Brgy.

Naga-Naga Tacloban City 6500, Philippines

Tel: +63 53 321 5883, +63 53 321 3249, +63 321 5967
Email: info@mondejar.edu

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Preliminaries

Module 1. Communication process, principles, and ethics.

Learning Outcome:
1. Describe the nature, elements, and functions of verbal and non-verbal communication in
various and multicultural contexts.

In this unit, you will learn about communication processes, principles, and ethics. In your personal
life, in school, in the community and in your workplace later, take note that effective communication is
vital for success. Faced with people of different beliefs, values, attitudes and backgrounds, communication
processes, principles, and ethics become necessary. In real world scenarios, you need to engage in group
discussions, make presentations and interact with different people. If you do not have the necessary and
purposive communication skills, you will have a hard time relating with others in different situations. Your
goal, therefore, is to become a fully-developed, thoughtful and persuasive communicator. Every time you
talk, you present:

•Yourself

•Your purpose

•Your ideas; and

•Information to others

If you:

-Are ambitious and want to move up the ladder of success;

-Wish to have a positive impact on others;

-Want to have your skills and talents recognized and rewarded;

Then strive to be a successful communicator NOW. Now is the time to equip yourself with the mastery
of the communication processes, principles and ethics so that you will be prepared in your future jobs.
 Brgy. Naga-Naga Tacloban City 6500, Philippines
Tel: +63 53 321 5883, +63 53 321 3249, +63 321 5967
Email: info@mondejar.edu

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Preliminaries

Topic 1: The Communication Process

Learning Objectives

At the end the lesson, you are expected to:

1. Discuss the importance of communication in different situations
2. Share how communication helped in resolving issues you have experienced in different
situations.
Communication is integrated in all parts of our lives.
a. Academics
• Communication skills are tied to academic success.
• Students who are good at writing and speaking perform better not only in the English
classroom but also in the content areas and all other areas of learning.

b. Professional
• Desired communication skills vary from one career to another. Being able to
communicate leads to a harmonious relationship within the organization.

c. Personal
•The skills to talk with fluency and write with efficiency lead to a person’s achievement of
his aspirations.

d. Civic
• One cannot live alone, so being able to blend with the community is a satisfying
endeavor. This can only be done when a person can communicate his/her ideas
with different people coming from different backgrounds in the community.
 Brgy. Naga-Naga Tacloban City 6500, Philippines
Tel: +63 53 321 5883, +63 53 321 3249, +63 321 5967
Email: info@mondejar.edu

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Preliminaries

Topic 2: Types of Communication

Learning Objectives

At the end the lesson, you are expected to:

1. Differentiate verbal from non-verbal communication.
2. Explain how the combination of verbal and non-verbal makes communication more
effective.

Study the pictures below and determine the type of communication being used.

1. Verbal communication
● a form of transmitting messages using word symbols in representing ideas and objects
which comes in two forms –oral and written.
● includes a face to face interaction with another person, speaking to someone on the
phone, participating in meetings, delivering speeches in programs and giving lectures or
presentations in conferences.
 Brgy. Naga-Naga Tacloban City 6500, Philippines
Tel: +63 53 321 5883, +63 53 321 3249, +63 321 5967
Email: info@mondejar.edu

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Preliminaries

Topic 2: Types of Communication

Factors That Affect Verbal Communication:
a. Tone of voice
b. Use of descriptive words
c. Emphasis on certain phrases
d. Volume of voice
2. Non –Verbal Communication
●a form of communication which refers to the sending of messages to another person using
signs, gestures, facial expressions and means other than the spoken and written language.
Two Categories of Non-Verbal Communication.
a. Non-verbal messages produced by the body.
b. Non-verbal messages produced by the broad setting such as time, space and silence.

Functions of Non-Verbal Communication

a. It is used to repeat the verbal message.
Example –Point in an object while saying it.
b. It is often used to accent a verbal message.
Example –verbal tone indicates the actual meaning of the words.
c. It often complements the verbal message but also may contradict.
Examples –A nod reinforces a positive message among Americans and Filipinos.
A wink or a frown may contradict a positive message.
d. It regulates interactions
Example –Hand gestures may signal a person to speak or not.
 Brgy. Naga-Naga Tacloban City 6500, Philippines
Tel: +63 53 321 5883, +63 53 321 3249, +63 321 5967
Email: info@mondejar.edu

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Preliminaries

Topic 2: Types of Communication

e. It may substitute for the verbal message, especially if it is blocked by noise or interruption.
Example –Touch to mean comfort or encouragement.
A thumbs-up gesture indicating approval.
Consider this:

Communication is a combination of the verbal and non-verbal

aspects. Proper blending of the two types of communication
make the message clearer.
 Brgy. Naga-Naga Tacloban City 6500, Philippines
Tel: +63 53 321 5883, +63 53 321 3249, +63 321 5967
Email: info@mondejar.edu

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Preliminaries

Topic 3: The Elements and Process of Communication

Learning Objectives

At the end the lesson, you are expected to:

1. Identify the element of communication.
2. Explain the process of communication.

Elements of Communication
1. Sender
-a person, group, or organization who initiates communication.
-She/He may be called the source, encoder, speaker or communicator.
 Brgy. Naga-Naga Tacloban City 6500, Philippines
Tel: +63 53 321 5883, +63 53 321 3249, +63 321 5967
Email: info@mondejar.edu

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Preliminaries

Topic 3: The Elements and Process of Communication

2. Message
-an element transmitted in communication.
-It may consist of the idea, opinion, information, feeling or attitude of the sender.
3. Channel
-a pathway or medium through which the message travels to reach its destination.-It
may be oral, written, or visual.
4. Receiver
-a person who receives, analyses, understands, and interprets the message.-S/he can also be
called decoder, reader, or listener.
5. Feedback
-the receiver’s response that provides information to the sender.
-the return process in which the receiver provides both verbal and non-verbal signals to show
whether the message is understood or not.
6. Noise
-a form of distortion, barrier or obstacle that occurs in an of the oral communication
process.
7. Adjustment
- done if the message is distorted or is not clearly understood by the receiver.
8. Context
-It is the situation from which the communication is done. It includes settings or
environment (family, school, workplace, religious communities); social relations
(friends, husband and wife, parent and child, colleagues/boss-subordinate in the
office);scenes which include place, time and occasion (business meeting, job
interview, social gathering –parties, weddings, etc.); and culture (history, tradition, beliefs,
norms, values)
 Brgy. Naga-Naga Tacloban City 6500, Philippines
Tel: +63 53 321 5883, +63 53 321 3249, +63 321 5967
Email: info@mondejar.edu

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Preliminaries

Topic 3: The Elements and Process of Communication

The Process of Effective Communication
Five Steps of the Communication Process (Schreiner, 2018)
1. Creation

• It is forming the communicative intent where the sender generates and idea.

•This requires the individual who is sending the message to decide what s/he wants
to say and select a medium through which to communicate this information.

•If the medium s/he selects is a written one, s/he must compose a concise and
clear message that others can understand and if the medium is oral, s/he must plan out a
clear spoken message.

2. Transmission
•The transmission may be as simple as meeting with the intended recipient of the message,
and orally sharing the message, or calling the individual to communicate orally over the
phone.
•If the message is a print one, it may include distributing a paper memo or sending an email.
3. Reception
•After transmitting the message, the communication duties change hands and fall upon the
receiver of the message.
•The message is obtained either from the written format the sender selected or b listening
carefully as the message is delivered orally.
4. Translation
• Once receiving the message, the recipient must translate the message into terms that s/he
can easily understand.
• To do this, s/he must listen to or read the message in question and paraphrase it within
her/his head, turning the potentially complex context contents of the message into
 Brgy. Naga-Naga Tacloban City 6500, Philippines
Tel: +63 53 321 5883, +63 53 321 3249, +63 321 5967
Email: info@mondejar.edu

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Preliminaries

Topic 3: The Elements and Process of Communication

The Process of Effective Communication
Five Steps of the Communication Process (Schreiner, 2018)
more manageable and meaningful components.
5. Response
•This may be verbal and immediate, which is commonly the case if
communication is face-to-face.
•It may also be easily a written response that either expands upon the message or simply
indicates receipt of the message in question.
 Brgy. Naga-Naga Tacloban City 6500, Philippines
Tel: +63 53 321 5883, +63 53 321 3249, +63 321 5967
Email: info@mondejar.edu

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Preliminaries

Topic 4: Communication Principles

Learning Objectives

At the end the lesson, you are expected to:

1. Explain the seven principles of communication, and
2. Point out how these principles of communication can be achieved.

Source:https://expertprogrammanagement.com/2018/04/7-cs-communication.
 Brgy. Naga-Naga Tacloban City 6500, Philippines
Tel: +63 53 321 5883, +63 53 321 3249, +63 321 5967
Email: info@mondejar.edu

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Preliminaries

Topic 4: Communication Principles

Read the Editorial below and explain how the seven Cs of communication are achieved:
Editorial:
Giving in to China
from: www.philstar.com

There is certainly no doubt now that China’s invasion of the West Philippine Sea is
unstoppable. The defeatist stance of the Duterte administration fuels and further emboldens
China to occupy the atolls and reefs with the installation of military facilities that can only be
dismantled with might which the Philippines does not have. The conflict in South China Sea, in
which the Philippines named West Philippine Sea as within its Exclusive Economic Zone,
involves China, the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia. The impasse had become
longstanding and, worse, is turning into a powder keg, so to speak. The controversial
waterway’s strategic importance cannot be ignored as an international waterway where
some $5.3 trillion worth of goods move through the sea every year, according to the
United States Department of Defense. Aside from being a strategic maritime territory, the
South China Sea is estimated to hold 10 percent of the total global fisheries, 11 billion barrels
of oil reserve, and 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas deposits. With its booming economy
and skyrocketing demand for raw materials for its industry, China cannot give in to
other claimants of the South China Sea other than declaring war where the victor gets the
spoils. Looking forward to its economic expansion, China declared in 1947 the
demarcation 9-dash line territory of the South China Sea which almost claimed for itself the
3.5 million square-kilometer total area. In 2012, the standoff between China and the
Philippines happened in the Scarborough Shoal which displayed China’s might and
effectively took away the Philippines’ control over it. With no other way to contest its claim,
the Philippine filed case before the United Nations Permanent Court of Arbitration. Philippine
won the case in 2016 with the ruling that essentially dismissed as illegal China’s self-imposed
9-dash demarcation line as illegal. Two years after the Philippine victory over the declared 9-
dash line of China and then presidential candidate Rodrigo Duterte’s theatrics to Jet Ski to
Scarborough Shoal to plant the Philippine flag there, China has almost completed the
militarization of the area in the West Philippine Sea with its facilities installed.
 Brgy. Naga-Naga Tacloban City 6500, Philippines
Tel: +63 53 321 5883, +63 53 321 3249, +63 321 5967
Email: info@mondejar.edu

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Preliminaries

Topic 4: Communication Principles

To date, China has already occupied the atolls and reefs the Philippines once
claimed before the aggressive invasion of China of the South China Sea using the 9-dash line
demarcation. Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque tried to put the blame on the
previous administration of President Benigno Aquino III by saying that “the Aquino
administration did nothing” about the creeping invasion of China in the West Philippine Sea.
Roque obviously ignored that the previous Aquino administration was persistent in pursuing
its claims over the West Philippine Sea which resulted in the Permanent Court of Arbitration’s
ruling in our favor. We cannot go to war with a superpower like China. But being in the
international community of nations, there are other ways to resist invasion and bullying
by more powerful nation. But with the attitude and stance of President Duterte
kowtowing to Chinese officials, like they are his bosses, no diplomatic protest had been
lodged against China. Contrary to Roque’s putting the blame on the previous Aquino
administration, the Duterte administration is the one giving in to China, backtracking the gains
achieved by the Philippines’ claim over the West Philippine Sea handed by the Permanent
Court of Arbitration in 2016. What we can see in the way President Duterte handles the issue
in the West Philippine Sea is his allegedly treasonous gesture of surrendering a part of
our national patrimony without a whimper of protest while it is being shamelessly
being usurped right before our very eyes.
 Brgy. Naga-Naga Tacloban City 6500, Philippines
Tel: +63 53 321 5883, +63 53 321 3249, +63 321 5967
Email: info@mondejar.edu

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Preliminaries

Topic 5: Ethics in Communication

Learning Objectives

At the end the lesson, you are expected to:

1. Tell what communication ethics is
2. Explain how ethics in communication can be achieved, and
3. Enumerate ways of avoiding violations of ethics in communication.

Ethics is an integral part of communication. When we communicate, we do not simply

choose words; we choose words for the effect they will have on our audiences, on ourselves,
and ultimately, on society. Also, we choose the manner of communication because
sometimes “what matters is not what you say, but how you say things.” Thus, when we
communicate, we ask ourselves how harmful or helpful our words and our ways are.
Considerations in Ethical Communication
(Johansen, 16)
1. Ethical Communicators are Respectful of Their Audience.
▪Communication is a two-way process. The communicator must consider the audience
ideas and feelings during the interaction.
2. Ethical Communicators Consider the Consequences of their Communication.
▪Every communicator must bear in mind that the ultimate aim of communication is to
promote the common good. Communication must be set in a way that conflict is reduced
or eliminated.
3. Ethical Communicators Respect the Truth.
▪A great deal of the ethics of communication involves a respect for truth. Indeed, as one
has put it, the assumption of truth undergirds the very concept of
communication itself: "an inherent end of speech is the communication of belief" (Kupfer
118). If we cannot trust the other party, we cannot accurately judge how to respond.
 Brgy. Naga-Naga Tacloban City 6500, Philippines
Tel: +63 53 321 5883, +63 53 321 3249, +63 321 5967
Email: info@mondejar.edu

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Preliminaries

Topic 5: Ethics in Communication

If we cannot accurately judge how to respond, then our communication becomes

increasingly ineffective.
4. Ethical Communicators Use Information Properly.
▪Communicators have the responsibility to give and acquire adequate and accurate information.
As an ethical communicator, a respect for truth means being informed on a topic before posing as
any kind of authority on the subject. We also need to consider the accuracy of the information
and the accuracy with which we use it. When we communicate, we expect people to react in
some way to what we say and do. When we use inaccurate information to influence others, we
cause difficulty for them and for ourselves.
5. Ethical Communicators Do Not Falsify Information.
▪Worse than the distortion of information is falsifying information. Failing to find information
useful to our goals, we make it up. This is a form of cheating; therefore, it should by all means be
avoided.
6. Ethical Communicators Respect the Rights of Others to information.
▪A respect for truth and an ethical consideration of others also means respecting the rights of
others in regard to information and access to information. Collecting information is an
integral part of the research process, but stealing information is theft, taking something that does
not belong to us. Beyond the personal act of theft, stealing information is unethical because it
prevents other people from securing information and unnecessarily makes their lives more
difficult.
Summary
In this chapter you have learned the Communication Process, Principles and Ethics. You
have discovered the importance of communication in the different aspects of your life like in your
family, in your community, in your school and in even in your work place later on. It is also
emphasized in this chapter that verbal and non-verbal communication are both needed in
achieving effective communication. It is very important to note that participants of the
communication which reminds you of the standards that you have to practice when
participating in a communication process.