;
2. Identify the specific measuring equipment for particular hazards; and
3. Discuss the fundamental concepts of IH and describe the functions of an industrial

hygienist and roles of Safety Officer in Environmental Safety.
Industrial Hygiene (IH)–is the science and art devoted to identification, evaluation and
control of environmental factors and stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may
cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort among workers
or among citizens of the community.
Industrial hygiene is strict and rigorous scientific methodology and often requires
professional experience in determining the potential for hazard, exposures or risk in
workplace and environmental studies.
Three Steps to Control Hazards and Accidents:

1. Identify- Involves knowledge and understanding of the several types of
workplace environmental stresses and the effect of these upon the health of the
worker.
2. Evaluate- The decision- making process resulting in an opinion as to the degree of
health hazard that exists from chemical or physical agents from industrial exposure.
3. Correct (Control) - Engineering, Administrative and PPE.
➢ Engineering control. Eliminate or reduce the hazard through:

• Initial design specification

• Substitution
• Change the process
• Isolation (Place)
• Ventilation
➢ Administrative control. Control of employee’s exposure
• Increased breaks
• SOPs
• Training
• Isolation (time)
• Medical Exams
• Workplace monitoring
• Scheduled reduced work hours in contaminated areas or
• Shifting
➢ PPE. Use protective barrier to protect
the worker from the hazard.
Module 10-A: Workplace Environment Measurement
1. Discuss Work Environment Measurement (WEM) and its importance in evaluating the
hazards in the workplace and monitoring exposure of workers;
2. Comply w i t h i n d u s t r i a l h y g i e n e – related O S H S p r o v i s i o n s a n d o t h e r
issuances, laws and guidelines; and
3. Explain the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and its importance in evaluating workers’
exposure.
Environmental Monitoring
Environmental monitoring describes the processes and activities that need to take

place to characterize and monitor the quality of the environment. Environmental monitoring
is used in the preparation of environmental impact assessments, as well as in many
circumstances in which human activities carry a risk of harmful effects on the natural
environment. All monitoring strategies and programs have reasons and justifications
which are often designed to establish the current status of an environment or to establish
trends in environmental parameters. In all cases the results of monitoring will be reviewed,
analyzed statistically and published. The design of a monitoring program must therefore
have regard to the final use of the data before monitoring starts.
Sources of Data
1. Walk-Through Survey- is done to pinpoint the location of the existing health hazard so
that proper corrective actions can be taken and to identify potential health hazards under
normal and abnormal conditions.
2. Chemical Inventory
Ø Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
Related OSHS Provisions:
Rule 1070 is OSH standard for occupational health and environment control. It has seven
(7) Rule standards:
1071- General Provisions
1072- TLVs for Airborne Contaminant
1073- TLVs for Airborne Contaminants (Tables)
1074- Physical Agents
1075- Illumination
1076- General Ventilation
1077- Work Environment Measurement
• For further information, please read the Philippines OSH Standards- as

amended, pages 28-33.

Work Environment Measurement

1077.02: Definitions:
Working environment measurement shall mean sampling and analysis carried out in respect of
the atmospheric working environment and other fundamental elements of working environment
for the purpose of determining actual conditions therein.
Rule 1070 refers to the Occupational Health and Environmental Control
(Rule 1077.01 OSHS, DOLE)

The employer shall exert efforts to maintain and control the working environment in comfortable
and healthy conditions for the purpose of promoting and maintaining the health of his workers
Rule 1070 of Occupational Safety and Health Standards

- The WEM shall be performed by the safety and medical personnel who have taken
adequate training and experience in WEM (internal monitoring)
Note: Internal WEM also requires calibrated industrial hygiene equipment
- In the event of inability to perform the WEM, the employer shall commission the Bureau
/ OSHC / Regional Office concerned and other institutions accredited or recognized by the
Bureau, to perform the measurement.
Requirements (Rule 1077.03)

- WEM shall include temperature, humidity, pressure, illumination, ventilation, concentration of
substances & noise.
- The employer shall carry out WEM where hazardous work is performed and shall keep a
record of such measurement which shall be made available to the enforcing authority.
- The working environment shall be performed periodically as maybe necessary but not longer
than annually
In the conduct of WEM, DO 160-16 shall be referred to for proper guidance.

Department Order No. 160-16 Guidelines on the Accreditation of Consulting

Organizations to provide Work Environment Measurement (WEM) Services
-
- Establishments shall only seek WEM services from accredited WEM Providers. Otherwise,
the WEM shall NOT be regarded as compliant to Rule 1077 (Working Environment
Measurement) of the OSHS.
- NO person or organization shall be allowed, hired or provide WEM services unless the
requirements of this rule are complied with
Purposes of WEM Work Environment Measurement
- To monitor worker’s exposure to harmful substances;
- To evaluate the effectiveness of environmental control measures adopted to improve the

workplace; and
- To maintain favorable environment conditions.
Types of Work Environment Measurement Monitoring:

- Personal Monitoring – the measurement of a particular employee’s
exposure to airborne contaminants. The measuring device is placed
as close as possible to the contaminant’s entry port to the body. For
example, when monitoring an air contaminant that is toxic, the
measuring device is placed close to the breathing zone of the
worker. The data collected closely approximates the concentration of contaminants to which the
worker is regularly exposed during work hours.
- Area/Environmental Sampling – the measurement of a

contaminant concentration in the workroom. The measuring
device is placed adjacent to the worker’s normal workstation
or at fixed locations in the work area. This kind of
monitoring does not provide a good estimate of worker’s
exposure but helps to pinpoint work areas with high or low
exposure levels of contaminants. Area Sampling

- Biological Monitoring involves the measurement of changes in the composition of body fluids,
tissue or expired air to determine the absorption of a potentially hazardous material. Examples
are the measurement of lead and mercury in blood or urine.
Examples of Industrial Hygiene Equipment

Physical Agents
Noise/ sound- sound level

meters, waveband analyzers,
audiometer
Light
Photometer, illumination meter
Heat stress- heat stress monitor

Radiation- radiation survey

meter
Air Movement (Ventilation) -

Anemometer
Chemical Agents-
Gas/ dust/ acids / fumes /
vapors - indicator tubes,
stationary and personal
samplers
The measurement data will be compared with existing standards / guidelines:
• Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)

• Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)
• Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs)
• Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs)
• Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs)
What is Threshold Limit Value?
The threshold limit value (TLV) of a chemical substance is believed to be a level to which a
worker can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse effects.

Categories of TLV
• Time Weighted Average (TLV - TWA) - takes into account variable exposure through a
full shift, 8-hour work day
• Short Term Exposure Level (TLV - STEL) - limit of exposure during a short period, 15
min.
• Ceiling (TLV - C) - absolute maximum level of exposure not to be exceeded
PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURE, OSHS-DOLE

Duration per day, Sound Levels, dB, slow
hours response
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1½ 102
1 105
½ 110
¼ 115
* ceiling value: No exposure in excess of 115 dB is allowed.
ILLUMINATION LEVELS, OSHS DOLE
Area of Operation Minimum Lighting Levels and Task lux

Cutting cloth 2000 and above
Sewing cloth (200 foot candles)
Finish inspection
Fine assembly
Color grading

Fine Machining
Inspection and assembly 1,000
Clay enameling and glazing (100-foot candles)
Coil winding and testing
Chipping Grinding
Fine core making
Machine shop bench work
Transcribing handwriting
Accounting
Pattern making
Drafting
Welding 500
Automotive frame assembly (50-foot candles)
Chemical laboratory
Foundry molding
Sorting
Core making
Rubber extrusion and tire making
Punch press Shearing
Stamping Spinning
Woodworking
Medium quality machine and bench work
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH)

Screening Criteria for Heat Stress Exposure (WBGT values in °C)
for 8-hour work day five days per week with conventional breaks
Acclimatized Action Limit (Unacclimatized)
Allocation of Work in a
Work/Rest Cycle Very Very
Light Moderate Heavy Light Moderate Heavy
Heavy Heavy
75-100% 31.0 28.0 -- -- 28.0 25.0 -- --
50-75% 31.0 29.0 27.5 -- 28.5 26.0 24.0 --
25-50% 32.0 30.0 29.0 28.0 29.5 27.0 25.5 24.5
0-25% 32.5 31.5 30.5 30.0 30.0 29.0 28.0 27.0
Notes:
Assumes 8-hour workdays in a 5-day workweek with conventional breaks.
TLVs assume that workers exposed to these conditions are adequately hydrated, are not taking
medication, are wearing lightweight clothing, and are in generally good health.
Examples of workloads:
Rest - sitting (quietly or with moderate arm movements)
Light work - sitting or standing to control machines; performing light hand or arm work (e.g.
using a table saw); occasional walking; driving
Moderate work - walking about with moderate lifting and pushing or pulling; walking at
moderate pace; e.g. scrubbing in a standing position
Heavy work - pick and shovel work, digging, carrying, pushing/pulling heavy loads; walking at
fast pace; e.g. carpenter sawing by hand

Very Heavy - very intense activity at fast to maximum pace; e.g. shoveling wet sand
Adapted from: 2016 TLVs® and BEIs® - Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and
Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati: American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 2016, p. 218.
Clothing Type WBGT Correction (°C)

Work clothes (long sleeve shirt and pants) 0
Cloth (woven material) coveralls 0
SMS (Spun bonded - Meltdown - Spun bonded) polypropylene
+ 0.5
coveralls
Polyolefin coveralls +1
Double-layer woven clothing +3
Limited-use vapor-barrier coveralls + 11
Note: These values are not to be used for completely encapsulating suits. Coveralls assume
only modest clothing is underneath, not a second layer of clothing.
For example, an acclimatized worker wearing double-layer woven clothing doing moderate work
would have a corrected exposure level of: 30.0 + 3 = 33ºC, which would lower his or her
allowable exposure to 0-25% work (from 25-50% work)
Adopted from: 2016 TLVs® and BEIs®: Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and
Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2016. p. 217
Summary Key Points:

• Environmental monitoring is used in the preparation of environmental impact
assessments, as well as in many circumstances in which human activities carry a risk of
harmful effects on the natural environment.
• Work environmental monitoring is carried out to evaluate occupational hazards resulting
from exposure to the following agents: Physical Agents, Chemical Agents, and
Biological Agents.
• It is important to recognize environmental hazards or stresses in the workplace.
• The magnitude or level of hazards can be accurately determined by using industrial
hygiene equipment. Prevention is better than cure so it is necessary to assess and
evaluate these hazards.

Module 10-B: Medical Surveillance
1. Discuss medical surveillance and biological monitoring as strategies in
examining health conditions of workers;
2. Explain the role of these strategies in preventing occupational illnesses; and
3. Describe the different steps in conducting medical surveillance.
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
General Idea: The monitoring of a person for the purpose of identifying changes in health
status due to occupational exposure to various hazards present in the workplace. Medical
Surveillance provides the systematic monitoring of health events to prevent, detect and control
occupational hazards and their associated diseases.
It identifies cases for:

- Early detection of job-related health problems
- Determine their causes
- Analyze Trends and Patterns in the Workforce to Guide Prevention Efforts
- Supplement Environmental Monitoring to Confirm the Effectiveness of Controls
- Meet Regulatory Requirements
Specific Idea: Medical surveillance encompasses the whole stay of the employee in the
workplace from the time that the employee is accepted until the time the employee resigns or
retires from work.
It is important as worker populations are not homogenous. Certain members will be particularly
vulnerable or at greater risk than others. (individual susceptibility).
Hazard level within safe or acceptable limits do not guarantee that workers will not be affected.

Conceptual Framework:
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH MONITORING:

Per R u l e 1 9 6 7 . 0 2 (2), shall b e p r o v i d e d t o a l l e m p l o y e e s of a c o m p a n y
through: Pre- employment, Periodic Examination, Special Examination, Tr a n s f er
Examination and Separation Examination.
All these examinations shall be FREE OF CHARGE per Rule 1967 (2.b).
Pre-employment provides the baseline while Periodic Examination provides a continuous

information of the health status of the workers. Special examinations are provided to those
employees who by nature of their work need are exposed to highly hazardous materials while
Transfer examination determines the health status of the worker who will either be
moved to another work station or will be given a work assignment that whose hazard will
affect the health of the said employee. Separation examination provides both the employer
and employee surveillance on the health status of the worker who are either resigning or
retiring in order to make sure that the worker is fit prior ending the engagement in the

workplace.
Pre-employment shall consist of the following:

- Medical history
- Physical examination
Annual medical examination is part of the Periodic Medical Examination.

- Medical history and P.E.
- Blood levels of chemicals or their metabolites
Special Examination depends on situations like:

• Workers new to a hazardous job
• Workers returning after injury or illness
• Workers with concurrent condition or illness which can be adversely affected by
workplace hazards
• Workers exposed to very hazardous substances or work processes
It may also be examinations like:
- X-ray of affected body part
- CT-scan of affected body part
- Other appropriate laboratory examinations
Transfer examination is requested for:

- Base line health status prior transfer
- Comorbidity cases
Results of examination will determine the decision for any transfer.
Separation examination consist of:

- Medical history and P.E.
- Blood levels of chemicals or their metabolites
Done prior the resigning or retiring from employment.

Steps in Surveillance of Occupational Hazards

1. Hazard and exposure assessment
2. Identification of adverse health outcomes for each hazard
3. Selection of medical screening tests
4. Interpretation of data and recommendation
5. Communication of results
6. Documentation/recordkeeping
7. Evaluation of control measures.
1. Hazard and exposure assessment:

• Process involved
• Exposure and type of substances
• Intensity
• Frequency
• Duration
• Number of population
2. Identification of adverse health outcomes for each hazard.

Recognition of Occupational Health (OH) Hazards
A. Classification of OH Hazards
• Chemical
• Physical
• Biological
• Ergonomics
• Special Consideration
• Confined space
• Indoor air quality
B. Methods of Recognizing OH Hazards

A. Classification of OH Hazards
Chemical Hazards
These arise from excessive airborne concentration of...
• Gases
• Solvents/ Vapors
• Mist
• Dusts/ Particulates
• Heavy Metals/ Fumes
Physical Hazards
• Extreme Temperature
• Radiation
• Extreme Air Pressure
• Inadequate Illumination
• Vibration
• Excessive Noise
Biological Hazards
These include.
• Bacteria, viruses, insects, molds, fungi, parasites.
• Exposure as a result of the work being performed is the worker in the hospital
whose job requires contact with various communicable diseases.
• Exposure in the working environment can result from unsanitary conditions in rest
rooms, eating area and locker room.
Ergonomics Hazards
These include...
• Improperly designed tools or work areas
• Improper lifting or reaching
• Poor visual conditions

• Repeated motion in awkward position

Psychosocial Hazards
• The harmful p h y s i c a l & e m o t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s c a u s e d b y a n i m b a l a n c e
b e t w e e n perceived demands & perceived resources & abilities of individuals to cope with
those demands. (ILO, 1986)
• Substance abuse
• Alcohol intoxication
• Adverse Health Effect
Brain and Nerves- Headache, sadness, difficulty of sleeping, mental disorders to include
anxiety panic and depression.
Heart- faster heartbeat, palpitations, r i s e in blood pressure heart attack.
Stomach- nausea, vomiting, a c h e, heartburn, decrease appetite.
Reproductive organs- irregular o r p a i n f u l p e r i o d s , r e d u c e d s e x u a l d e s i r e ,
impotence,
Other- acne, skin problems, weakened immune system.
Low productivity
B. Methods of Recognition of Occupational Health Stresses/ Hazards

• Walk-through survey/ ocular inspection
• Reviewing process involved
• Knowing the raw materials used, products and by- products
• Gathering of worker’s complaints
• SDS
What is SDS?
Safety Data Sheet
- A summary of the important health, safety and toxicological information on the chemical or
the mixture ingredients.
What is GHS?
• Globally Harmonized System (GHS) Of Classification and labeling of chemicals is an

international standard for classifying chemicals and communicating its hazards.

For establishing a comprehensive national chemical safety program, and a comprehensive
approach defining and classifying hazards and communicating information on labels and safety
data sheets (SDS).
• Benefits:
• Enhance the protection of humans and environment
• Facilitate international trade in chemicals
• Reduce the need for testing and evaluation of chemicals
• Assist countries an d i n t er nat i o na l or ga n iz at i on s t o e ns ur e t he so u nd
management of chemicals
• GHS has two (2) key elements:

1. Hazard classification
• Physical hazards
• Health hazards
• Environmental hazards
2. Hazard communication
• Safety Data Sheet (SDS) - 16- sections
• Labels
The Sixteen (16) Sections of the Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
Sections 1-11 and 16 are required, sections 12-15 may be included but are not required.
• Section 1—Identification: Product identifier, manufacturer or distributor
name, address, phone number, emergency phone number, recommended use, and
restrictions on use.
• Section 2—Hazard(s) identification: All hazards regarding the chemical and
required label elements.
• Section 3—Composition/Information on ingredients: Information on
chemical ingredients and trade secret claims.
• Section 4—First-aid measures: Required first a i d t r e a t m e n t for
exposure to a chemical and the symptoms (immediate or delayed) of exposure.

• Section 5—Fire-fighting measures: The techniques and equipment

recommended for extinguishing a fire involving the chemical and hazards that may
be created during combustion.
• Section 6—Accidental rel ease measures: Steps to take in the event of a spill
or release involving the chemical. Includes: emergency procedures, protective
equipment and proper methods of containment and cleanup.
• Section 7—Handling and s t o r a g e : Precautions for s a f e h a n d l i n g
and s t o r a g e , including incompatibilities.
• Section 8—Exposure c o n t r o l s /Personal p r o t e c t i o n : OSHA’s permissible
exposur e limits (PELs), threshold limit values (TLVs), appropriate engineering
controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE).
• Section 9—Physical and chemical properties: The chemical’s characteristics.
• Section 10—Stability and r e a c t i v i t y : Chemical stability and
possible hazardous reactions.
• Section 11—Toxicological information: Routes of exposure (inhalation,
ingestion, or absorption contact), symptoms, acute and chronic effects, and
numerical measures of toxicity.
• Section 12—Ecological information: How the chemical might affect the
environment and the duration of the effect.
• Section 13—Disposal considerations—describes safe handling of wastes
and methods of disposal, including the disposal of any contaminated packaging.
• Section 1 4 —Transportation information—includes packing, m a r k i n g , a n d
l a b e l i n g requirements for hazardous chemical shipments.
• Section 15—Regulatory information—indicates regulations that apply to chemical.
• Section 16—Other information—includes date of preparation or last revision.

3. Selection of medical screening tests
Hazard Health Risk Test
Noise Noise-induced hearing loss Audiometry

Toluene Nervous system Neuro examination Liver
profile Biological monitoring
Liver (urinary toluene)
Silica Silicosis (lung disease) Chest X-ray

Pulmonary function tests (PFT)
Asbestos Asbestosis (lung disease) Chest X-ray

Pulmonary function tests (PFT)
Lead Anemia, nephropathy Neuro examination Biological

monitoring (Lead in blood)
Biological Monitoring - Selected Substances

(adopted from ACGIH, 2018)
Assay
Substance material Parameter Sampling Time
Benzene Urine S-Phenyl End of shift

mercapturic acid/g
creatinine or
t,t-Muconic acid/g creatinine
Hexane Urine 2,5-Hexanedione End of shift at end

of workweek

Lead and Blood Lead Not critical

compounds
(except alkyl
lead
compounds)
Mercury, Urine Mercury Prior to shift
elemental
Toluene Urine o-cresol/g creatinine End of shift
Urine Toluene End of shift
Biological Monitoring - Selected Substances

(adopted from ACGIH, 2018)
Assay
Substance material Parameter Sampling Time
Acetone Urine acetone/L urine End of shift
Styrene Urine mandelic acid End of shift
Xylene Urine methylhippuric End of shift

acids/g
creatinine
Trichloroethylene Urine TCA/L urine By the end of

the last shift of a
workweek/
shift period
Cadmium and Blood Cd/g creatinine compounds Not critical

its inorganic
Biological Monitoring
Biological monitoring was defined in a 1980 seminar, jointly sponsored by the European

Economic Community (EEC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
and Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA) in Luxembourg as “the measurement
and assessment of agents or their metabolites either in tissues, secreta, excreta, expired air
or any combination of these to evaluate exposure and health risk compared to an
appropriate reference”. Monitoring is a repetitive, regular and preventive activity designed to
lead, if necessary, to corrective actions; it should not be confused with diagnostic procedures.
Biological monitoring is one of the three important tools in the prevention of diseases due to
toxic agents in the general or occupational environment, the other two being environmental
monitoring and health surveillance.
The sequence in the possible development of such disease may be schematically represented
as follows: source-exposed chemical agent — internal dose — biochemical or cellular effect
(reversible) — health effects — disease. The relationships among environmental, biological,
and exposure monitoring, and health surveillance, are shown in the figure below.
When a toxic substance (an industrial chemical, for example) is present in the environment, it
contaminates air, water, food, or surfaces in contact with the skin; the amount of toxic agent in
these media is evaluated via environmental monitoring.
As a result of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, a certain internal dose of the
toxic agent (the net amount of a pollutant absorbed in or passed through the organism over a

specific time interval) is effectively delivered to the body, and becomes detectable in body
fluids. As a result of its interaction with a receptor in the critical organ (the organ which, under
specific conditions of exposure, exhibits the first or the most important adverse effect),
biochemical and cellular events occur. Both the internal dose and the elicited biochemical and
cellular effects may be measured through biological monitoring.
Health surveillance was defined at the above-mentioned 1980 EEC/NIOSH/OSHA seminar as

“the periodic medico-physiological examination of exposed workers with the objective of
protecting health and preventing disease”.
Biological monitoring and health surveillance are parts of a continuum that can range from the
measurement of agents or their metabolites in the body via evaluation of biochemical and
cellular effects, to the detection of signs of early reversible impairment of the critical organ. The
detection of established disease is outside the scope of these evaluations.
Biological monitoring of exposure is based on the determination of indicators of internal dose

by measuring:
• the amount of the chemical, to which the worker is exposed, in blood or urine (rarely
in milk, saliva, or fat)
• the amount of one or more metabolites of the chemical involved in the same body
fluids
• the concentration of volatile organic compounds (solvents) in
alveolar air
• the biologically effective dose of compounds which have formed adducts to DNA or
other large molecules and which thus have a potential genotoxic effect.
4. Interpretation of data and recommendation

1. Medical Surveillance Result - creation of OSH programs and policies
2. Maintaining a healthy workforce - monitoring of results of program

3. Control measures in place? - audit of policies and programs
4. Impact of the control measures? - effectivity of the measure

5. Evaluation ,Revision and Improvement - management review
5. Communication of results
• Preventive Strategies
• Nutrition Month
• Mental health programs
• BMI maintenance activity
• PEP talks- Mental Health, Hypertension etc.
• Maintain DATA Privacy Act
• Examples of Health Promotion Programs are: Managing STI/HIV/AIDS in the workplace
• Tuberculosis management program
• Responsible parenthood Blood Supply Program Hypertension
• Diabetes
• Obesity and weight reduction
• Smoking cessation
• Physical fitness, exercise and sports programs
• Work-Life Balance programs
• General nutrition
6. Documentation/recordkeeping
• AMR -APE,
• Record logbook (CLINIC VISITS-illnesses/complains)
• WEM
• Record of activities for the whole year
• Policies and procedures
7. Control Measures
1. Engineering control
2. Administrative control
3. Personal Protective Equipment

Engineering Control
Elimination: process of removing the hazard from the workplace. It is the most effective way to
control a risk because the hazard is no longer present. It is the preferred way to control a
hazard and should be used whenever possible.
• Isolation
• Modification of the Process/ Equipment
• Wet Methods
• Industrial Ventilation
Substitution: Second most effective hazard control, involves replacing something

that produces a hazard (similar to elimination) with something that does not produce a
hazard
• Replacing lead-based paint with titanium white
Administrative Control
• Reduction of work periods
• Adjusting work schedules
• Employee information and training
• Job Rotation
• Education of Supervisors
• Housekeeping and Maintenance
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

• Dust/ Gas Respirators
• Safety Goggles/ Spectacles
• Face Shields
• Earplugs/Earmuffs
• Aprons
• Safety Shoes
• Helmets
• Gloves

Evaluation
Medical Surveillance programs must be reviewed, presented to the Management and
updated. The program must be evaluated based on its efficiency in the utilization of the
organization’s resources. Record kept properly will help provide a sound evaluation of the
programs. This will help in providing the needed resources. Resources include human
resources and specialized skills, technology, time and financial resources
Checking of Preventive Action:
• Medical recordkeeping
• Test results, interpretation, record of notifications, AMR
• Exposure evaluations
• WEM, Biological monitoring
Internal Factors:
• Resulting environmental modifications
• Control measures implemented
External Factors
• Requirements, procedures, and interpretation of findings for health surveillance as
specified by national legislation (e.g. TLVs)
• Audit requirements from customers and other stakeholders.
Health Interventions in the Workplace

The workplace is an important setting for health protection, health promotion and
disease prevention programs. On average, workers working full-time spend more than
one-third of their day, five days per week at the workplace.
While employers have a responsibility to provide a safe and hazard-free workplace, they
also have abundant opportunities to promote individual health and foster a healthy work
environment for all their employees.
The use of effective workplace programs and policies can reduce health risks and improve
the quality of life for the workers.

Maintaining a healthier workforce can lower direct costs such as insurance premiums and
worker’s compensation c l a i m s . It will also positively impact many indirect costs such as
absenteeism and worker productivity.
To improve the health of their employees, businesses can create a wellness culture that
is employee-centered; provides supportive environments where safety is ensured and
health can emerge; and provides access and opportunities for their employers to engage
in a variety of workplace health programs.
What are Workplace Health Programs?
Workplace health programs refer to a coordinated and comprehensive set of strategies

which include programs, policies, benefits, environmental supports, and links to the
surrounding community designed to meet the health and safety needs of all employees.
Examples of workplace health program components and strategies include:

• Health education classes
• Access to community or company-owned fitness facilities
• Company policies that promote healthy behaviors such as a tobacco-free
workplace policy
• Employee health insurance coverage for appropriate preventive screenings
• A healthy work environment c r e a t e d through actions such as making healthy
foods available and accessible through vending machines or cafeterias
• A work environment free of recognized health and safety threats with a means to
identify and address new problems as they arise
Impact of Workplace Health Programs

Workplace health programs can lead to change at both the individual (i.e., employee) and
the organization levels.

For individuals, workplace health programs have the potential to impact an employee’s
health, such as their health behaviors; health risks for disease; and current health status.
For organizations, workplace health programs have the potential to impact areas such as
health care costs, absenteeism, productivity, recruitment/retention, culture and employee
morale.
Employers, workers, their families and communities all benefit from the prevention of
disease and injury and from sustained health.
Summary Key Points:

• Industrial Hygiene (IH)–is the science and art devoted to recognition, evaluation and
control of environmental factors and stresses arising in or from the workplace, which
may cause sickness, impaired health and well- being, or significant discomfort among
workers or among citizens of the community.
• Steps to control the Hazard Are Identify, evaluate, and correct.
o Inspection is done before an accident or an incident occurs. Investigation is after
an incident or an accident.
o Medical Surveillance is an important aspect of the Evaluation of Risk and
Hazards as the because:
o It stresses the prevention of illness of occupational health
• When illness arises from a particular exposure, medical surveillance is necessary.
• There are various health effects for every health hazards present in the workplace.
• Safety Officers and Occupational Health team can classify the risk of the health hazards
before implementing appropriate control measures to address them.
• Medical surveillance has to be followed by preventive action and evaluation of the
effectiveness of intervention in order to provide a better management support.
• Biological monitoring (biomonitoring) in occupational safety and health is the
detection of substances (biomarkers) in biological samples of workers, compared
reference values.
100 | | P a g e Email Address jarosalve@gmail.com / www.avietcs.com /

Module 11 – Covid-19 Prevention Measures
1. Discuss medical surveillance and biological monitoring as strategies in examining
health conditions of workers;
2. Explain the role of these strategies in preventing occupational illnesses; and
3. Describe the different steps in conducting medical surveillance.
On March 8, 2020, President Rodrigo R. Duterte, recognizing that COVID-19 constitutes a

threat to national security and prompting a whole-of-government approach in addressing the
outbreak, declared a State of Public Health emergency throughout the entire Philippines
through Proclamation No. 922.
On March 16, 2020, to prevent the sharp rise of COVID-19 cases in the country, the
President placed the entire of Luzon under Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) until April
14, 2020.
On April 7, 2020, upon the recommendation of the Inter-Agency Task Force on

Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF-EID), the President extended the implementation of the
ECQ until April 30, 2020.
On April 23, 2020, the IATF recommended that guidelines be issued by the different
government agencies to provide policy directions for the public and stakeholders in
complying with Government regulations following the modification of ECQ.
Refer to DOLE DTI Guidelines on the Prevention and Control of Coved 19 (See annexes)
II. OBJECTIVE

The guidelines are issued to assist private institutions that are allowed to operate during the
Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) and General Community Quarantine (GCQ) in
developing the minimum health protocols and standards in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.
III. COVERAGE
The Guidelines shall apply to all workplaces, employers and workers in the private sector.
IV. WORKPLACE SAFETY AND HEALTH

The following safety and health standards shall be implemented in all workplaces aligned with
the objectives of the minimum health standards of the Department of Health:
A. Increase physical and mental resilience

1. Emphasize to all workers the everyday actions to stay healthy such as:
a. Eat nutritious and well-cooked food;
b. Drink plenty of fluids and avoid alcoholic beverages;
c. Increase the body’s resistance by having adequate rest and at least eight (8) hours of
sleep; and
d. Exercise regularly;
2. Enjoin companies to provide free medicines and vitamins; and
3. Provide referral for workers needing counselling or presenting with mental health concerns
B. Reducing transmission of COVID-19

1. Prior to entrance in buildings or workplaces
a. All employers and workers shall:
i. Wear face masks at all times and remove the same only when eating/drinking.
Employers shall provide the appropriate face masks for workers. Should cloth masks be
used, the washable type shall be worn but additional filter material such as tissue papers
inside the masks may be added;
ii. Accomplish daily the health symptoms questionnaire and submit to the guard or
designated safety officer prior to entry;

iii. Have their temperature checked and recorded in the health symptoms questionnaire.
(Refer to annex)
For any personnel with temperature > 37.50C, even after a 5minute rest, or if their
response in the questionnaire needs further evaluation by the clinic staff, the person shall
be isolated in an area identified by the company and not allowed to enter the premises. The
isolation area should be well ventilated and must be disinfected frequently. Clinic staff
assigned to assess the workers held in the isolation area shall be provided the appropriate
medical grade PPEs by the establishment which shall include but not limited to, face
masks, goggles/face shields, and/or gloves; and
iv. Spray alcohol/sanitizers to both hands; and provide disinfectant foot baths at the
entrance if practicable.
b. Equipment or vehicle entering the hub operational area must go through a disinfection
process; and
c. If there will be a long queue outside the office or store premises, roving officers should instill
physical distancing of one meter.
2. inside the workplace

a. All work areas and frequently handled objects such as door knobs and handles, shall be
cleaned and disinfected regularly, at least once every two (2) hours;
b. All washrooms and toilets shall have sufficient clean water and soap, workers are
Encouraged to wash their hands frequently and avoid touching their eyes, nose and mouth;
c. Sanitizers shall be made available in corridors, conference areas, elevators, stairways and
areas where workers pass;
d. Workers, whether in office workstations or in operations area, shall always practice physical
distancing meaning at the minimum one (1) meter radius space (side, back and front) between
workers;
e. Eating in communal areas is discouraged. It is best to eat in individual work area and all
wastes shall be disposed properly. If eating in individual work areas is not possible, the
employer shall ensure that physical distancing is maintained in dining areas with one worker per
table and 1-meter distance per worker. It is discouraged that workers engage in conversation

with masks off during meal times. Tables and chairs shall be cleaned or disinfected after every
use of the area, and before as well as at the end of the work day; and
f. Canteens and kitchens should be cleaned and disinfected regularly.
C. Minimize contact rate
1. Alternative work arrangements, such as working-hour shifts, work from home (WFH), where
feasible and on rotation basis;
2. Prolonged face-to-face interaction between workers and with clients are discouraged and
masks shall be worn at all times and not removed. Meetings needing physical presence shall
be kept to a minimum number of participants and with short duration. Videoconferencing shall
be utilized for lengthy discussions among workers;
3. Office tables should be arranged in order to maintain proper physical distancing. Barriers
may be provided between tables;
4. Workstation layout should be designed to allow for unidirectional movement in aisles,
corridors or walkways;
5. To maintain physical distancing, number of people inside an enclosed space such as a
room, store or hall shall be limited. Elevator use should consider physical distancing and limit
the number of persons in order to observe the 1-meter physical distancing;
6. Use of stairs should be encouraged subject to physical distancing requirements. If more
than 2 stairways are accessible, one stairway may be used exclusively for going up and
another for going down;
7. Online system shall be highly encouraged to be utilized for clients needing assistance from
offices including the use of videoconferencing; and
8. Roving officers shall always ensure physical distancing and observance of minimum health
protocols.
D. On Reducing the risk of infection from COVID-19

1. In the event that a worker is suspected as having COVID-19:
a. The worker shall immediately proceed to the isolation area designated in the workplace and
never remove his/her mask;
b. Clinic personnel attending to the workers should wear appropriate PPEs and if needed
should require the transport of the affected worker to the nearest hospital.

Company protocols for transport for suspect COVID-19 cases and for PCR testing, should be
in place including providing for ambulance conduction. Hospitals will report to the DOH for
COVID-19 suspect; and
c. Decontamination of workplace
I. Workplace shall be decontaminated with appropriate disinfectant (e.g. chlorine bleaching
solution and 1:100 phenol based disinfectant);
ii. After decontamination of the work area, work can resume after 24 hours; and
iii. Workers present in the work area with the suspect COVID-19 worker shall go on 14
days’ home quarantine with specific instructions from the clinic staff on monitoring of
symptoms and possible next steps. If suspect COVID-19 worker has negative result, co-
workers may be allowed to report back to work.
2. In the event that a worker is sick or has fever but is not suspected to have COVID-19 (ex.,
urinary infection, wound infection or any diseases not related to lungs or respiratory tract) the
employer must advise the worker to take prudent measures to limit the spread of communicable
diseases, as follows:
I. Stay at home and keep away from work or crowds;
ii. Take adequate rest and take plenty of fluids;
iii. Practice personal hygiene to prevent spread of disease; and
iv. Seek appropriate medical care if there is persistent fever, when difficulty of
breathing has started, or when he/she becomes weak.
V. DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS AND WORKERS

Employers shall:
1. Provide the necessary company policies for the prevention and control of COVID-19 in
consultation with workers. Advocacy and IEC programs should be taken from DOH, WHO and
reliable sources of information on COVID-19;
2. Provide resources and materials needed to keep the workers healthy and the workplace
safe, e.g., masks, soap, sanitizer, disinfectant, PPEs, including COVID-19 testing kits, etc.;
3. Designate the safety officer to monitor COVID-19 prevention and control measures such as
physical distancing, wearing of masks, regular disinfection, compliance to thermal scanning and
accomplishing health symptoms questionnaire;

4. Enhance health insurance provision for workers;

5. Where feasible, provide shuttle services and/or decent accommodation on near-site location
to lessen travel and people movement;
6. Enjoin the hiring from the local community; and
7. Put up a COVID-19 Hotline and Call Center for employees to report if symptomatic, and daily
monitoring scheme of our “suspect” employee condition.
Workers shall:
1. Comply with all workplace measures in place for the prevention and control of COVID-19,
such as, frequent hand washing, wearing of masks, observe physical distancing always, etc.;
2. Observe proper respiratory etiquette;
3. Coughing and sneezing into tissue or into shirt sleeve if tissue is not available.
4. Disposing used tissues properly; and
5. Disinfecting hands immediately through proper washing with soap and water or alcohol-
based sanitizer immediately after a cough or sneeze.
VI. WORKPLACE WITH IMMINENT DANGER SITUATIONS

In workplaces where workers are evidently at risk of infection as in health-care and other
frontline services, the employer shall comply with the DOH Department Memorandum No.
2020-0178: Interim Guidelines on Health Care Provider Networks during the COVID-19
Pandemic, 11 April 2020.
Workers in said workplaces must take extra precautionary measures which include strict
hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Employers shall ensure that PPE
(e.g. respirators such as N95, gowns, gloves) is properly worn by the workers while at work
and disposed of accordingly after use.
VII. COVID-19 TESTING

Employers may test workers for COVID-19. Testing kits used and procured shall be the
responsibility of the employer. DOH Protocols shall be followed for the testing of workers and
interpretation of results in accordance with DOH Department Memorandum No. 2020-0180:
Revised Interim Guidelines on Expanded Testing for COVID-19, 16 April 2020 and DOH
Administrative Order No. 2020-0014: Guidelines in Securing a License to Operate a COVID-19

Testing Laboratory in the Philippines, 07 April 2020. Company policy on COVID-19 testing shall
be formulated and agreed upon by employers and workers in conformity with the DOH
protocols.
Workers with a negative test shall continue to work. They should be given appropriate advice
and instructions once they develop any health complaints or symptoms. The company OSH
personnel shall continue to monitor all workers.
VIII. MOST AT RISK WORKERS1 AND VULNERABLE GROUPS

1 (> 60 Y.O, or, of any age with co-morbidities or pre-existing illness, i.e., hypertension,
diabetes, cancer, or with immunocompromised health status; or with high risk pregnancy).
Emergency Communication
An emergency communication flow chart must be provided in order for the whole organization
to be followed in event of COVID 19 Emergency in the Workplace.

• COMMUNCATION MEDIUMS
It is Recognizes that HSE objectives can be achieved with effective communication. Therefore,
it is mandatory to educate, raise HSE awareness, motivate and stimulate participation. These
may include all or some of the following:
I. HSE Training
II. Bulletins and posters.
III. Sign boards and banners
IV. HSE handbook and Materials written in English or Appropriate language.
V. HSE alerts
VI. HSE awareness campaigns.
VII. Toolbox talks/JSA/ Risk Assessment discussions.
VIII. Daily, Weekly and Monthly Meetings
IX. Submission of reports.

Risk Assessments
In order for the company to sustain the acceptable level of risk a comprehensive risk
assessment shall be implemented. It will start by identifying the hazard (COVID 19). Who might
be harmed and how large the impact it will be in terms of manpower, cost both visible and
hidden costs. A Risk Assessment Matrix and Risk assessment form
(see below attachment) shall be used


REFERRENCE DOCUMENTS
• DOLE Labor Advisory # 04-20 Guidelines on 2019 Corona Virus 2019 NCOV
Prevention and Control in the Workplace.
• OSHA 3990 GUIDANCE ON PREPARING WORKPLACE ON COVID 19
• CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION FACT SHEET
• DOH COVID 19 ADVISORIES
• IATF – EID JOINT MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO.1 SERIES OF 2020
• OSH STANDARDS 2019 RULE 1070
• ILO IN THE FACE OF A PANDEMIC: ENSURING SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORK
• DTI & DOLE GUIDELINES ON COVID 19 WORKPLACE PREVENTION
• DPWH DO 39 SERIES OF 2020 CONSTRUCTION SAFETY GUIDELINES OF ALL
DPWH INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS
• JAO – DOH 2020 -001

Module 12 – Occupational Health


1. Explain the basic concept of occupational health
2. Identify health effects of common hazards in construction work
3. Recommend appropriate health interventions to prevent and control occupational or work-
related health problems
Occupational Health defines as the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of
physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations. People at work can be
exposed to risks to their health and may contract a range of occupational diseases and
conditions. Some people may die as a result of a contact; others may be permanently
incapacitated, etc.
AIMS of Occupational Health:

1. Promotion & maintenance of the physical, mental and social well-being of workers;
2. Prevention of illness;
3. Protection of workers from ‘risks’ at work;
4. Placement and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment appropriate to
his capacity.

Stall No 15. Panela Arcade Pilar Bataan Philippines – 0995 980 2496 / 240 47 27
Physical Hazards
1. Noise- An unwanted sound; Noise can block, distort, change or interfere with the
meaning of a message in both human and electronic communication.
Three Characteristics of Sound:
v Frequency- is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time;
measured in Hertz cycles per second.
v Loudness- Intensity of the sound; measured in Decibel (dB)
v Duration- Continuous, intermittent, burst, waxing/ waning
Adverse Health Effects of Noise:

Ø Acute Effects:
• Acoustic Trauma (explosion, Gunshot); acoustic trauma refers to permanent
cochlear damage from a one-time exposure to excessive sound pressure.
• Temporary Threshold Shift (Disco)
• Poor Communication
Ø Chronic or Long Term Effects:

• Permanent Threshold Shift (Noise Induced Hearing Loss); Noise-induced
hearing loss (NIHL) is an increasingly prevalent disorder that results from
exposure to high-intensity sound, especially over a long period of time.
Ø Control of Noise
1. Engineering methods
o Purchase new equipment
o Preventive maintenance
o Isolation/damping
2. Administrative Control
o Job rotation / breaks
3. PPE
o Ear plugs / ear muffs
2. Heat Stress- (Hyperthermia) occurs when the body produces or absorbs


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more heat than it can dissipate.

• High Temperature
• High Humidity
• Poor Ventilation
• Multiple Heat Source
Mechanisms of heat removal

• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
• Evaporation
Acute Health Effects of Heat

• Prickly Heat- is a skin disease marked by small and itchy rashes
• Heat Fatigue-bad mood, water loss
• Heat Cramps- muscle spasm (water + salt)
• Heat Exhaustion- fatigue, dehydration, diaphoresis, nausea, vomiting (water+ salts
+ electrolytes)
• Heat Stroke- overheating, seizure, coma (failure of thermoregulatory system); a
temperature of greater than 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) due to environmental heat exposure
Control of Heat Problems

1. Engineering control
• Ventilation
• Water sources (fountains/showers)
2. Administrative control
• Job rotation/breaks
3. PPE
• Cotton clothes, multiple changes
3. Cold Stress- (Hypothermia) is a condition in which core temperature

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drops below that required for normal metabolism and body functions which is
defined as 35.0 °C (95.0 °F).
Acute Health Effects of Cold

• Hypothermia
• Frostbite- is the medical condition where localized damage is
caused to skin and other tissues due to extreme cold.
• Trench Foot- is a medical condition caused by prolonged
exposure of the feet to damp, unsanitary and cold conditions.
Chronic Health Effects of Cold

Bradycardia- ("heart slowness"), as applied to adult medicine, is defined as a resting heart
rate of under 60 beats per minute, though it is seldom symptomatic until the rate drops
below 50 beat/min.
• Skin Scaling- due to dryness of the skin.
• Callous Formation
Control Methods for Cold Problems

1.Engineering Control
• Isolation / enclosure / insulation
2.Administrative Control
• Shift work, rest periods
• Warm food and drinks / medical exams
3.PPE
• Thermal clothing / electric blanket
• Gloves / cap / jacket
4. Vibration- refers to mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium

point. The oscillations may be periodic such as the motion of a pendulum
or random such as the movement of a tire on a gravel road; continuous
low frequency oscillation that is more likely felt than heard; affects the
body through direct contact.

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Health Effects of Vibration

• Inflammation of wrist, elbows, shoulders
• Carpal Tunnel syndrome- median neuropathy at the wrist is a medical
condition in which the median nerve is compressed at the wrist, leading to
paresthesias, numbness and muscle weakness in the hand. Night symptoms and
waking up at night is a characteristic of established carpal tunnel syndrome.
• Tenosynovitis- is the inflammation of the fluid-filled sheath (called the synovium)
that surrounds a tendon. Symptoms of tenosynovitis include pain, swelling and
difficulty moving the particular joint where the inflammation occurs.
• Fatigue- is a major safety concern in many fields, but especially in transportation,
because fatigue can result in disastrous accidents. Fatigue is considered an
internal precondition for unsafe acts because it negatively affects the human
operator's internal state.
Prevention & Treatment for Vibration Problems

1. Engineering
• Tool re-design
• Isolation
2. Administrative
• shifting
3. PPE
• gloves, dampers
5. Illumination- is the deliberate application of light to achieve some aesthetic or practical

effect. Lighting includes use of both artificial light sources such as lamps and natural
illumination of interiors from daylight.
Daylighting (through windows, skylights, etc.) is often used as the main source of light
during daytime in buildings given its low cost.
The importance of Illumination or Lighting

• 1915.92(a) of OSH Standards - all means of access and walkways leading to working

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areas as well as the working areas themselves shall be adequately illuminated.

• A minimum of 50 lux – passageway, corridor, warehouse
• A minimum of 100 lux – engine and boiler rooms; toilets and washrooms
• A minimum of 200 lux – canning and preserving; planing of lumber
• A minimum of 300 lux – medium inspection; office deskwork with intermittent reading
and writing for filing and mail sorting
• A minimum of 500 lux – fine inspection, fine woodworking, accounting, drafting,
stenographic work.
• A minimum of 1000 lux – extra fine assembling; jewelry and watch mfg.; proofreading
in printing plants
Acute effects of low illumination

• Eye Strain- is an ophthalmological condition that manifests itself through nonspecific
symptoms such as fatigue, pain in or around the eyes, blurred vision, headache and
occasional double vision. Symptoms often occur after reading, computer work, or
other close activities that involve tedious visual tasks.
• Dizziness, Headache, Neck Pains, Teary Eyes
Control Methods for Illumination concerns

• Improve illumination by adding:
o artificial light sources
o natural light sources
• Reduce by:
o Isolation or enclosure
• Administrative
o Eye examination
6. Pressure- Pressure is an effect which occurs when a force is applied on a surface.

Pressure is the amount of force acting on a unit area; is the atmospheric force that is
constantly applied on the body, as a result of normal changes in altitude or artificially induced
conditions; Pressure changes cause body stress.

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Work in compressed air, for example in pressurized caissons and diving bells, and in diving
operations, may expose people to the risk of decompression sickness.
Acute Effects of Pressure:
Fatigue Dizziness Depressed Reduced Oxygen
Incoordination Headaches Sensorium Lowered Temperature
Apprehension Disorientation Narcosis Paresthesias
Excitability Tremors Pulmonary Edema Death
Control methods for Pressure

• Pre-employment screening
• Training (Pre-event)
• Scheduled work duration
• Exercise (During event)
• Medical monitoring
• Medications
• Pressure vessels / chamber
• Rehabilitation (Post-event)
• Pressurized suits
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazard is the danger caused by chemicals to the environment and people.
A chemical hazard arises from contamination with harmful or potentially harmful chemicals.
The Routes of Entry of Chemicals

• Skin Absorption- Skin acts as a protective barrier.
Health Effects

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• Local irritation
• Generalized Reaction (sensitization or allergic
reaction)
• Absorption is increased with high temperature and
perspiration
• Eye Contamination-enters thru contamination of the eye.
Health Effects
• Irritation
• Blindness
• Swelling
• Ingestion- enters thru mouth; accidental swallowing from eating in contaminated

area; smoking on the job with contaminated fingers and hands; ingestion of inhaled
materials.
Health Effects
• Vomiting
• Dizziness
• Inhalation- most important route of chemical exposure; concentration in the air;

duration of exposure; amount of air inhaled.
Health Effects
• Lack of oxygen
• Difficult to breathe
• Injection
Organs in that body that may be affected by chemicals:
• Skin
• Lungs
• CNS
• Kidney
• Liver
• Blood

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• Heart
General Health effects

• Disorientation
• Euphoria
• Light headedness
• Confusion
• Unconsciousness
• Headache
• Nausea, vomiting
• Paralysis, convulsion, death
Control of Chemical Hazards

1. Engineering
• Initial selection / substitution
• Chemical hood
• Redesign the process
2. Administrative
• APE / SOP / shiftwork / housekeeping
• SDS review
• Environmental monitoring
3. PPE
Biological Hazards
Also known as biohazards, refer to biological substances that pose a

threat to the health of living organisms, primarily that of humans. This can
include medical waste or samples of a microorganism, virus or toxin (from
a biological source) that can impact human health; these are the factors
that cause infectious and contagious diseases. These are common
problems among health care workers and laboratory personnel handling
biologic specimens.

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Some Biologic Hazards that can are Contiguous or can lead to Death
• Tuberculosis- Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts
of the body.
It is spread through the air, when people who have the disease cough, sneeze, or
spit. Most infections in human’s result in an asymptomatic, latent infection, and
about one in ten latent infections eventually progresses to active disease, which, if
left untreated, kills more than 50% of its victims.
• AIDS- This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system
and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. HIV is
transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a
bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid,
and breast milk.
• Hepatitis A,B,C,E- implies inflammation of the liver characterized by the presence of
inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ. Hepatitis is acute when it lasts less
than six months and chronic when it persists longer. A group of viruses known as
the hepatitis viruses cause most cases of hepatitis worldwide, but it can also be due
to toxins (notably alcohol, certain medications and plants), other infections and
autoimmune diseases.
• URTI- Upper respiratory tract infections, (URI or URTI), are the illnesses caused
by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract: nose, sinuses,
pharynx or larynx.
• Sore Eyes- painful and uncomfortable, usually as a result of an injury, infection,
or too much exercise.
• Sexually Transmitted Disease- is an illness that has a significant probability of
transmission between humans or animals by means of human sexual behavior,
including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex.
• Other Communicable or Skin Diseases
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Elimination of the source of contamination is fundamental to the prevention and control of
biological hazards. Engineering controls such as improvement of ventilation, partial isolation of

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the contamination source, installation of negative pressure and separate ventilation and air-
conditioning system (e.g. in medical wards for infectious diseases) and the use of ultraviolet
lamps can help contain the spread of contaminants.
If the contact with biological hazards cannot be prevented, the employees must use personal
protective equipment and adhere strictly to the practice of personal hygiene.
The personal protective equipment includes masks, gloves, protective clothing, eye
shields, face shields and shoe covers.
Using the appropriate respiratory protective equipment is important for the securing an
adequate protection from biological hazards. Common protective equipment includes:
• Surgical masks – Surgical mask generally consists of three layers of non-woven
fabrics. It provides a barrier protection against large respiratory droplets;
• N95 or higher level respirators – This type of respirator filters out particulates and
liquid droplets in small particle size, therefore providing protection from inhaling aerosols
and microorganisms that are airborne.
Ergonomic Hazards
It is a technique that brings together several disciplines to
solve problems at work.
Job
• the task needed to achieve a result
• governed by guidelines designed to prevent muscle overload
• requires learning, training and skill
Workstation
• place of deployment
• where duties are carried out
• where equipment is located
• machines are the tools
• 8 hours are spent
• most accidents happen

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Tool
• integral part of the man-machine system
• powerful, fast, tireless
• enables man to accomplish his job with reduced effort
Man
• Integral part of the man-machine-system.
• intelligent, adaptive and versatile
• the basis of existence - survival
Workplace Design
Fit the workplace to the worker; not the worker to the workplace
Tool Design
Fit the tool to the worker; not the worker to the tool
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its
movements and its cognitive abilities.
The International Ergonomics Association defines ergonomics as follows:

Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding
of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that
applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being
and overall system performance.
Ergonomics is employed to fulfill the two goals of health and productivity. It is relevant in
the design of such things as safe furniture and easy-to-use interfaces to machines and
equipment. Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries,
which can develop over time and can lead to long-term disability.
Five aspects of ergonomics

There are five aspects of ergonomics: safety, comfort, ease of use,

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productivity/performance, and aesthetics. Based on these aspects of ergonomics, examples

are given of how products or systems could benefit from redesign based on ergonomic
principles.
1. Safety - Medicine bottles: The print on them could be larger so that a sick
person who may have bad vision (due to sinuses, etc.) can more easily see the
dosages and label. Ergonomics could design the print style, color and size for optimal
viewing.
2. Comfort - Alarm clock display: Some displays are harshly bright, drawing one’s
eye to the light when surroundings are dark. Ergonomic principles could re-design
this based on contrast principles.
3. Ease of use - Street Signs: In a strange area, many times it is difficult to spot
street signs.
This could be addressed with the principles of visual detection in ergonomics.
4. Productivity/performance - HD TV: The sound on HD TV is much lower than
regular TV.
So when you switch from HD to regular, the volume increases dramatically.
Ergonomics recognizes that this difference in decibel level creates a difference in
loudness and hurts human ears and this could be solved by evening out the decibel
levels.
5. Aesthetics - Signs in the workplace: Signage should be made consistent
throughout the workplace to not only be aesthetically pleasing, but also so that
information is easily accessible
Risk Factors on Ergonomics

1. Position
a. Wrist straight, shoulders relaxed
b. Back and neck as close to their natural alignment as possible
c. Elbows near the side, bent at a 90º angle to reach the work
d. Keep materials close to the body when carrying
e. Don’t twist, bend, reach
2. Force
a. Use as little effort as allowable

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b. Push a cart, don’t pull

c. Seek assistance from others
d. Don’t exceed 25kgs when lifting
3. Frequency
a. Reduce the repetitions of movements in activities
b. Rest Breaks
ERGONOMIC CONTROL
There are many ways to reduce ergonomic risk factors and help fit the workplace to the worker.
Solutions can be grouped into three main categories: eliminate the hazard, improve work
policies and procedures, and provide personal protective equipment. Often the best solution
involves a combination of approaches.
Eliminate the Hazard

The most effective way to control ergonomic hazards is to eliminate the risk factors altogether.
Sometimes you can change the tools, equipment, job design, or work area to remove the
hazard completely. This is called using “engineering controls.”
These are some examples of engineering controls:

• Redesign workstations and work areas to eliminate reaching, bending, or other
awkward postures.
• Provide adjustable tables and chairs that can be used by workers with a range of sizes
and shapes, and that allow neutral postures.
• Provide carts for transporting material and mechanical hoists to eliminate lifting.
• Use tools that fit the hand, have no sharp edges, and eliminate awkward hand and
wrist positions.
• Change where materials are stored to minimize reaching.
• Design containers with handles or cutouts for easy gripping.
• Improving the workplace is the heart of ergonomics: changing the work to fit the
worker. The design should accommodate the wide range of people assigned to the
task.

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Improve Work Policies and Procedures

The next most effective solution is to develop work policies, procedures, and practices that
change how the job is done. This is called using “administrative controls.”
These are some examples of administrative controls:

• Rotate workers among different tasks to rest the various muscle groups of the body,
reduce repetition, and ease mental demands.
• Improve work scheduling to minimize excessive overtime or shift work which can
cause fatigue.
• Increase staffing to reduce individual workloads.
• Provide sufficient breaks, since adequate recovery time can reduce fatigue.
• Assign more staff to lifts of heavy objects.
• Encourage proper body mechanics and use of safe lifting techniques
• Require all loads to be labeled with their weight.
• Store heavy objects at waist height.
• Follow good housekeeping practices. Keep floors free of slipping or tripping hazards.
Maintain power tools properly to reduce vibration. Keep cutting and drilling tools sharp to
reduce the force required.
• Provide workers with training on safe working postures, lifting techniques, ergonomics
policies and procedures, and the safe use of lifting and carrying devices.
Training is a critical element of nearly any solution and provides an important opportunity for
worker participation. However,
it is not a substitute for reducing risk factors and should be used in combination with
engineering and administrative controls.
Provide Personal Protective Equipment

While more permanent solutions are being found and implemented, or if you are unable to
redesign the job or equipment to eliminate risks, personal protective equipment (PPE) can be
used.
PPE that can help address ergonomic problems includes:

• Knee pads for kneeling tasks.

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• Shoulder pads to cushion loads carried on the shoulder.

• Gloves to protect against cold, vibration, or rough surfaces.
Establish a Comprehensive Ergonomics Program
Employers should establish an ergonomics program to minimize

m u s c u l o s k e l e t a l disorders. Elements of a good program include:
• Management commitment
• Worker involvement
• An organizational structure to get the work done, such as an ergonomics team or
committee
• Training and education of workers and supervisors
• Job evaluation to identify risk factors
• Hazard prevention and reduction or elimination of risk factors
• Early detection and treatment of ergonomic injuries, and medical management of
injury cases
• A system for workers and supervisors to report ergonomic problems, symptoms, and
injuries without reprisal
• Ongoing evaluation of the ergonomics program.
Sample of Correct Positioning in Using the

Computer

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Summary Key Points

• Occupational Health defines as the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of
physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations.
• Occupational Health Hazards are classified on the Physical, Chemical, Biological and
Ergonomic hazards.
• Noise is an unwanted sound.
• The characteristics of sound are: Frequency, loudness, duration.
• Heat Stress (Hyperthermia) occurs when the body produces or absorbs more heat than
it can dissipate.
• Cold Stress or Hypothermia is a condition in which core temperature drops below that
required for normal metabolism and body functions which is defined as 35.0 °C (95 °F).
• Vibration is a continuous low frequency oscillation that is more likely felt than heard.
• Illumination is the deliberate application of light to achieve some aesthetic or practical
effect.
• Pressure is an effect which occurs when a force is applied on a surface.
• Ergonomics is the science of designing the job, equipment, and workplace to fit the
worker.
Module 13 – Personal Protective Equipment
1. To know the functions of PPE, the different types and their limitations.
2. To know the components to prepare a PPE Program to serve as a guide in managing PPE’s.
3. Discuss the Legislations related to Personal Protective Equipment.
If a hazard is identified in a workplace, every effort should be made to eliminate it so that all
employees are not harmed in anyway. One way of reducing or controlling hazard is to
isolate the process, which is engineering control. The second is to control the hazard by
administrative control, like increased breaks, shifting, so on. If the two controls of hazards
cannot be done, the use of Personal Protective Equipment or PPE is necessary.

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PPE usage is considered the last resort. PPE can provide added protection to the employee
but will not eliminate the hazard.
Limitations of PPE
• Only protects the person wearing the equipment not others nearby
• Relies on people wearing the equipment at all times
• Must be used properly
• Must be replaced when it no longer offers the correct level of protection. This is
required when respiratory protection is used.
Benefits of PPE
• It gives immediate protection to allow a job to continue while engineering controls are
put in place
• In an emergency it can be the only practicable way of effecting rescue or shutting
down plant in hazardous atmospheres
• It can be used to carry out work in confined spaces where alternatives are
impracticable. But it should never be used to allow people to work in dangerous
atmospheres, which are, for example, enriched with oxygen or explosive.
Control Options selected should:

• Reduce individual exposure to an acceptable level
• Be acceptable to the potentially exposed workforce
• Be practicable in terms of engineering concepts
PPE Program is composed of the following elements:
1. Selection
• To b e d o n e b y a s u i t a b l y t r a i n e d p e r s o n w i t h a d e q u a t e
information of the task, hazards, personnel, materials, etc.
2. Fitting
• When first issued, the user should also be trained to check the fit whenever

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the equipment is used.

• Ensure an adequate fit under supervision
3. Health Aspects
• Use of PPE can have an impact on an employee’s health (e.g. skin irritation,
heat stress)
• A number of medical conditions may make it difficult to use certain
equipment
4. Compatibility
• If more than one type of PPE is required to be worn simultaneously, then the
harmony of the individual items needs to be evaluated.
• The PPE also needs to be compatible with the task involved
5. Issue
• Provision should be made to control the issue of PPE to employees,
remembering that several types of equipment may be available.
• PPE should be issued on a personal basis to individual employees. Apart
from hygiene considerations, employees are then more willing to accept
responsibility for the care and maintenance of the equipment.
• A system requiring employees to sign for certain types of equipment is
recommended and can provide another check on the use of correct
equipment.
6. Proper Use
• PPE is effective if worn properly for the appropriate task
• Use of PPE by Supervisor encourages employees & enforces PPE program
equipment that can provide complete protection, but which is not properly
used, may provide no protection at all
• Employees should be prevented from taking used PPE for domestic purposes
7. Maintenance (Cleaning and Storage)
• Depending on type of equipment used, procedures need to be established for
its cleaning and maintenance when necessary
• Exempted here are single use (disposable) items
• Occasionally, during use, PPE may become contaminated with toxic
materials. Provision should be made to prevent contamination with other

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areas of the workplace or employees engaged in cleaning or maintenance

activities.
• Respirators can be placed in suitably labeled containers until sent for
cleaning.
8. Disposal
• Used PPE can be contaminated with toxic agents and disposal procedures
need careful consideration. Depending on the circumstances, equipment
may need to be treated as toxic waste
9. Information and Training
• Employees have to be given sufficient information and proper training about
the hazards associated with their jobs to enable them to work safely with
minimal risk to health.
• Employees who are fully aware of the hazards and the need for protection will
be more ready to accept such difficulties and use the equipment provided
• Supervisors should be alert to any changes in the requirements of the job and
any limitations placed on the employee by the. PPE, ensuring that appropriate
feedback is given to the Safety Advisers, Occupational Health Personnel or
Hygienist
10. Supervision
• A PPE program is unlikely to be successful unless the first line supervisory
personnel are knowledgeable and held accountable for effective use of PPE
• Supervisors must set an example by wearing PPE as appropriate and ensure
its use by others as required
11. Reviews
• Periodic evaluation to confirm that the agreed procedures are appropriate
and being followed:
• Formal audit carried out by a third party with specialist advisers
12. Checklist
• To ensure use of properly fitted, effective PPE for specific jobs
• It must be remembered that PPE is the last line of defense, hence, its
effectiveness may be crucial to the health of the workers

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Controlling Hazards
To develop an effective PPE program, the supervisor should:
• Be familiar with required standards and requirements of government regulations
• Be able to identify hazards
• Be familiar with the safety equipment on the market to protect specific hazards
• Know the company procedures for maintaining the equipment
• Develop an effective method for convincing employees to dress safety and wear the
proper protective equipment
• Review all material safety data sheets (MSDS) that require personal protective
equipment for protection against hazardous chemicals and materials
• Consider establishing an industrial hygiene evaluation procedure to determine
whether PPE is needed to meet MSDS requirement.
PPE and their Classifications
1. Head Protection
2. Face Protection
• Helmets
• Shields and Goggles
• Hoods
3. Eye Protection
• Contact Lenses
• Goggles
4. Ear Protection
• Earplug
• Muff Devices
5. Respiratory Protection
• Air Purifying Device
• Mechanical Filter Respirator
• Chemical Cartridge Respirators
• Gas Masks
• Hose Masks

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• Air Supplied Respirators

• Abrasive Blasting Helmets
• Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
6. Arms, Hands, Fingers
• Heat Resistant Gloves- used to protect against
burns and discomfort when the hands are exposed to
sustained conductive heat.
• Metal Mesh Gloves- used by those who work
constantly with knives to protect against cuts and blows
from sharp pr rough object.
• Rubber Gloves- Worn by electricians
• Rubber, Neoprene and Vinyl Gloves- are used when
handling chemicals and corrosive.
• Leather Gloves- are able to resist sparks, moderate
heat, chips and rough objects.
• Chrome Tamed Cowhide Leather Gloves- used in
foundries and steel mills.
• Cotton Fabric Gloves- are suitable for protection
against dirt, silvers, chafing or abrasion.
• Heated Gloves- are designed for use in cold
environments such as deep freezers and can be part of
a heated-clothing system
7. Feet, Legs
• Metal Free shoes, boots and other footwear- are available for use where there are
specific electrical hazards or fire explosion hazards
• Congress or gaiter-type shoes- are used to protect people from splashes of molten
metal or from welding sparks.
• Reinforced or inner soles of flexible metal- are built into shoes worn in areas where
there are hazards from protruding nails and when the likelihood of contact with
energized electrical equipment is remote, as in the construction industry
• For wet work- leather shoes with wood soles or wood soled sandals are effective
Safety Shoes with Metatarsal Guards

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• Leg Protection- Encircle the leg from ankle to knee and have a flap at the bottom to
protect the instep and the entire leg.
2 Types of Head Protection

Hard hat
Provides protection from impact and penetration caused by objects hitting the head, and
from limited electrical shock or burns.
Bump Cap
Provides protection from minor bumps, bruises and lacerations in work settings where hard
hat protection is not required.
How Hard Hat Protect You

Shell - resists and deflects blows to the head
Suspension - acts as a shock absorber
Non-Conducting Material - serve as an insulator against electrical shocks
Major parts of a HARD HAT SHELL

- provides a barrier between the head and the blow
SUSPENSION SYSTEM
- a strap assembly that acts as a shock absorber against the force
of a blow (normally one inch)
BRIM OR VISOR
- protects the face from blows, splashes, spills, dirt, rain or the sun
Hard Hat Shell

1. Class E (Electrical)
-tested at 20,000 volts
2. Class G (General)
-tested at 2,200 volts
3. Class C (Conductive)
-no protection from electrical conductors

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Hard Hat Suspension

4-point suspension 6-point suspension
Types of Eye & Face Protection

1. SPECTACLES
• Intended to shield the wearer’s eyes from a variety of hazards.
2. GOGGLES
• Intended to fit the face immediately surrounding the eyes.
• Aside from impact/flying particles, it also protects the worker
from liquid droplets, gases & vapors.
3. FACE SHIELD
• Face shield is used when the entire face area needs
protection. Worn over goggles for extra protection.

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Types of Hearing Protectors:

1. Earplugs
a. Foam Type (Disposable)
b. Formable (Reusable)
c. Semi-Aural
2. Earmuffs
a. Head Band
b. Neck band
c. Hard Hat Mounted
Two Types of Respirators

For Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere
Supplied Air Respirator (SAR) - Provides fresh air from a remote source to the breathing
area.
For Contaminated Air
Air Purifying Respirator (APR) - Removes contaminates before reaching breathing
zone, either trap particulates or neutralize or absorb gases and vapors
I. Disposable Type
A. Foam Type
B. Polypropylene
I. Cartridge Type
A. Quarter Mask
B. Half Mask
C. Full Face Mask

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Summary Key Points:

• PPE usage is considered the last resort.
• PPE can provide added protection to the employee but will not eliminate the hazard.
• Limitations of PPE: Only protects the person wearing the equipment not others nearby.
Relies on people wearing the equipment at all times. Must be used properly. Must be
replaced when it no longer offers the correct level of protection. This is required when
respiratory protection is used.
Module 14 – Demolition Safety
1. List the hazards related to demolition activities
2. To cite control methods to be free from its dangers.
3. Know the regulatory requirements during demolition activities
DEMOLITION
Complete or partial dismantling of a building or structure by pre-planned and controlled
methods or procedures.
“SAFE DEMOLITION REQUIRES ADEQUATE PLANNING”

Why Plan?
• Identify the Hazards
• Meet Legislative Requirements
• Ensure Appropriate Equipment
• Ensure Safe Disposal of Materials
• Determine Appropriate Methods of Demolition
• Determine Cost of Demolition
Demolition Technique
Sequential
gradual reduction of height in reverse order to its construction

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Induced
key structural members are weakened or removed, causing the whole part of the
structure to collapse
Method of Demolition
Manual – use of hand held tools
Mechanical – use of heavy equipment, wires and chain, power shear, etc.
Explosives – use of explosives
Work Plan
• Technique and Method of Demolition
• Sequence of Work Operation
• Estimate of Time of Completion
• Equipment to be Used
• Proposed Access and Egress
• Public Protection
• Bracing and Shoring
• Disconnection of Services
• Methods of Handing/ Disposal of Demolished Materials
• PPE Requirements
• Demolition Personnel and Supervisor
Hazards Associated with Demolition

• Falls
• Being Hit/Trapped/Crushed by Objects
• Manual Handling
• Hazardous Substances and Dangerous Goods
• Noise and Vibration
• Electric Shock
• Fires and Explosions
• Equipment

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Falls
Ø Falling through fragile roofing material
Ø Falling through openings
Ø Falling from open edges
Ø Falling out of elevating work platforms
Ø Failure of equipment
Being Hit/Trapped/Crushed by Objects

Ø Falling debris (from service ducts and lift shafts)
Ø Accidental/uncontrolled collapse of a structure
Ø Use of equipment (crane lifting loads)
Ø Failure of structural members (load bearing steelwork)
Manual Handling
Ø Using equipment
Ø Operating equipment
Ø Manual demolition
Ø Lifting material
Ø Clearing up
Ø Loading trucks/bins
Hazardous Substances
• Lead
lead based paint, tanks containing lead based petrol
• Asbestos
sprayed coatings, insulation materials, fire resistant walls/partitions, cement sheets,
flooring materials
• PCBs
stones, bricks and concrete aggregates
Dangerous Goods
• Flammable liquids/ vapors and sludge from industrial process and confined space

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Noise and Vibration

• Equipment
• Falling debris
• Explosives
Electric Shocks
• Live wires from structures
Fires and Explosions

• Flammable materials
• Welding or cutting
• Leaks of explosives gases from accidental damage of pipes
• Arson especially when the site is unattended
Equipment
• Electrocution
• Plant failure
• Dropping material
• Equipment striking persons
• Noise and vibration
• Flying particles
• Dust and other airborne hazards
• Falling objects onto operators
• Structural collapse of floors
• Welding and cutting hazards
• Falls
Isolation
• Install screens on equipment to protect from dust and noise
• Install barriers and fences
• Mark off hazardous areas

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Personal Protective Equipment

• Safety Helmets
• Harnesses and Lanyards
• Boots
• Gloves
• Respirators
• Hearing Protectors
Module 15 – Routine Site Safety Inspection

1. Discuss the high-value of giving attention to occupational safety, health
and environment issues and concerns;
2. Identify safety and health hazards in an actual workplace situation;
3. Discuss the concept of Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Control;
4. Determine p r e v e n t i o n o r c o n t r o l m e a s u r e s a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e
h a z a r d s identified.
S a f e t y I n sp e c t i o n
An inspection is, most generally, an organized

examination or formal evaluation exercise. It
involves the measurements, tests, and gauges
applied to certain characteristics in regard to an
object or activity. A safety inspection is defined
as a monitoring function conducted to locate
existing and potential hazards that may cause
accidents in the workplace.
Safety inspection should be part of every phase

of production and a regular element of the

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standard operating procedure. When a safety

inspection has become part of a supervisor’s
routine, the safety responsibilities o f each
department will then be integrated to improve
the whole company.
It is recommended that formal inspection must be done at least once a month,

using a checklist. However, in some areas, frequent safety inspections should be
done.
Objectives and Purposes

• To maintain a safe work environment through hazards recognition and removal
• To ensure that people are following proper safety procedures while working
• To determine w h i c h operat ions m e e t or exceed a c c e p t a b l e s a f e t y

and government standards
• To maintain product quality and operational profitability
A safety Inspection Program should answer the

following questions:
• What items need to be inspected?
• What aspects of each item need to be examined?
• What conditions need to be inspected?

• How often must items be inspected?
• Who will conduct the inspection?
Types of inspections
Ø Continuous or On- Going Inspections
• This process is done by supervisors,

employees and maintenance personnel as part of
their job responsibilities. This sometimes called

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informal because it does not have a

schedule, plan or a checklist.
Ø Planned inspection at intervals
• These inspections can be the foundation of a strong loss control program. This
process is what most people call as “real” safety and health inspection. It is
deliberate, thorough and systematic by design.
Three Types of Planned Inspection Intervals

• Periodic i n s p e c t i o n - includes t h o s e i n s p e c t i o n s s c h e d u l e d
a t r e g u l a r intervals. It can be made weekly, monthly, semi- annually or at
other intervals.
• Intermittent Inspection- is those made at regular intervals and they are performed
unannounced.
• General I n s p e c t i o n s - are p l a n n e d and covers places not
i n s p e c t e d periodically.
Checklists
A checklist is a type of informational job aid used to reduce failure by compensating for
potential limits of human memory and attention. It helps to ensure consistency and
completeness in carrying out a task. A basic example is the "to do list." A more advanced
checklist would be a schedule, which lays out tasks to be done according to time of day or other
factors.
How to create checklists

1. Enumerate every potential hazard within the category that you know exists in our work
area
2. Check the written source you have available to add any hazards that you did not think of.
3. Examine the work area itself to see if you overlooked any conditions that needed to be
checked, and note the specific location of the hazards already listed.
4. Have your employees review your list to make sure you have included all the hazards
and identified the locations of each one.

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Chemical Hazard
Mechanical Hazard
Ergonomics
Hazard
Checklists should have the following items:

• Hazardous locations, work processes, and machineries
• Grounds
• Loading and Shipping Platforms
• Outside Structures
• Floors
• Stairways
• Housekeeping
• Others- fire hazards, poor electrical

installations, damaged chains, etc.
Samples of written records:

• Previous inspection reports
• JHA
• Maintenance of records
• SDS
• Accident investigation reports

• Work environment monitoring

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Tips for Scheduling Inspection

• Determine how much time is required for each type of inspection
• Inspect as often as possible
• Make sure each inspection is thorough so it will not be a waste of time
• If no hazardous conditions are found, do not decrease the frequency of inspections
• Stick to the schedule
Safety Observation Plan

There are several factors necessary for effective safety observation. These are:
• Know what to look for.
• Practice observing.
• Keep an open mind.

• Do not be satisfied with general impressions
• Guard against habit and familiarity
• Record observations systematically
• Prepare a checklist.
Communicating the results

It is important to discuss the result of the inspections with the employees. If poor work
practices and bad habits have developed, employees must be advised of the
observations immediately and explain the correct ways on how the work is to be done.
Many supervisors forget to mention the positive a c t i o n s a n d practices t h a t take
place in their department . It is important t o encourage people to follow good work
practices.

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WORKSHOP – HIRAC
Summary Key Points:

• A safety inspection is defined as a monitoring function conducted to locate existing
and potential hazards that may cause accidents in the workplace.
• Safety inspection should be part of every phase of production and a regular
element of the standard operating procedure.
• A checklist is a type of informational job aid used to reduce f a i l u r e b y
c o m p e n s a t i n g f o r p o t e n t i a l l i m i t s o f h u m a n memory and attention.
• It is important to encourage people to follow good work practices.
• It is important to discuss the result of the inspections with the employees
Module 16 – Job Hazard Analysis
1. Recognize Health and Safety Hazards;
2. Identify Contributing Factors (Hazards);
3. Assess Hazards;
4. Control Hazards; and
5. Conduct a JHA.

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Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)

Job hazard analysis is one of the safety management tools that can be used to define and
control the hazards associated with a certain process, job or procedure. Job Hazard Analysis is
a term used interchangeably with Job Safety Analysis and Risk Assessment. The purpose of a
JHA is to ensure that the risk of each step of a task is reduced to ALARP (As Low as
Reasonably Practicable).
Some type of risk analysis should be performed before every job. Some tasks are routine and
the hazards and controls well understood. For routine tasks consider using a Standard
Operating Procedure, a set of standing orders that control the known hazards. For tasks that
are complex, unusual, difficult, require the interaction of many people or systems or involve
new tools or methods, a JHA should be performed.
JHA should be created by the work group performing the task. Sometimes it is expedient to
review a JHA that has been prepared when the same task has been performed before but the
work group must take special care to review all of the steps thoroughly to ensure that they are
controlling all of the hazards for this job this time. The JHA is usually completed on a form.
Uses of JHA:
• Create/ Improve SOP’s
• Guide in observing employee performance
• Accident investigation
• Safety inspection
Establishing priorities are based on the following criteria:
• High frequency of accidents or near- misses
• History of serious accidents or fatalities

• Potential for serious harm
• New jobs
• Changes in procedures and standards

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Selecting a JHA team:
• Involving others in the process reduces the possibility or overlooking an individual job
step or potential hazard
• It increases the likelihood of identifying the most appropriate measures of eliminating or
controlling the hazards.
An effective JHA team usually includes:

• The supervisor
• The employee most familiar with how the job is done and its related hazards
• Other employees who perform the job
• Experts or specialist when necessary, such as safety officer, maintenance personnel,
occupational hygienist, ergonomists, or design engineers.
SAMPLE OF JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

Step Hazard Control
(1) Prepare Surface Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome Wear thick gloves
Using Electric Wire Use vibrating tool no more than
Brush 20 minutes at a time and for no more
than 2 hours a shift
Paint dust possibly containing lead Wear a P3 organic vapor mask when
disturbing old paint. Wear disposable
coveralls. Wash hands thoroughly before
eating or smoking. Thorough
Slips trips and falls housekeeping.

Route all electrical cables sensibly to
keep walkways and stairs free of
hazards.
Sunburn Wear broad brim and SPF 40+ sun
block.
(2) Paint Handrails Damage to adjacent surfaces from Use drop sheets
thinners and paint
Exposure to fumes from thinners If poorly ventilated, use P3 organic vapor
mask

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Paint in eyes Wear safety goggles when working

above shoulder height, safety glasses at
other times
Fire Keep containers of thinners and
flammable solvents closed properly and
stored in a cool place away from sources
of sparks
(3) Housekeeping Slip and trip hazards Remove waste to bin, tools to store,
ensure barriers and signs are in place to
denote wet paint.
JHA Procedure
• List/ enumerate basic job steps necessary to perform the job from start to finish
• Identify every existing or potential hazards associated with each job step.
• Develop recommendations for ways to eliminate, or control each hazard
Note: it is best to complete JHA forms one column at a time.
1. Identifying Basic Job Steps

The purpose of JHA is to identify hazards associated with a job and to make
recommendations for ways to eliminate or control these hazards. Describing job steps in
terms of what they are supposed to accomplish provides maximum opportunity to explore
alternative ways of performing the job in a safer, healthier manner.
Most common errors:

• Describing the job in too much detail
• Describing the job in too little detail
Solution:
• List as steps only those tasks that would be described to someone being trained
to perform the job.
2. Determine the Hazards

Identify all of the existing or potential actions or conditions that could lead to an injury or
illness, or harm to the environment. To make sure that each step is examined thoroughly,

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consider the following:
• Hazard guide:
• The physical actions required for that specific step
• The materials used
• The equipment’s used
• The conditions under which the step is normally performed
3. Recommending Corrective Measures:

• Should be developed at the job site whenever possible
• Should be developed in sequence, beginning with the first hazard
• Must be specific
Uses of a Job Hazard Analysis

1. Develop / improve SOP’s - To constantly improve / develop written procedures to
perform the job in the safest & healthiest way possible.
2. Employee Training
• Ensuring that each job step is performed safely & efficiently
• To point out particular job steps / hazards that requires special precautions.
• Refresher training (infrequent jobs)
• Increase awareness on hazards
3. Employee Observations
• Guide in employee performance observations
• Allows supervisors to focus on especially hazardous steps
• Ensures employee is performing steps according to SOP
4. Inspections - When developing inspection checklists, supervisors can use JHA’s to

help identify hazardous conditions that may need to be included.

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5. Accident Investigations
• To determine if the job was being performed incorrectly
• To tell if a hazard was overlooked in the initial analysis
Summary Key Points:

• Job hazard analysis (JHA) is one of the safety management tools that can be
• used to define and control the hazards associated with a certain process, job or
procedure.
• Should be created by the work group performing the task. Sometimes it is
expedient to review a JHA that has been prepared when the same task has been
performed before but the work group must take special care to review all of the
steps thoroughly to ensure that they are controlling all of the hazards for this job
this time.
• JHA increases the likelihood of identifying the most appropriate measures of
eliminating or controlling the hazards.
• To make sure that each step is examined thoroughly, consider the following: Physical
actions, materials and equipment used, and the working conditions.
• Uses of a Job Hazard Analysis: Develop/ Implement
• SOP’s, Employee Training, Employee Observations, Inspections, and Accident
Investigations
Module 17 – Accident Investigation and Reporting
1. Discuss the importance of accident investigation;
2. Enumerate the types of accidents to be reported;
3. Explain the basic procedure in the conduct of accident investigation;
4. Know how to document an accident investigation;
5. Accomplish the Work Accident/Illness Report (WAIR) and Annual Accident/
Illness Exposure Data Reports (AEDR) based on cases given; and
6. Compute sample Severity Rate (SR) and Frequency Rate (FR).

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Accident Causation Review

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Imminent danger – a situation caused by a condition or

practice in any place of employment that could
reasonably be expected to lead to death or serious
physical harm.
• The worker has the right of refusal to work without threat or reprisal from the employer if,
as determined by DOLE, an imminent danger situation exists.

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• As a preventive measure, the safety officer may, following his/her own determination and
without fear of reprisal, implement a work stoppage or suspend operations in cases of
imminent danger.
• The employer or safety officer cannot require the workers to return to work where there
is a continuing imminent danger.
Dangerous Reportable Occurrences

• Any bone fracture that’s been diagnosed by a registered medical practitioner
• Arm, hand, finger, thumb, leg, foot or toe amputation
• Reduction or loss of sight in one or both eyes
• Crushing of the head or torso that results in brain or internal organ damage
• Burns or scalds that cover more than 10% of the body, or causes serious damage to the
individual’s eyes, respiratory system or any other vital organs
• Any type of scalping that results in hospital treatment
• Head injuries or asphyxia that causes loss of consciousness
• Injuries incurred while working in an enclosed space that result in: hypothermia or heat-
induced illness, or resuscitation or hospital admittance for more than 24 hours.
Accident Investigation (http://www.pswct.org/6-steps-to-a-basic-accident-investigation and https://i-

sight.com/resources/workplace-accident-investigations-the-definitive-guide)
Accident investigation is a necessary and effective technique for preventing recurring or future
accidents. Thorough accident investigation can point out the problem areas within the
organization. Investigations are conducted to prevent recurrence, comply with policies and
regulatory requirements, improve supervisor’s management approach, and maintain
employee awareness-HSE. Accident investigation must be fact-finding not faultfinding. This
means that investigation itself should be concerned only with facts. All accidents are incidents
and should be investigated. The supervisor is the person who most often investigates
accident and makes out reports. Supervisors are more familiar with the people involved; they

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have better understanding of the operations and equipment, and have personal interest in
investigations. LTI, NON-LTI, Property Damage, Near Misses that did not happened and could
happen need to be investigated.
Accident Investigations are done to…

➢ prevent recurrence
➢ comply with policies and regulatory requirements
➢ improve supervisor’s management approach
➢ maintain employee awareness
Accident Investigations should immediately be investigated because…

➢ Operations are disrupted
➢ Memories fade
➢ Employees are at risk
➢ May be considered in the supervisor’s performance review
➢ Required by the law in some cases
➢ Upper management uses them to judge the quality of the investigation work
➢ They are often used in the system for managing the follow-up of the remedial action
Method of Investigation
Secure the Accident Site. It is essential to secure the accident site for the duration of the
investigation. In some cases, it may be necessary to barricade or isolate the accident area to
warn people about the accident. Nothing should be removed from the site to preserve the
evidence and not contaminate other passersby.
Step One: Gathering Information (Preliminary Facts)

Sources of information:
▪ Witnesses
▪ Physical Evidences
▪ Existing records

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Collect facts/ Data Gathering. Start the investigation as soon as the accident has taken place
to preserve evidences like chemicals that are easy to evaporate and to prevent physical and
chemical changes. Time is of the essence during investigation.
Look for…
➢ Nature, Place, Date, Time
➢ Personnel involved
➢ Property damages
➢ Environmental harm
Existing Records
➢ Employee records
➢ Equipment records
➢ Job or task records
➢ Previous accident investigation reports.
a. Collect physical evidence and store them. Preserving this evidence in the accident
scene makes the investigative process much less frustrating.
b. Take photographs to record the actual condition of the accident site. The camera is a
useful tool for studying the accident site to prevent recurrence.
c. Make sketches and drawings. Objects involved in the accident must be identified and
measured to show the proper perspective. Measurements are vital to accident investigations.
Identify the Witnesses. Witnesses are important source of information. Ask them to identify
and document the names of the persons involved, the time of accident so that all information is
recorded.
Witnesses should be interviewed one at a time and ASAP. For their memories fade and
minimize the possibility for the witness to subconsciously adjust, edit, or alter the story.
Whenever possible, interviews should be conducted inside the accident site. If there is
more than one witness, they should be interviewed one at a time and away from other
witnesses to imitate the thoughts of other witnesses.
Some witnesses could be the…
• Victim
• Onlookers
• Those who heard what happened
• Saw the area prior to the accident

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• Others with info about involved individuals, equipment or circumstances.
Step Two: Analyze the Facts

After the evidences have been collected, witnesses have been interviewed, photographs have
been taking, and it is now time to analyze the facts that have been gathered.
➢ Why-Why Analysis
➢ Cause and Effect Diagram
➢ Fault Tree. Make a fault tree diagram to show where the accident taken place, the
persons involved, the kind of accident that happened and the persons in charge of that place.
Step Three: Recommending Corrective Actions

➢ Engineering Control. Note what engineering control should be done to prevent the
recurrence of possible similar accidents.
➢ Administrative Control. If the employee did some unsafe acts or did the job wrong,
make sure to have reorientation to check his knowledge about the job his doing.
➢ PPE. If PPE is needed, the employer should provide a PPE to protect people from
hazards.
Kinds of Reports and Records Used
Accident reports are essential to an efficient and successful safety programs. It has necessary
information to control the conditions and acts that contribute to accidents. Keeping records also
helps the supervisor or the top management evaluate if the employee has been violating safety
rules again and again.
1. The First Aid Report. The first aider or nurse fills out the first aid report for each new
case. Copies of the report are sent to the safety departments or where the management may
wish.
2. Supervisor’s Accident Report. Supervisors should make a detailed report about each
accident, even near misses and small accidents. Accident investigation report should be
completed as soon as possible.
3. Monthly Accident Statistics Report. The monthly accident statistics reports allow the
tabulation of cumulative totals and the computation of frequency and severity rates. With it the
management can determine if the goals on safety are attainable or not.

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NOTE: Refer to UPDATEDDOLE/BWC/OSH/IP-6, otherwise known as the “Employees

Work Accident/ Illness Report” form on you OSH Standards.
FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY RATES TO MEASUURE COMPANY SAFETY
PERFORMANCE

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Summary Key Points

• Accident investigation is a necessary and effective technique for preventing recurring or
future accidents.
• The supervisor is the person who most often investigates accident and makes out
reports.
• The sources of information are the witnesses, the physical evidences and the existing
records.
• Witnesses are important source of information.
• Analyze the facts: Why-Why, Cause & Effect, Fault tree
• Recommend Corrective Action: engineering, Admin, PPE.
• Safety Performance is measured by Frequency Rate and Severity Rate
Module 18 – Role of Safety Officers
• Module Objective
1. Enumerate the roles of safety officers in OSH implementation.
Department Order No. 198 series of 2018, the IRR of Republic Act 11058 or “An Act
Strengthening the Compliance to the Occupational Safety and Health Standards and
Providing Penalties Thereof” was signed last December 6, 2018 and published last January
9, 2019. Making it effective last January 25, 2019. Non- compliance to any provisions of the
OSH Standards, like the absence of Safety Officers, non-submission of required reports
may constitute a maximum penalty of PhP100,000.00 per day.

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As per Rule 1047 of OSHS:

• Advises employers, supervisors and
workers on matters of safety for their
guidance
• Investigates accidents as part of the Safety Committee
• Coordinates safety training programs for

employees and employers
• Make safety inspections of the plant as part of the Safety Committee
• Maintains or helps maintain an accident record system
• Acts as Secretary of the Safety Committee

• Provides assistance to
government inspectors in the
conduct of safety and health inspection

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Module 19 – Communicating OSH (Tool Box Meeting)
1. Explain the roles of safety officers in the conduct of OSH trainings and Tool Box Meetings;
2. Enumerate and discuss the stages of the training cycle;
3. Discuss basic presentation and facilitating skills.
Safety Meetings / Tool Box

Daily safety briefings by supervisors to all workers that help foster good safety and health
culture.
Useful way to keep health and safety forefront in the minds of workers and make them aware of
the current risk and hazards.
Toolbox Meetings / Talks allow safety officers and workers to explore the risks of specific health
and safety issues in the workplace and think of ways to deal with them.
Toolbox talks should focus on a single topic and be held regularly for greatest impact.
Safety Officers as OSH Trainers

Training
• Is a learning intervention;
• Improves match between job requirements and individual’s knowledge, skills, and attitudes;
• After training, the individual is able to apply learning immediately
Examples: BOSH, COSH, PCO Training etc.
The Goal of Training: Learning

Aims for a favorable change in perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors in a positive direction of an
individual, group or organization.
• Learning - Improved Performance

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Some Tips for Communication Safety in the workplace

Safety propaganda is the process of getting a range of messages across
to people and may take a number of forms; here are some examples:
➢ Safety Posters.
Safety posters are used to reinforce messages to employees, for example,
how to wear proper PPE on the workplace, the correct usage of eye
protection, head protection, correct manual handling, different chemical
symbols and the smoking and non-smoking sites.
➢ Safety Videos.

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There are many excellent videos available to reinforce safety in the workplace. A good way of
making the message of the video retentive in their minds is to have them in the cafeteria while
they are having a break, or in any place that they can see it all the time. Safety videos can also
be a part of a scheduled training activity.
➢ Information, Instruction and Training.
Giving information implies the imparting of factual knowledge by one person to another, a
supervisor to an employee for example. ‘Instruction’ involves orienting the people what they
should and should not do. It may include supervision to tell whether they understood the
message or not. Training is a systematic development of attitude, knowledge and skill patterns
requires by an individual to perform adequately a given task or job. It is an ongoing process
throughout a person’s career.
Effective Listening
➢ A good listener shows interest in every subject. He focuses on the
content not on the delivery, rational not emotional and concentrates to the
message.
A bad listener is dry to uninteresting subjects, puts off by poor delivery and
concludes before delivery in\s completed, reacts to emotional words, has fake
attention/concentration and takes several less important notes.
Listening can be classified in three ways:

1. On-the job Listening
- Listening to the boss, people who report to us; other supervisors and all others at work.
2. Social Listening
- Listening we do off-the-job, outside the family circle, to friends, neighbors, etc.
3. Family Listening
- Listening to our spouses, children, parents and other family members.
Five Keys to Improve Listening

➢ Stop Talking. In two-way communication, when you are the listeners, stop talking so
that you can listen to all that is being said.

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➢ Empathize. Learn how to relate to other people’s feelings and you will get better
understanding of what he/she feels. Understanding is the secret to successful
communication.
➢ Maintain Eye Contact. This serves a dual purpose. First, it helps you to concentrate on
what is being said; second, it shows the speaker that you are listening.
➢ Share Responsibility for Communication. The “receiver” is just as responsible as the
“sender” for good communication.
➢ Clarify. When listening, if you do not understand any part of the message, be sure to
ask questions until the meaning is clear.
Summary Key Points:

• The company’s OSH program should be communicated in all levels of the
organization and all stakeholders (employers, workers, subcontractors,
service providers, clients
• Good communication is important in the effective implementation of a
company’s OSH program.
• The conduct of OSH trainings and facilitation of OSH meetings are among
the roles of the safety officer
Module 20 - Emergency Preparedness
1. Define what is emergency (natural/man-made) and disaster;
2. Identify the elements of an effective Emergency Preparedness Program;
3. Enumerate basic preparations for common emergencies; and
4. Discuss the concept on Fire Brigade Organization.
An emergency poses an immediate risk of significant harm to health, life, property or the
environment. Preparing for emergencies is an important part of your workplace health and
safety program and is a legal requirement as per our OSH Standards.

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No matter how committed an industrial company or community in terms of safety program

implementation, the probability of an emergency may arise at the least expected scenario....do
we know what to do? are we aware of our very own emergency procedure?
REGULATORY REQUIREMENT – DO 198 18 CHAPTER III SECTION 4 PARAGRAPH A
SUBPART 5. DUTIES AND RIGHTS OF EMPLOYERS, WORKERS AND OTHER PERSONS
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• EMERGENCY- a sudden, unexpected occurrence demanding immediate action. a potential
life- threatening situation.
• DISASTER- a sudden, calamitous event bringing great damage, loss or destruction
• RESCUE- the removal of human being from a place of danger and convey them to the place of
safety.
• EVACUATION- the removal of personnel, materials and equipment from a place of danger to a
safe zone/area
• EXTRICATION- the removal of the victim from difficult situation or position; or the removal of a
patient from a wrecked car or other place of entrapment
2 TYPES OF EMERGENCY
• MAN-MADE EMERGENCY- events caused by man’s negligence in handling his technology
• NATURAL EMERGENCY- events that are caused by the forces of nature.
MAN-MADE EMERGENCY
• Vehicular accidents
• Fire
• Hazardous materials
• Public demonstrations

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NATURAL EMERGENCY
• Drought
• Flood
• Hurricane
• Tornado
• Thunderstorm
• Earthquakes
• Volcanic eruption
DOES YOUR COMPANY OR YOU AS INDIVIDUAL WHEN THIS EMERGENCIES STRUCK?
Common types of emergencies
• fires or explosions
• medical emergencies
• severe weather
• earthquakes
• major power failures
• hazardous material spills
Why prepare for emergencies?
• Keep employees and responders free from harm
• Manage life-threatening situations
• Minimize damage to the environment, equipment, machinery, tools, etc.
• Minimize downtime
4 elements of an emergency management program
• Prevention: policies and procedures to minimize the occurrence of emergencies
• Preparation: activities and procedures to make sure your organization is ready to

effectively respond
• Response: the action to be taken when an emergency occurs

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• Recovery: practices to resume to normal business operations
6 key steps to emergency planning
1. Establish the planning team: representatives from all departments and levels, with
support from senior management, is most effective
2. Assess the risks and company capabilities
3. Develop the emergency response plan
4. Implement the plan: obtain equipment, communicate, and train
5. Test the plan: hold drills or simulation exercises
6. Improve the plan continuously
What's in a written emergency response plan?
• Scope and outline potential emergencies
• Alarms and other methods of initiating a response
• Site-specific response procedures
• Command structure, roles and responsibilities
• Shutting down of power
• Evacuation and assembly procedures
• Communication systems and protocols
• Emergency contact lists
• Resource lists
As a worker, it is important that you know how to respond

WORKERS ORIENTATION
• Identify common types of emergencies
• Respond if you encounter a situation
• Respond when an emergency alarm is activated
• Ask your employer for more information and training

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• Evacuation Procedures
• Use of Fire Extinguishers
• Summoning and Reporting First Aid
• Emergency Phone Numbers
• Purpose of the Plan
Who is in Charge
• During an emergency
• During an evacuation
• First Aid
• Emergency Coordinator
• Emergency Supervisor
• Emergency Warden
• Designated Receptionist
• First Aid Attendants
• Communications
• Alarms
• Emergency Evacuation Area
Summary Key Points:

• There are different types of emergencies that may happen.
• Every workplace must have different types of basic preparations for emergency
situations.
• Companies must develop their own Emergency Preparedness Plan
• The management and each worker must know what to do in cases of emergencies or
disasters through information dissemination, training and drills
• Fire drills should be conducted at least twice a year.

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Module 21 – Employees’ Compensation Program

• Module Objective
Upon c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e m o d u l e , p a r t i c i p a n t s w i l l b e a b l e t o d i s c u s s t h e
employee’s compensation programs, entitlement and benefits.
Employees Compensation Program
Given the government’s concern for the welfare of Filipino workers, the Employees Compensation
Program (ECP) was implemented to provide public and private sector employees and their dependents
with income and other benefits in the event of work connected injury, sickness, disability or death. It
assures workers of total protection through the provision of a comprehensive package of benefits
encompassing preventive occupational safety and health aspects, curative or medical and compensatory
grant, and rehabilitation of occupational disabled workers. Tasked to implement the ECP, the Employees
Compensation Commission (ECC) was created in November 1, 1974 by virtue of PD 442 or the Labor
Code of the Philippines. However, it only became fully operational with the issuance of PD 626, which
took effect on January 1, 1975. Most of the information contained in this report was taken from the primer
on Employees Compensation Program prepared by the Employees Compensation Commission.
Mandate
There are three agencies involved in the implementation of the Employees Compensation Program.
(ECP). These are the Employees Compensation Commission (ECC); the Government Service Insurance
System (GSIS) and the Social Security System (SSS). The ECC as implementer of the Employees
Compensation Program is mandated to: provide meaningful and appropriate compensation to workers,
review and decide on appeal all employees’ compensation claims disapproved by the Systems (GSIS and
SSS), and initiate policies and programs toward adequate occupational health and safety and accident
prevention in the working environment. The GSIS (for government sector workers) and the SSS (for
private sector workers) are tasked to evaluate all employees’ compensation (EC) claims filed within a
given period and pay the corresponding EC benefits, collect EC premiums remitted by employers, and
manage the State Insurance Fund.
Coverage
Every employee in the government and private sector who is not over 60 years old is covered by the
Employees Compensation Program. However, an employee who is more than 60 years old is also

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covered, if he/she has been continuously paying contributions to the system and has not been
compulsorily retired. All employees in the public and private sectors, including those in government
owned or controlled corporations and local government units, members of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines, elective officials who are receiving regular salaries are covered starting on the first day of
their employment. Also covered are Filipino seamen compulsorily covered under the SSS. Land based
contract workers are only subject to coverage under the ECP if their employer, natural or judicial is
engaged in any trade, industry or business undertakings in the Philippines. The benefits under the
program may be enjoyed simultaneously with the benefits under the Social Security Program.
Compensable Diseases
1. Cancer of the epithelial lining of the bladder. (Papilloma of the bladder).

2. Cancer, epithellomatous or ulceration of the skin or of the corneal surface of the eye due to tar, pitch,
bitumen, mineral oil or paraffin, or any compound product or residue of any of these substances.
3. Cataract produced by exposure to the glare of, or rays from molten glass or molten or red hot metal.
4. Deafness
5. Decompression sickness
a. Caissons disease
b. Aeroembolism
6. Dermatitis due to irritants and sensitizers
7. Infections
a. Anthrax
b. Brucellosis
c. Glanders
d. Rabies
e. Tuberculosis
f. Tularemia
g. Weill’s disease
h. Q. Fever or equine encephalomyelitis
i. Mite dermatitis
8. Ionizing radiation disease, inflammation, ulceration or malignant disease of skin or subcutaneous

tissues of the bones or leukemia, or anemia of the aplastic type due to x-rays, ionizing particle, radium or
other radioactive substances.

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a. Acute radiation syndrome

b. Chronic radiation syndrome
c. Glass Blower’s cataract
9. Poisoning and its sequelae caused by:

a. Ammonia
b. Arsenic or its toxic compound
c. Benzene or its toxic homologues, nitro and amino toxic derivatives of benzene or its homologue
d. Beryllium or its toxic compounds
e. Brass, zinc or nickel
f. Carbon dioxide
g. Carbon bisulfide
h. Carbon monoxide
i. Chlorine
j. Chrome or its toxic compounds
k. Dinitrophenol or its homologue
l. Halogen derivatives of hydrocarbon of the aliphatic series
m. Lead or its toxic compounds
n. Manganese or its toxic compounds
o. Mercury or its toxic compounds
p. Nitrous fumes
q. Phosgene
r. Phosphorus or its toxic compounds
s. Sulfur dioxide
10. Pneumoconiosis. (As amended by B.R. No. 12-09-18, s. 2012, approved on 27 September 2012)
Pneumoconioses caused by fibrogenic mineral dust such as but not limited to Silicosis, Coal worker’s
pneumoconiosis and Asbestosis.
i. Silicosis- talc in talc processors, soapstone mining-milling, polishing, cosmetic industry; silica in
mining, quarrying, foundries, sandblasting, construction work, work involving grinding, drilling or breaking
of silica-containing rocks, ceramics and glass manufacture
ii. Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis - exposure to coal dust such as in mining
iii. Asbestosis (please refer to #30, Asbestos-related Diseases) All of the following conditions:

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a. The employee must have been exposed for a prolonged/ sufficient duration to dust in the
workplace, as duly certified by the employer or by a competent medical practitioner/institution acceptable
to the System;
b. Clinical diagnosis consistent with signs and symptoms of pneumoconiosis and impairment of lung
function supported by diagnostic proof such as chest X-ray or computer tomography (CT) scan and lung
function test, ultrasound, histological findings;
c. With a reasonable latency period following exposure to the mineral dust and the development of
the disease
11. Diseases caused by abnormalities in temperature and humidity.
a. Heat stroke/cramps/exhaustion
b. Chilblain/frostbite/freezing
c. Immersion foot/general hypothermia
12. Vascular disturbance in the upper extremities due to continuous vibration from pneumatic tools or
power drills, riveting machines or hammers.
13. Viral Hepatitis*
14. Poisoning by cadmium*
15. Leukemia and lymphoma*
16. Cancer of stomach and other lymphatic and blood forming vessels; nasal cavity and sinuses.
17. Cancer of the lungs, liver and brain*
18. CARDIO-VASCULAR DISEASES. Any of the following conditions (As amended by B.R. No. 11-05-13,
s. 2011, approved on 26 May 2011)
a. If the heart disease was known to have been present during employment, there must be proof
that an acute exacerbation was clearly precipitated by the unusual strain by reasons of the nature of his
work.
b. The strain of work that brings about acute attack must be of sufficient severity and must be
followed within 24 hours by the clinical signs of a cardiac insult to constitute causal relationship.
c. If a person who was apparently asymptomatic before being subjected to strain at work showed
signs and symptoms of cardiac impairment during the performance of his work and such symptoms and
signs persisted, it is reasonable to claim a causal relationship subject to the following conditions:
i. If a person is a known hypertensive, it must be proven that this hypertension was controlled and
that he was compliant with treatment.
ii. If a person is not known to be hypertensive during his employment, his previous health
examination must show normal results in all of the following, but not limited to: blood pressure, chest X-
ray, electrocardiogram (ECG)/treadmill exam, CBC and urinalysis.
iii. A history of substance abuse must be totally ruled out.

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19. CEREBRO – VASCULAR ACCIDENTS. Any of the following conditions (As amended by B.R. No. 11-
05-13, s. 2011, approved on 26 May 2011)
a. There must be proof that the stroke must have developed as a result of the stressful nature of
work and pressures inherent in an occupation.
b. The strain of work that brings about an acute stroke must be of sufficient in severity and must be
followed within 24 hours by the clinical signs of an acute onset of neurological deficit to constitute causal
relationship.
c. If a person who was apparently asymptomatic before being subjected to strain at work showed
signs and symptoms of an acute onset of neurologic deficit during the performance of his work, and such
symptoms and signs persisted, it is reasonable to claim a causal relationship.
d. There was a history, which should be proven, of unusual and extraordinary mental strain or event,
or trauma to or hyperextension of the neck. There must be a direct connection between the insult in the
course of the employment and the worker’s collapse.
e. If the neck trauma or exertion then and there caused either a brain infarction or brain hemorrhage
as documented by neuro-imaging studies, the injury may be considered as arising from work.
f. If a person is a known hypertensive, it must be proven that his hypertension is controlled and that
he was compliant with treatment.
g. A history of substance abuse must be totally ruled-out
20. MALARIA AND SCHISTOSOMIASIS. All of the following conditions
a. Through the knowledge of the respective incubation periods of the different types of the diseases,
the physician determining the causal relationship between the employment and the illness or malaria or
schistosomiasis should be able to tell whether the disease of the afflicted employee manifested itself
while he/she was so employed.
b. Compensability should be based on the principle of greater risk of acquiring the disease in the
place of work than in the place of usual residence of the afflicted worker.
c. The place of work of employment has to be verified as a malarial or schistosomal work area.
21. PNEUMONIA. Any of the following: (As amended by B.R. No. 12-09-18, s. 2012, approved on 27
September 2012)
a. There must be a direct connection between the offending agent or event and the worker based on
epidemiologic criteria and occupational risk (e.g. health care workers exposed to outbreaks such as
SARS, bird handlers exposed to Cryptococcus);
b. Pneumonia as a complication of a primary work-connected illness or injury (e.g. as a complication
of injury to the chest wall with or without rib fracture that was sustained at work);
c. Pneumonia as a complication of chemical inhalation exposure such as among welders exposed
to iron fumes;

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d. Clinical diagnosis consistent with the signs and symptoms of pneumonia supported by diagnostic
proof such as chest x-ray and/ or microbiological studies (e.g. blood cultures).
22. HERNIA. ** All of the following conditions
a. The hernia should be of recent origin.
b. Its appearance was accompanied by pain, discoloration and evidence of a tearing of the tissues.
c. The disease was immediately preceded by undue or severe strain arising out of and in the course
of employment.
d. A protrusion of mass should appear in the area immediately following the alleged strain.
23. OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA (OA)** All of the following conditions (As amended by B.R. No. 12-09-18,
s. 2012, approved on 27 September 2012)
a. There was no past medical/ clinical history of asthma before employment.;
b. Clinical diagnosis consistent with signs and symptoms of Occupational Asthma and supported by
diagnostic proof such as obstructive ventilator pattern with significant bronchodilator response on
spirometry (FEV1), peak flow meter response and/ or nonspecific bronchial hyperresposiveness
(methacholine challenge test);
c. Workplace exposure to agent/s reported to give rise to Occupational Asthma as certified by the
employer or by a competent medical practitioner/ institution acceptable to the System.
24. OSTEOARTHRITIS. Any occupation involving:
a. joint strain from carrying heavy loads, or unduly heavy physical labor, as among laborers and
mechanics;
b. minor or major injuries to the joint;
c. excessive use or constant strenuous usage of a particular joint, as among sportsmen, particularly
those who have engaged in the more active sports activities;
d. extreme temperature changes (humidity, heat and cold exposures); and
e. faulty work posture or use of vibratory tools.
25. VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS. *** Any occupation involving:
a. contact with an infected person, as in areas of poor sanitation, with high density of schoolchildren,
who are the most frequent virus spreaders;
b. rural exposure, primarily in picnics, camping activities, fishing or hunting in, or adjacent to, woods
or subtropical vegetation, or as among agricultural or forest workers; and
c. contact with other sources of infection, such as birds and animals, as among veterinarians and
abattoir workers.
26. PEPTIC ULCER. *** Any occupation involving prolonged emotional, or physical stress, as among
professional people, transport workers and the like.
27. TUBERCULOSIS (PULMONARY AND EXTRAPULMONARY). *******(As amended by B.R. No. 11-
11-29, s. 2011, approved on 28 November 2011) Any occupation involving close and frequent contact

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with a source/s of tuberculosis infection by reason of employment. Occupations involving, but not limited
to, high risk occupational groups and working conditions that are more susceptible to tuberculosis
infection:
a. In the medical treatment or nursing of person/s suffering from tuberculosis;
b. As pathologist, post-mortem worker and medical laboratory workers e.g. medical technologies,
smearers/laboratory technicians where the occupation involves working with materials which are sources
of tuberculosis infection;
c. Other health facility staff in direct and frequent contact/handling of active PTB cases or infected
materials e.g. dentists, dental/radiology technicians, respirator therapists, physiotherapist, housekeeping
staff, social workers, clinic staff/secretaries;
d. Staff of correctional facilities/jails in direct contact with inmates especially in overcrowded and
poorly ventilated prisons;
e. Workers involved in collection/handling/transportation/disposal of biological wastes;
f. Workers who have been clinically diagnosed with Silicosis or those chronically exposed to silica
in the course of their work;
g. Workers in workplaces characterized as overcrowded, poorly ventilated and enclosed where
there are documented cases of active TB.
28. VIRAL HEPATITIS.*** In addition to working conditions already listed under P.D. 626, as amended,
any occupation involving: exposure to a source of infection through ingestion of water, milk, or other foods
contaminated with hepatitis virus; Provided that the physician determining the causal relationship
between the employment and the illness should be able to indicate whether the disease of the afflicted
worker manifested itself while he/she was so employed, knowing the incubation period thereof.
29. ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION. ****(As amended by B.R. No. 11-05-13, s. 2011, approved on 26 May
2011) Hypertension classified as primary or essential is considered compensable if it causes impairment
of function of body organs like kidneys, heart, eyes and brain, resulting in any kind of disability; subject to
the submission of any of the following:
chest X-ray report
ECG report
blood chemistry report
funduscopy report
Ophthalmological evaluation
C-T scan
MRI
MRA
2-D echo
Kidney ultrasound, and

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BP monitoring report.
30. ASBESTOS-RELATED DISEASES (ARD) (As amended by B.R. No. 12-09-18, s. 2012, approved on
27 September 2012)
a. Asbestosis
b. Benign Asbestos-related Pleural Disease
c. Asbestos-related Malignancy:
i. Lung Cancer
ii. Mesothelioma
All of the following conditions:
a. The employee must have been exposed for a prolonged/ sufficient duration to dust in the
workplace, as duly certified by the employer or by a competent medical practitioner/ institution acceptable
to the System;
b. Clinical diagnosis consistent with the signs and symptoms oARD and supported by any
appropriate diagnostic tests such as x-ray or computer tomography (CT) scan and lung function test or
positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), biomarkers, histological
findings;
c. Latency period of 10 years or more unless proven otherwise;
d. Except for lung cancer and mesothelioma, ARD must be accompanied with impaired lung
function for compensation.
31. HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS
a. Bagassosis
b. Farmer’s Lung Disease
c. Bird Fancier’s Disease (Psittacosis)
d. Others as listed in the guidelines
a. The employee must have been exposed for a prolonged/ sufficient duration to an offending agent
or antigen known to cause the disease in the work place, as duly certified to by the employer or by a
competent medical practitioner/ institution acceptable to the System;
b. Clinical diagnosis consistent with signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and
impairment of lung function supported by diagnostic tests such as X-ray or computer tomography (CT)
scan, lung function test, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis, and/or other appropriate
immunologic and histological tests.”
32. BYSSINOSIS (cotton dust).

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a. The employee must have been exposed for a prolonged/ sufficient duration to cotton dust in the
work place, as certified by the employer or by a competent medical practitioner/ institution acceptable to
the System;
b. Clinical diagnosis consistent with signs and symptoms of Byssinosis and impairment of lung
function supported by diagnostic proof such as lung function test, skin test or other appropriate
immunologic tests.”
c. Other diseases not in the list may still be compensable if employee can establish causal
connection with: the nature of his work or the working environment
The Compensability of Injuries
Seven instances where injury can be compensable:

1.Happened at the workplace
2.Happened while performing official function
3.Outside of workplace but performing an order of his employer
4. When going to or coming from work
5. While ministering to personal comfort
6. While in a company shuttle bus
7. During a company sponsored activity
Excepting Circumstances
1. Intoxication
2. Notorious negligence
3. Willful intent to injure oneself or another
Types of Benefits a Claimant May Receive
The compensation which a claimant may receive for a work connected injury, sickness, disability or death
are the following:
Cash income benefit - Given to an employee or his/her dependents to replace the loss of income due to
absences (non-reporting for work) caused by work-related injury or sickness. The type of injuries or
sickness entitled to cash income benefits are temporary total disability, permanent total disability and
permanent partial disability.

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Medical and related services - provided to the afflicted member beginning on the first day of injury or
sickness during the period of his or her disability.
Rehabilitation services - consists of medical, surgical and hospital treatment for permanent disability.
Death benefit – a lifetime monthly pension provided to the primary beneficiaries of the deceased plus
10.0 percent of such benefit for each of five dependent children below 21 years of age.
Funeral benefit - benefit paid to any person who shouldered the burial expenses of the deceased
member or permanent total disability pensioner.
Employees Compensation Claims in the Government Sector
Membership under the Government Service Insurance System totaled to 1.47 million in 2002. Of this
number, more than five percent or 84,032 workers filed claims for work related injuries and sickness
amounting to P762.8 million in 2002. It was noted, however, that the number of claimants has dropped in
2002 from 94,225 in 1998. Total benefits paid have been increasing from P669.4 million in 1998
except in 2000, when it dropped to P728.8 million from P748.0 million in 1999. Death and medical
services were the common benefit claims, accumulating the bulk of payments in 2002 with P518.9 million
and P139.7 million, respectively. Some 36,000 pensioners were benefiting from the employees’
compensation program in the government sector in 2002, down from the 46,500 in 1998.
Employees Compensation Claims in the Private Sector
Private sector membership under the Employees Compensation Program went up to 20.45 million in
2002 from 18.5 million in 1998. However, active paying members only numbered between 6.30 to 6.99
million in 1998 – 2001. A total of P466.9 million contributions were collected in 1998 for employees’
compensation program. This decreased to P375.6 million the following year, a collection drops of 19.5
percent. Since then, the collection has improved to P485.5 million in 2002.
The cost of benefits paid gradually upped from P904.3 million in 1998 to P1.3 billion in 2002. In 2002,
disbursements were mostly for death and disability benefits at P867.1 million and P186.7 million,
respectively. Around 85,000 claimants were benefited in 2002. The previous years noted a fluctuating
number of claims, inspite of the increasing amount of benefits paid. The SSS paid monthly pensions to
almost 19,000 disabled workers in 2002.

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Summary Key Points:

o The ECP is enjoyed only by those with Employee-Employer relationship
o ECP coverage/entitlement to benefits begin on the first day of employment
o ECP benefits are in addition to SSS and PhilHealth benefits
o The ECP benefits are welcome but it is better to be safe than injured or ill
because of work
Module 22-A: OSH Legislations
1. Explain the government OSH regulations and other responses to existing and
potential OSH hazards;
2. Discuss the various strategies for OSH Administration in the Philippines; and
3. Identify the different OSH reportorial requirements and
areas for compliance to the OSH Standards.
Republic of the Philippines

Department of Labor and Employment
VISION & MISSION

⚫ Attainment of full, decent and productive employment for every Filipino worker.
⚫ Promote gainful employment opportunities, develop human resources, protect workers
and promote their welfare and maintain industrial peace.
Eleven (11) Attached Agencies

⚫ Employees Compensation Commission
⚫ Institute for Labor Studies
⚫ Maritime Training Council
⚫ National Conciliation and Mediation Board
⚫ National Labor Relations Commission
⚫ National Maritime Polytechnic

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⚫ National Wages and Productivity Commission

⚫ Occupational Safety and Health Center
⚫ Overseas Workers Welfare Administration
⚫ Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
⚫ Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
6 BUREAUS
1. Labor and Employment Statistics
2. Labor Relations
3. Local Employment
4. Rural Workers
5. Women and Young Workers
6. Working Conditions
What are the Occupational Safety and Health Standards?

OSH Standards are mandatory rules and standards set and enforced to
eliminate or reduce occupational safety and health hazards in the workplace.
Occupational health and safety is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the
safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment. The goal of all
occupational health and safety programs is to foster a safe work environment. As a secondary
effect, it may also protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers, suppliers, nearby
communities, and other members of the public who are impacted by the workplace environment.
It may involve interactions among many subject areas, including occupational medicine,
occupational (or industrial) hygiene, public health, safety engineering, chemistry, health physics,
ergonomics, toxicology, epidemiology, environmental health, industrial relations, public policy,
industrial sociology, medical sociology, social law, labor law and occupational health
psychology.
The OSH Standards are mandatory rules on occupational safety

and health promulgated pursuant to Article 162, Book IV of the
Labor Code of the Philippines, P.D. 442.
BOOK FOUR

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HEALTH, SAFETY AND SOCIAL WELFARE BENEFITS

Title I
MEDICAL, DENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
Chapter II
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
Art. 162. Safety and health standards. The Secretary of Labor and Employment shall, by
appropriate orders, set and enforce mandatory occupational safety and health standards to
eliminate or reduce occupational safety and health hazards in all workplaces and institute new,
and update existing, programs to ensure safe and healthful working conditions in all places of
employment.
Art. 163. Research. It shall be the responsibility of the Department of Labor and Employment to
conduct continuing studies and research to develop innovative methods, techniques and
approaches for dealing with occupational safety and health problems; to discover latent
diseases by establishing causal connections between diseases and work in environmental
conditions; and to develop medical criteria which will assure insofar as practicable that no
employee will suffer impairment or diminution in health, functional capacity, or life expectancy as
a result of his work and working conditions.
• What does safety and health in the workplace mean?

Safety refers to the physical or environmental conditions of work which comply with prescribed
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Standards and which allow the workers to perform the
job without or within acceptable exposure limit to hazards. Occupational safety also refers to
practices related to production and work process.
Health means a sound state of the body and mind of the workers that enables the worker or
employee to perform the job normally.
• What is the purpose of OSH Standards?

OSH Standards aim to provide at least the minimum acceptable degree of protection that must
be afforded to every worker in relation to the working conditions and dangers of injury, sickness
or death that may arise by reason of the worker's occupation. The provision of OSH Standards
by the State is an exercise of police power, with the intention of promoting the welfare and well-
being of the workers.

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• What are covered by the General OSH Standards?

All establishments, workplaces and other undertakings are covered, including
agricultural enterprises whether operating for profit or not, except:
• Residential places exclusively devoted to dwelling purposes.
• Mines which is under the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).
• What does right to safe and healthful conditions of work mean?
It means that the worker shall be assured of effective protection against the danger of injury,
sickness or death through safe and healthful working conditions.
• What is the minimum standard on safety and health in the workplace?

The OSH Standards provide that every company shall keep and maintain its workplace
free from work hazards that are likely to cause physical harm to the workers or damage
to property. Thus, the worker is entitled to be provided by the employer with:
• Appropriate seats, lighting and ventilation;
• Adequate passageways, exits and firefighting equipment;
• Separate facilities for men and women;
• Appropriate safety devices like protective gears, masks, helmets, safety boots, coats or
first-aid kits;
• Medicines, medical supplies or first-aid kits;
• Free medical and dental services and facilities.
• What other safety requirements should employers provide their employees?
Employers must provide their employees with the following instruments and/or working
stations:
• Appropriate protective equipment and clothing such as overall head coverings, goggles,
gloves aprons and respirators;
• A properly designed exhaust system and waste disposal, local exhaust or general
ventilation to keep toxic fumes or gases, away from workers' breathing zone;
• Adequate number of fire extinguishers in the workplace;

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• Designated safe smoking and welding areas far from combustible, flammable or
explosive materials, containers filled with explosives or flammable substances, and
containers that have held explosives or flammable materials;
• What safety measures must be observed within the premises of eestablishments?
Establishments must observe the following safety measures:

• Building premises shall have adequate fire, emergency or danger signs and safety
instructions of standard colors and sizes visible at all times;
• Other visible signs that may be needed to direct the driver of motorized vehicle such as
STOP, YIELD, and DO NOT ENTER, properly positioned within the compound of the
establishment shall be used to increase safety especially during the night;
• Handicapped employees shall be restricted only to designated workplaces. As far as
practicable and feasible they shall be provided with facilities for safe and convenient
movement within the establishment;
• Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times through cleanliness of building,
yards, machines, equipment, regular waste disposal, and orderly arrangement of process
operations, storage and filing materials;
• Adequate dressing rooms, locker rooms, comfort rooms and lavatories separate for male
and female workers shall be provided.
•Who enforces OSH Standards?
The Secretary of Labor and Employment, through the Regional Director or his other authorized
representative, enforces the OSH Standards in the exercise of visitoriall and enforcement
powers.
•What is visitorial power?
Visitorial power refers to the authority to conduct inspections or investigations in the premises
of an employer at any time of the day or night whenever work is being undertaken. This is
necessary to determine violations or to enforce the rights of workers under the Labor Code.

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Under this power, the employer may be required to submit reports and other documents to
determine any violation.
• What is enforcement power?
Enforcement power refers to the authority of the Secretary or the Regional Director to order an
erring employer, after due notice and hearing, to comply with labor standards and issue a writ of
execution in case of non-compliance. If the violation poses grave and imminent danger to the
health and safety of workers, suspension or cessation of the operations may be effected within
24 hours from the issuance of the order.
•How are these Standards enforced?
These standards are enforced through the inspectorate system. Thus, every employer shall
provide to the Secretary or to his/her duly authorized representative access to its premises or
records at any time of the day or night whenever there is work to determine and effect
compliance.
Every establishment or workplace shall be inspected at least once a year. However, special
inspection visits may be authorized by the Regional Office to investigate work-related accidents,
occupational illness or dangerous occurrences, conduct surveys, follow-up inspection
recommendations, or to conduct investigations or inspections upon request of an employer,
worker or labor union in the establishment.
•If a worker or representative of workers or any concerned person believes that such a
violation of the OSH Standards exists which threatens with physical harm or poses
imminent danger to life, what shall he do to correct the danger?
The said worker or workers’ representative shall request the RO for an inspection of their area
by giving full particulars or details regarding such violation or danger.

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• What does the Regional Office do in such a case?
The Regional Office evaluates the report and conducts a special inspection or investigation
immediately in the subject establishment. The complainant is notified in writing of the outcome
of such investigation.
What are the duties and responsibilities of the employers and the employees in relation
to enforcement and compliance with OSH Standards in the workplace?
Rule 1005: DUTIES OF EMPLOYER
• Furnish his workers a place of employment free from hazardous conditions.

• Comply with the requirements of the Standards.
• Give complete job safety instruction to all his workers
• Use only approved devices and equipment in his workplace.
DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYERS

• Adopt administrative policies on safety in accordance with the provisions of the
Standards;
• Report to the Regional Director or his/her duly authorized representative the policies
adopted and the safety organization established;
• Submit reports to the Regional Director or his/her duly authorized representative once in
every three months on the safety performance, safety committee meetings and its
recommendations and measures taken to implement the recommendation;
• Act on recommended safety measures;
• Provide access to appropriate authorities.
Rule 1005: DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES

• Cooperate with the employer in carrying out the provisions of the Standards.
• Report any work hazard to his/her supervisor
• Follow all instructions by the employer in compliance with the OSHS provisions
• Make proper use of all safeguards and safety devices.

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DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYEES

• Follow safety policies;
• Report unsafe conditions and practices to the Supervisor;
• Serve as member of the Health and Safety Committee;
• Cooperate with Health and Safety Committee;
• Assist government agencies in the conduct of safety and health inspection.
WORKERS RIGHTS

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General Provisions (Rule 1010)

DUTIES OF OTHER PERSONS
• Any person including builders or contractors, who visits, builds, innovates or installs
devices in establishments or workplaces shall comply with the provision of OSHS rules and all
regulations issued by the employer in compliance with the Standards and other issuances of the
Secretary.
Rule 1020 - Registration

• Every employer shall register his/her business with the Regional Labor Office or
authorized representative to provide the DOLE with information as guide in its enforcement
activities.
• Free of charge
• Valid for lifetime, except when there is change in name, location, ownership; opening
after previous closing

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Rule 1030 - Training and Accreditation of Personnel in OSH
The BWC either directly or through accredited organizations, shall conduct continuing training
programs to increase the supply and competence of personnel qualified to carry out the
provision of this Standards.
High risk establishment – refers to a workplace wherein the presence of hazard or

potential hazard within the company may affect the safety and/or health of workers.
The following are workplaces commonly associated with potentially high-risk activities:
1. Chemical works and chemical production plants

2. Construction
3. Deep sea fishing
4. Explosives and pyrotechnics factories;
5. Firefighting;
6. Healthcare facilities
7. Installation of communication accessories, towers and cables
8. LPG filling, refilling, storage and distribution

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9. Mining
10. Petrochemical works and refineries
11. Power generation, transmission and distribution in the energy sector;
12. Storage and distribution center for toxic or hazardous chemicals;
13. Storage of fertilizers in high volume;
14. Transportation;
15. Water supply, sewerage, waste management, remediation activities;
16. Works in which chlorine is used in bulk;
17. Activities closely similar to those enumerated above and other activities as determined
by DOLE in accordance with existing issuances on the classification of establishments.
Medium risk establishment – a workplace where there is moderate exposure to safety

and health hazards and with probability of an accident, injury or illness
Low risk establishment – a workplace where there is low level of danger or exposure
to safety and health hazards or with low probability to result in accident, harm or illness
Rule 1030 - Training and Accreditation of Personnel in OSH
 All Safety Officers must complete the Bureau prescribed Training Course
Note: The employment of a full-time safety officer may not be required if the employer enters
into a written contract with a qualified consultant or consulting organization whose duties
and responsibilities shall be the duties of a safety practitioner as stated in this Rule. The
employment of a consultant, however, will not excuse the employer from the required training of
his supervisors or technical personnel.
RULE 1040 - Health and Safety Committee

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•What is a Safety and Health Committee?

A Safety and Health Committee is a group of employees or workers and management that plans
and makes policies in all matters pertaining to safety and health in the workplace. All
establishments are required to have a Safety and Health Committee.
•When shall an establishment organize a Safety and Health Committee?

In every workplace, a Safety and Health Committee shall be organized within sixty days after
the Standards take effect, and for new establishments, within one month from the date business
starts operating. In both cases the Safety and Health Committee shall reorganize every January
of the following year.
•What are the types and composition of a Safety and Health Committee?
The types and composition of the Safety and Health Committee shall be organized according to
the number of employees or workers in a workplace.
•What are the duties of the Safety and Health Committee?
Safety and Health Committee shall:

• Plan and develop accident prevention programs in the workplace;
• Inspect workplace to detect unsafe conditions;
• Review reports of inspection, results of accident investigations and implementation of
accident prevention program;
• Conduct safety meetings at least once a month;
• Submit reports to the manager/owner on its meetings and activities;
• Provide necessary assistance to government inspecting authorities in the proper conduct
of activities relating to enforcement of the provisions of the Standards;
• Train workers in safe work habits and procedures;
• Develop and maintain a disaster contingency plan and organize such emergency service
units as may be necessary to handle disaster situations pursuant to the Emergency
Preparedness Manual for Establishments of the Office of Civil Defense.

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Duties of Employer
1. Establishes and adopts in writing administrative policies on safety and health
2. Reports to the enforcing authority the policies adopted and required report requirements.

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3. Acts on recommended measures of health and safety committee and in case of non-
adoption, informs the committee of the reason
• What are the duties of the Safety Officer?

As per Rule 1047 of OSHS:
• Advises employers, supervisors and workers on matters of safety for their guidance
• Investigates accidents as part of the Safety Committee
• Coordinates safety training programs for employees and employers
• Make safety inspections of the plant as part of the Safety Committee
• Maintains or helps maintain an accident record system
• Acts as Secretary of the Safety Committee
• Provides assistance to government
• inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection
RULE 1050 - Notification & Keeping of Accident and/or Occupational Illnesses

• Notification - All work accidents or occupational illnesses, resulting in disabling
conditions or dangerous occurrences shall be reported by the employer to the Regional
Labor Office
• If Major work accidents results in death or permanent total disability, employer shall
initially notify the Regional Labor Office within 24 hours.
• 1054: Keeping of Records - The employer shall maintain and keep an accident or
illness record which shall be open at all times for inspection to authorized personnel.
• Provides the safety officer means for an objective evaluation of the program
• Helps identify high injury rates
• Provides information on accident causes which contributes to high injury rates.
• WAIR is already updated for the COVID 19 report compatibility see attached photo below and
all downloadable at DOLE BWC website.

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Rule 1070 - Occupational Health and Environmental Control

✓ The employer shall exert efforts to maintain and control the working environment in
comfortable and healthy conditions for the purpose of promoting and maintaining the health of
his workers.
✓ The employer shall carry out WEM where hazardous work is performed and shall keep a
record of such measurement which shall be made available to the enforcing authority.
✓ WEM shall include temperature, humidity, pressure, illumination, ventilation,
concentration of substances & noise.
✓ The WEM shall be performed periodically as may be necessary but not longer than
annually.
Rule 1080 - Personal Protective Equipment and Devices

• 1081.04 - No person shall be subjected or exposed to a hazardous environmental condition
without protection.
• 1081.01 - Every employer shall at his own expense furnish his workers with protective
equipment and barriers whenever necessary.

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RULE 1960 - Occupational Health Services

Every employer is required to provide in his workplace medical and dental services, emergency
medicines and dental facilities.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PERSONNEL
Refers to the qualified first aider, nurse, dentist or physician, whose services have been
engaged by the employer in order to provide occupational health services in the establishment.
❖ Emergency Hospital – An employer need not put up an emergency hospital or dental
clinic if there is a hospital or dental clinic which is not more than five (5) kilometers away in
urban areas and 25 minutes travel in rural areas provided contracts are entered into with the
said hospital or dental clinic and that the employer provides transportation facilities.
Physician/Dentist shall be subject to call at any time in other shifts during emergencies.
Health Program – The physician engaged by the employer, in addition to providing medical
services in cases of emergency, must also perform the following:
• Conduct pre-employment medical examination, free of charge, for the proper selection of
workers
• Conduct free of charge annual physical examination of the workers
• Collaborate with safety and technical personnel in the selection and placement of
workers, including investigation of work related accidents due to exposure to health
hazards
• Develop and implement a comprehensive health program for the employees
• The number of health personnel, which may be classified as full time (FT) or part-time
(PT), equipment and facilities, and the amount of supplies shall be proportionate to the
total number of workers and the risk or hazard involved in the workplace, the ideal ratio
of which shall be as follows:
Every employer covered by this Rules shall provide his/her workers medical services and
facilities and shall not be an excuse by employer from maintaining in his/her workplace a first
aid treatment room or clinic for workers which shall be as follows:

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PROHIBITED ACTS AND ITS CORRESPONDING PENALTIES

Any willful failure or refusal of an employer, contractor or subcontractor to comply with the
following OSH standards below or with a compliance order issued by the Secretary of Labor and
Employment or his/her authorized representative shall be penalized of the administrative fines
as follows computed on a per day basis until full compliance:
OTHER SAFETY-RELATED REQUIREMENTS

• Chapter VII, Industrial Hygiene of PD 856 - Sanitation Code of the Philippines
• D.O. No. 53-03, IRR of RA 9165, Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002
• R.A. 8504, The Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998
• D.O. No. 73-05, Guidelines for the Implementation of Policy and Program on Tuberculosis
Prevention and Control in the Workplace
• RA 7877, “Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995.”
• DOLE Department Advisory No. 5, series of 2010, guidelines on workplace policy and program
on Hepatitis B
Failure or refusal to comply with OSH standards or compliance order shall be deemed willful
when done voluntarily, deliberately and intentionally.
An employer, contractor or subcontractor who is found to have repeatedly violated the same
prohibited act shall be penalized of the corresponding fine plus an additional fine equivalent to
fifty percent (50%) thereof for every instance of repeat violation.
If any of the following acts is present and there is non-compliance, the penalty of one hundred
thousand pesos (₱100,000.00) administrative fine shall be imposed separate and in addition to
the daily administrative fine imposed above:
Repeated obstruction, delay or refusal to provide the Sec Labor or any of its authorized
representatives access to the covered workplace or refusal to allow access to relevant records
and documents necessary in determining compliance with OSH standards;
Misrepresentation in relation to adherence to OSH; or
Making retaliatory measures such as termination of employment, refusal to pay, reducing wages
and benefits or in any manner discriminates against any worker who has given information
relative to the inspection being conducted.
When the violation exposes the worker to death, serious injury or serious illness, the imposable
penalty shall be one hundred thousand pesos (₱100,000.00)

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The penalties shall be computed on a per day basis until full compliance reckoned from the date
of the notice of violation or service of the compliance order to the employer without prejudice to
the filing of a criminal or civil case in the regular courts, as the case may be.
Fines collected pursuant to this Rules shall be utilized for the operation of OSH initiatives
incentivizing qualified employers and workers in recognition of their efforts towards ensuring
compliance with OSH.
The RD shall, after due notice and hearing, impose the appropriate administrative fines taking
into consideration the damage or injury caused and risk involved including the severity and
frequency of the OSH violations and size of the establishment.
RA 11058 - DO 198 18
IMPLEMENTING RULES AND
REGULATIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO.
11058 ENTITLED “AN ACT
STRENGTHENING COMPLIANCE WITH
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

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STANDARDS AND PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF”
COVERAGE
➢ It shall apply to all establishments, projects and sites and all other places where work is
being undertaken in all branches of economic activity, including:
➢ Establishments located inside special economic zones and other investment promotion
agencies (e.g., Philippine Economic Zone Authority [PEZA], Clark Development
Corporation [CDC]);
➢ Utilities engaged in air, sea, and land transportation;
➢ Industries such as mining, fishing, construction, agriculture, and maritime;
➢ Contractors and subcontractors including those engaged in the projects of the public
sector.
➢ NOTE: The Rules does not apply to the public sector such as national government
agencies, government-owned and controlled corporations with original charters, government
financial institutions, state universities and colleges and local government units
Republic Act 11058 – an Act Strengthening Compliance on Occupational Safety and Health

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OTHER SAFETY-RELATED REQUIREMENTS
• Chapter VII, Industrial Hygiene of PD 856 - Sanitation Code of the Philippines

• Department Order No. 53-03, IRR of RA 9165, Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of
2002
• R.A. 8504, The Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998
• Department Order No. 73-05, Guidelines for the Implementation of Policy and Program on
Tuberculosis Prevention and Control in the Workplace
• RA 7877, “Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995.”
• DOLE Department Advisory No. 5, series of 2010, guidelines on workplace policy and program
on Hepatitis B
• Department Order No. 202 s 2019 or the IRR of Telecommuting Law
• Department Order No. 208 s 2020 or the IRR of Mental Health Law
• Department Order No. 56-03 series of 2003 or Rationalizing the Implementation of Family
Welfare Program (FWP) in DOLE
• Republic Act No. 10028 or the Expanded Breastfeeding Promotion Act of 2009
• Department Order No. 131-B series of 2016 or Revised Rules on Labor Laws Compliance
System
• Republic Act 8750 series of 1999 or Seat Belt Act
• Republic Act 10586 series of 2012 or Anti-drunk and anti-drugged Driving Act
• Republic Act 10913 series of 2016 or Anti-Distractive Driving Act
• Department Order No. 174 series of 2017 or Regulations Governing Constructing and
Subcontracting Arrangements (amending DO No. 18-A)
• Department Order No. 178 series of 2017 or Safety and Health measures for Workers who
by the Nature of their Work, have to Stand at Work
• Department Order No. 184 series of 2017 or Safety and Health measures for Workers who
by the Nature of their Work, have to Spend Long Hours Sitting

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Summary Key Points:

• Monitoring of compliance and effectiveness of the OSH Programs can be done through
the conduct of safety and inspections/assessments, conduct of Work Environment
Measurement and Annual Medical Check-up
• Enforcement is one response but not the only response.
Module 22-B: OSH Programming
1. Identify the elements of the DOLE prescribed OSH program;
2. Explain the roles, commitment and participation of various levels of the
organization in implementing the OSH program; and
3. Review how to fill out the DOLE reportorial requirements correctly
What is an OSH Program?

• It is a plan or outline of activities prepared to promote safety awareness among management
and workers in order to prevent, minimize or eliminate accidents or illnesses in the workplace.
Types of OSH Program

1. Occupational Safety Program / Safety Program
2. Occupational Health Program / Health Program
Key Elements of OSH Programs

• Key elements of the Safety Program
– Accident prevention
– Safety promotion
• Key element of the Health Program
– Health protection and maintenance
– Health awareness and promotion

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What is OSH Programming?

• It is the method employed by management to assign responsibility for accident
prevention, safety and health promotion, health protection, and maintenance, and
thereby ensure active performances under that responsibility.
OSH Program Responsibility

• Management role is very crucial since only top management has the authority to
implement the program.
• Top management can make a program effective, through the support of a
company policy.
• An effective program provides a company with a working environment in which
operations are conducted economically, efficiently and safely.
Basic Elements of a Successful OSH Program

1. Management Leadership
2. Assignment of responsibility
3. Maintenance of safe working conditions
4. Establishment of safety trainings
5. Accident record system
6. Medical and First aid system
7. Acceptance of personal responsibilities
1. Management Leadership (assumption of responsibility, declaration of

policy)
• Management has to make a written statement of its attitude toward safety
and health in the workplace.
• This can be set forth in a policy which must be brief and clearly defines
management attitude towards safety and health of workers.

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Defined Management attitude towards OSH

• Enforcing of safety and health practices and conditions
• Compliance with company policies
• Following safety and health instructions
• Obtaining good preventive maintenance of equipment or selection of
proper equipment when purchasing.
• Regular monitoring of workers’ health through annual physical exams,
special examinations, periodic conduct of WEM.
A company SH policy should basically state that …

• The safety and health of employees, the public and the company
operations are paramount.
• Safety and health will take precedence over expediency or shortcuts.
• Every attempt will be made to reduce the possibility of accident and
illnesses occurrence.
• The company intends to comply with all OSH laws, standards and
ordinances.
2. Assignment of responsibility
• When safety and health policy has been set, the management delegates the
everyday task of carrying out said policy to the safety manager, company
doctor, supervisors, foreman and/or health and safety committee.
– The establishment of a safety and health committee is another
excellent means of developing, implementing and maintaining safety
and health prevention measures in the company.
3. Maintenance of safe and healthful working conditions

• Revise operational methods to eliminate risks/hazards
• Apply mechanical guarding
• Isolate hazardous operations or storage

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• Use PPEs
• Adequate and proper ventilation, lighting
• Proper use and maintenance of tools and equipment
• Sanitation / housekeeping
• Fire control measures
• Substitute hazardous materials with less hazardous
Appraise plant’s safety and health conditions through:
• Regular routine inspection
• Special inspection
• Follow-ups to see if recommendations for safety and health maintenance
are met or are being carried out.
4. Establishment of safety and health trainings

Training courses should be both for supervisors and workers.
• For new workers – to orient and or familiarize newly hired
personnel
• On-the-job training – for those already in the service for some time
• Refresher – to reacquaint or refresh memories
• Supervisory training
• Participation in safety and health activities
5. Accident Record System

• Includes accident analysis, reports on injuries, and measurement results
• Provides means for an objective evaluation of the safety program.
• Identify high-injury rate areas, departments.
• Provide information on the causes of accidents contributory to high injury
rates.

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6. Medical and First Aid System

The medical department of a company is tasked with the following activities:
➢ Conducts pre-employment physical exams for proper physical check-up
and proper placement of workers.
➢ Conducts periodic Physical Exams of workers
➢ Recommends workers exposed to harmful toxic substances for special
examinations.
➢ Arrange surveys of new operations or processes to know what exposures
are detrimental to safety and health of workers.
➢ Establishes a system for assigning injured workers on the kind of job they
can handle despite of their condition.
➢ Provisions for emergency situations
7. Acceptance of personal responsibility of workers

• Observe safe and health practices and procedures
• Have regard at all times for the safety and health of fellow workers
• Report any unsafe condition that may call his attention
• Suggest, recommend, contribute ideas for the improvement of working
conditions
• Participate actively whenever appointed with responsibility
Factors which promote interest in safety and health

• Fear of Personal injury
• Fear of economic loss
• Desire for reward
• Desire for leadership
• Desire to excel and be outstanding
• Protection of others
• Creating a favorable impression

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How to promote safety and health in the workplace?

• Examples by management
• Examples by supervision
• Education and training
Methods of promoting safety and health at work

• Regular meetings
• Use of posters, bulletin boards, publications
• Contests
– Injury rate
– Interdepartmental / intergroup
– Interplant / intradepartmental
– Personalized contests (safety slogans, poster, housekeeping)
How to start a Safety and Health Program?

1. Management initiative and leadership
2. Setting up the staff
3. Outlining policy and general methods of procedure
4. Studying plant’s safety and health history / status
5. Detailed study of accident / illnesses statistics
6. Involvement of the different departments
7. Preparation of the health and safety program
OSH program implementation and evaluation:

Phase I - Management Commitment & Involvement
Phase 2 - Establish a Baseline
Phase 3 - Set Goals
Phase 4 - Implement Strategies
Phase 5 - Review and Adjust

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“A successful and practical safety program requires teamwork, enthusiasm,

interest and cooperation. To make it succeed, there must be a real desire on the
part of all concerned.”

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References:
1. Occupational Safety and Health Standard 1978
2. International Labor Organization Annual Report
3. PSA – BLES report 2017
4. RA 11058 and DO 198
5. DO 13
6. National Building Code of the Philippines
7. Philippine Electrical Code
8. Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers
9. Sanitation Code of the Philippines
10. DENR DAO orders
11. Fire Code of the Philippines
12. Department of Health Guidelines
13. DTI-DOLE JAO order
14. DOLE Department orders

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Department of Labor and Employment

Occupational Safety and Health Center

Unit 14 & 15 Pilar Arcade Brgy. Panilao

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INTRODUCTION: COSH Framework

• Course Overview, Requirements and Objectives

o To learn the basic principles of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)

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• House rules - for Webinars

• House rules - for Classroom Type of Training

1. Be on time at the beginning of the day and every breaks.

2. Come prepared with workbook and completed homework if any

3. Be kind, polite, and courteous to others.

4. Be respectful to classmates, speakers, and property.

5. Engage with the discussion and group activities.

6. Obey Housekeeping Rules

7. If need to go for personal comfort – no need to ask permission.

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Course Outline / Learning Road Map:

1 Importance of Safety and Health 1 Hr.

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Module 1 – Importance of Safety and Health

W hatat is Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)?

OSH Situationer (Global and Local)

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occupational injuries to an approximate of 51,000, and 55,000 occupational diseases to

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COSTS OF ACCIDENTS AND ILLNESSES:

The effect of accident to a worker entails a lot of losses in terms of:

Ø Disability- (temporary or permanent) Pain and suffering

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Summary Key Points:

General Concepts on OSH

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is possible to decrease their rate of occurrence. Understanding the cause of a phenomenon

Heinrich’s Domino Theory

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understand the various causes leading to accidents and as a framework for

➢ Unsafe Conditions. Seen as a physical or chemical property in the material

Three Steps to Control Hazards and Accidents:

1. Identify- Involves knowledge and understanding of the several types of workplace

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Risk can be classified as:

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Summary Key Points:

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also in everyday life

Module 3 – Construction Site/Premises

SEE ANNEX – Department Order No. 13 series 1998 or Guidelines

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SIGNS OF POOR HOUSEKEEPING

Disadvantages of Poor Housekeeping

Three Types of Hazards Resulting From Poor Housekeeping

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3. Laceration hazards- Whether you are working in

WHAT IS GOOD HOUSEKEEPING?

The 5S of Good Housekeeping

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Rule 1060 - Premises of Establishment

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20 | | P a g e Email Address jarosalve@gmail.com / www.avietcs.com / avie.avietcs.com

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