Introduction

For this assignment, we are required to perform a cost planning of the given project with both
means of cost estimation, based on the elemental breakdown, and Elemental Cost Analysis by using
Form 1 and Form 2 of the Standard Form of Elemental Cost Analysis. Our group is provided with
the drawing layout plan, the Bills of Quantities and ISM Manual to carry out all these tasks.

The project that we are required to carry out elemental breakdown is based on 2 different types of
3-story residential buildings. The type of residential building is a townhouse that consists of both
lower and upper units for the Type A1 - Intermediate Unit and Type A2 - Corner Unit. Therefore
there is a total of 4 units in the drawing plan. The Bills of Quantities for both these type of
townhouse is almost fully given. From the BQ, we are obligated to derive and extract all the related
items, quantities, and rates of the following elements of the whole building. By using all the data
and information that we had collected, we are able to perform the elemental cost analysis and cost
estimation.

Before we can start the elemental breakdown and cost analysis, the gross floor area, unenclosed
area, roof area shall be calculated beforehand from the provided drawing layout floor plan. The
GFA is the enclosed area of the building measured from the internal surface of the external wall.
The unenclosed area is measured for areas that are not covered by the ceiling, roof, or any sides of
the wall like the car porch.

We are also required to calculate the items that were not fully given in the BQ. For example, the
area, element cost for the doors and windows. The reinforced concrete, reinforcement bars, and
formwork also require additional calculation to fill up the Standard Forms of the Elemental Cost
Analysis.

The task is distributed equally among the members of the group. The tasks like calculating the GFA
area, calculation of internal, external doors and windows, calculation of the reinforcement,
formwork and concrete works, and the filling out of both forms. Each member of the group has
their own responsibilities to complete the assignment. For Task 3, we have broken down the wide
scope of topics related to cost planning of the building into divided parts. Each member has taken
one topic each to further explain the concept behind the cost planning of the building.
TASK 1

TOTAL COST
OF COST/M2
ELEMENT ELEMENT GFA
RM RM
1 Substructure
1A Piling - -
1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish ( 106,841.80) ( 121.00)
Group Element Total ( 106,841.80) ( 121.00)
2 Superstructure
2A Frame ( 112,119.50) ( 126.98)
2B Upper Floors ( 68,420.10) ( 77.49)
2C Roof ( 102,410.30) ( 115.98)
2D Stairs ( 61,708.02) ( 69.88)
2E External Walls ( 33,602.20) ( 38.05)
2F Windows & External Doors ( 87,940.40) ( 99.59)
2G Internal Walls & Partitions ( 49,690.00) ( 56.27)
2H Internal Doors ( 22,276.85) 25.23
Group Element Total ( 538,167.37) ( 609.47)
3 Finishes
3A Internal Wall Finishes ( 60,902.94) ( 68.97)
3B Internal Floor Finishes ( 79,441.10) ( 89.97)
3C Internal Ceiling Finishes ( 14,471.00) ( 16.39)
3D External Finishes ( 50,885.22) ( 57.63)
Group Element Total ( 205,700.26) ( 232.96)
4 Fittings and Furnishings
5 Services
5A Sanitary Appliances 45,725.82 51.78
5B Plumbing Installation - -
5C Refuse Disposal - -
5D Air Conditioning & Ventilation System ( 51,500.00) ( 58.32)
5E Electrical Installation ( 259,707.60) ( 294.12)
5F Fire Protection Installation - -
5G Lift & Conveyor Installation - -
5H Communication Installation -
5J Special Installation - -
5K Builder's Profit & Attendance
on Services - -
5L Builder's Work in Connection
With Services ( 14,004.00) ( 15.86)
Group Element Total ( 370,937.42) ( 420.08)
Sub-total exc. External Works,
Preliminaries & Provisional Sum ( 1,221,646.85) ( 1,383.51)
6 External Works
6A Site Work ( 731,857.40) ( 762.92)
6B Drainage - -
6C External Services - -
6D Ancillary Buildings - -
6E Recreational Facilities - -
Group Element Total ( 731,857.40) ( 762.92)
Preliminaries ( 137,942.25) ( 156.22)
TOTAL (less Contigencies) ( 2,091,446.50) ( 2,302.65)
2 SHOW UNITS AND 2 MOCK-UP UNITS OF 3-STOREY TOWNHOUSES
TYPE A1 - INTERMEDIATE UNIT & TYPE A2 - CORNER UNIT

Item Location Total GFA (m2)

Sub-Structure
1 Ground Floor Plan 231

Superstructure
2 First Floor Plan 311
3 Second Floor Plan 291
4 Water Tank Plan 50

Total GFA = 883

5 Roof Area 333

6 Unenclosed Area 230

GROUND FLOOR PLAN OF TYPE A1 & TYPE A2

Ground Floor Plan TYPE A1 - Intermediate Unit

Item Location Length Width Sub Total Total Area

1 Usable Area
Bedroom 3 2.45 3.09 7.57
2.27 3.62 8.22
Dining Room 3.38 4.24 14.33
Living Room 3.80 4.24 16.11
Dry Kitchen 3.38 3.56 12.03
58.26
2 Ancillary Area
Utility 2.15 1.85 3.98
Wet Kitchen 4.00 1.77 7.08
Bath 4 1.85 1.85 3.42
Bath 3 1.95 1.78 3.47
1.23 1.03 1.27

Storeroom 3.33 1.29 4.30

23.51
3 Circulation Area
Foyer
Lower Unit 2.21 1.64 3.62
4.45 2.02 8.99
Upper Unit 1.22 2.04 2.49
Yard 3.61 1.28 4.62
Staircase
Lower Unit 2.02 0.77 1.56
 4.28 1.29 5.52
Upper Unit 2.91 1.29 3.75
Terrace 4.24 1.48 6.28
36.83
Total : 118.61

Ground Floor Plan TYPE A2 - Corner Unit

Item Location Length Width Sub Total Total Area

1 Usable Area
Bedroom 3 3.70 2.19 8.10
3.02 2.45 7.40
Dining Room 4.37 5.48 23.95
Living Room 3.73 4.24 15.82
Dry Kitchen 4.15 3.49 14.48
69.75
2 Ancillary Area
Utility 2.15 1.77 3.81
Wet Kitchen 3.93 1.84 7.23
Bath 4 1.78 1.77 3.15
Bath 3 1.85 1.95 3.61
1.10 0.50 0.55
0.75 1.03 0.77
Storeroom 2.56 1.29 3.30
22.42
3 Circulation Area
Foyer
Lower Unit 2.12 1.62 3.43
Upper Unit 2.04 1.23 2.51
Yard 1.35 3.61 4.87
Staircase
Lower Unit 2.20 1.33 2.93
1.25 2.19 2.74
Upper Unit 2.91 1.29 3.75
20.23
Total : 112.40

Ground Floor Plan TYPE A1 & A2

Item Location Sub Total Total Area

1 Usable Area
A1 58.26
A2 69.75
128.01
2 Ancillary Area
A1 23.51
 A2 22.42
45.93
3 Circulation Area
A1 36.83
A2 20.23
57.06
Total: 231.00

FIRST FLOOR PLAN TYPE A1 & TYPE A2

First Floor Plan TYPE A1-Intermediate Unit

Item Location Length Width Sub total Total Area
1 Usable Area
Bedroom 1 5.19 4.24 22.01
1.77 1.93 3.42
1.63 1.93 3.15
Bedroom 2 5.07 3.70 18.76
Living Room 3.80 4.24 16.11
Dry Kitchen 3.46 3.69 12.77
Dining Room 3.46 4.24 14.67
90.88
2 Ancillary Area
Utility 2.15 1.85 3.98
Wet Kitchen 4.00 1.77 7.08
Bath 5 1.85 1.85 3.42
Bath 2 3.26 1.57 5.12
Bath 1 0.29 1.67 0.48
3.43 1.93 6.62
0.90 0.50 0.45
Storeroom 1.63 1.29 2.10
29.26
3 Circulation Area
Corridor - Lower Unit 1.63 2.95 4.81
Staircase 5.17 2.54 13.13
Balcony 1.56 1.69 2.64
1.83 1.57 2.87
1.47 4.24 6.23
Yard 1.27 3.61 4.58
34.27
Total: 154.40

First Floor Plan TYPE A2-Corner Unit

Item Location Length Width Sub total Total Area
1 Usable Area
Bedroom 1 5.19 4.24 22.01
 1.77 1.93 3.42
1.63 1.93 3.15
Bedroom 2 4.34 3.62 15.71
2.22 1.76 3.91
2.14 0.53 1.13
Living Room 3.04 4.16 12.65
0.76 4.16 3.16
Dry Kitchen 2.84 3.69 10.48
Dining Room 4.20 4.16 17.47
2.14 0.60 1.28
94.36
2 Ancillary Area
Utility 2.15 1.85 3.98
Wet Kitchen 4.00 1.84 7.36
Bath 5 1.85 1.85 3.42
Bath 2 3.50 1.69 5.92
Bath 1 0.29 1.67 0.48
3.43 1.93 6.62
0.90 0.50 0.45
Store Room 1.63 1.29 2.10
30.33
3 Circulation Area
Corridor - LU 1.63 2.95 4.81
Staircase 4.34 2.54 11.02
1.35 3.69 4.98
Balcony 1.47 4.16 6.12
Yard 1.27 3.69 4.69
31.62
Total: 156.32

First Floor TYPE A1&A2

Item Location Sub-total Total Area

1 Usable Area
A1 90.88
A2 94.36
185.24
2 Ancillary Area
A1 29.26
A2 30.33
59.59
3 Circulation Area
A1 34.27
A2 31.62
65.89
Total: 310.72
SECOND FLOOR PLAN TYPE A1 & TYPE A2

Second Floor Plan TYPE A1 - Intermediate Unit

Item Location Length Width Sub total Total Area
1 Usable Area
Bedroom 1 3.25 4.24 13.78
1.06 1.62 1.72
4.31 3.57 15.39
3.03 4.04 12.21

Bedroom 2 5.43 4.24 23.02

1.81 1.93 3.49

Bedroom 3 5.07 3.57 18.1

87.74

2 Ancilary Area
Bath 3 2.53 1.93 4.88

Bath 2 2.49 1.93 4.81

0.3 1.65 0.5

Bath 1 3.78 2 7.56

Storeroom 1.06 2.62 2.78

20.52

3 Circulation Area
Corridor - LU 3.6 1.67 6.01
1.47 4.24 6.23

Staircase 3.6 2.56 9.22

Balcony 1.56 1.69 2.64

1.4 4.24 5.94
1.4 4.09 5.73
35.76
Total 108.26

Second Floor Plan TYPE A2 - Corner Unit

Item Location Length Width Subtotal Total Area
1 Usable Area
Bedroom 1 7.34 4.09 30.02
 2.14 0.6 1.28
3.27 3.77 12.33
1.15 1.06 1.22

Bedroom 2 5.43 4.24 23.02

1.88 1.93 3.63

Bedroom 3 5.07 3.57 18.1

2.14 0.6 1.28
91.09

2 Ancilliary Area
Bath 3 2.46 1.93 4.75

Bath 2 2.41 1.93 4.65

0.3 1.65 0.5
0.9 0.5 0.45
Bath 1 3.78 2 7.56

Storeroom 1.06 2.62 2.78

20.68

3 Circulation Area
Corridor - LU 3.6 1.67 6.01
1.47 4.24 6.23

Staircase 3.6 2.56 9.22

Balcony 1.37 1.69 2..32

1.4 4.09 5.73
1.4 4.23 5.92
35.42
Total 147.19

Second Floor TYPE A1 & A2

Item Location Sub total Total
1 Usable Area
A1 87.74
A2 91.09
178.83

2 Ancilary Area
A1 20.52
A2 20.68
41.20
 3 Circulation Area
A1 35.76
A2 35.42
71.18
Total: 291.21

UNENCLOSED SPACE AREA

Unenclosed Spaces Area

Item Location Length Width Sub Total Total Area

Ground Floor Terrace 4.24 1.40 5.94

Side Yard 15.33 1.40 21.46
Ent. Terrace 2.17 1.69 3.67
1.49 0.86 1.28
1.62 1.54 2.49
Car Porch 5.60 3.54 19.82
5.27 3.09 16.28
6.43 4.52 29.06
5.27 4.63 24.40
Driveway 5.23 17.68 92.47
1/2 7.63 0.74 2.82
219.70
First Floor Balcony 2.23 0.85 1.90
1.90
Second Floor Outdoor Terrace 2.73 1.49 4.07
2.73 1.54 4.20
8.27
Total: 229.87

ROOF AREA

Item Location Length Width Sub Total Total Area

First Floor Flat Roof 5.60 1.85 10.36

1.08 1.69 1.83
1.20 1.19 1.43
3.17 1.69 5.36
18.97
Second Floor Flat Roof 0.50 2.00 1.00
1.40 1.54 2.16
0.49 2.00 0.98
1.40 1.61 2.25
6.39
Water Tank Flat Roof 3.21 1.00 3.21
 1.32 4.24 5.60
1.32 4.24 5.60
2.13 8.23 17.53
6.03 0.80 4.82
1.63 1.61 2.62
39.38
Roof Plan 5.98 2.49 14.89
1.20 0.80 0.96
4.40 1.40 6.16
1.60 1.85 2.96
0.30 4.24 1.27
0.30 4.24 1.27
1.60 1.85 2.96
4.40 1.31 5.76
7.18 0.80 5.74
9.31 1.54 14.34
1.20 0.80 0.96
5.76 6.09 35.08
1.83 1.99 3.64
5.76 3.60 20.74
6.96 2.49 17.33
8.53 10.72 91.44
4.40 9.62 42.33
267.84
Total: 332.58
TASK 2

Elemental Cost Analysis - Form 1 8 - Residential Buildings

A-3-883
JOB TITLE : PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF 2 SHOW UNITS AND 2 MOCK-UP UNITS OF 3 STOREY CLIENT : PRIVATE
TOWNHOUSE AND RELATED EXTERNAL INFRASTRUCTION WORKS AT PLOT 4, LOT PT 23655,
JALAN HIJAU PELANGI U9/55, CAHAYA SPK, 4150 SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN.

LOCATION : SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN. TENDER DATE : August 2021

INFORMATION ON TOTAL PROJECT

Project and Contract Information
Project Details and Site Condition : Contract :
PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF 2 SHOW UNITS AND 2 MOCK-UP UNITS OF 3 STOREY
TOWNHOUSE AND RELATED EXTERNAL INFRASTRUCTION WORKS. No problem in accessibility and PAM STANDARD FORM OF CONTRACT 2018 (WITH
the site condition generally is flat and slightly sloping. QUANTITIES)

Market Conditions : COMPETITIVE

Contract Particulars : Competitive Tender List

Type of Contract : PAM CONTRACT 2018 WITH QUANTITIES Cost Fluctuation : Yes RM Int(Jv)/L

Basis of Tender: Open No x

Open/Selected - -
Bills of Quantities x Competition x - -
Government - -
Bills of Approx. Quantity Negotiated - -
Private x - -
Schedule of Rates/ Serial - -
Spec & Drawings Provisional Sum RM ( 941,700.00) - -
- -
Contract Period Stip. by Client : 22 Weeks Prime Cost Sum RM - - -
- -
Contract Period offered by Builders : 22 Weeks Preliminaries RM ( 137,942.25)

Number of Tenders Issued : - Contingencies RM ( 150,000.00)

Number of Tenders Received : - Contract Sum RM ( 2,241,446.50)

ANALYSIS OF SINGLE BUILDING

Design / Shape Information
Accommodation and Design Features :
The 3 storey rectangular shape townhouse comprising of 2 show units and 2 mock-up units with bedroom, bathroom, dry and wet kitchen, dining room, living room, balcony
and store room. There are 2 types of units namely Type A1 - Intermediate Unit and Type A2 - Corner Unit

Areas : Functional Unit : 492 m2 Design / Shape :

Percentage of Gross Floor Area :
Lower Ground Floor - m2
Ground Floor ( 231) m2 External Wall Area ( 540) a) Below Ground Floor
=
Upper Floor ( 652) m2 Gross Floor Area ( 883) Construction N/A

GROSS FLOOR AREA ( 883) m2 b) Single-Storey

= 0.62 Construction N/A
Usable Area ( 492) m2
Circulation Area ( 194) m2 c) 2-Storey
Ancillary Area ( 197) m2 Storey Heights : Construction N/A
Internal Division - m2
GROSS FLOOR AREA ( 883) m2 Av.Below Grd Floor - m d) 3-Storey
Construction 100%
Floor Space NOT Enclosed: ( 230) m2 At Ground Floor 3.20 m
d) 4-Storey
Roof Area: ( 333) m2 Above Ground Floor (Av.) 3.20 m Construction N/A

Brief Cost Information

Contract Sum RM ( 2,241,446.50) Functional Unit Costs excluding
Provisional Sum RM ( 941,700.00) External Works: RM4,531.27 per m2
Prime Cost Sum RM -
Preliminaries RM ( 137,942.25) being 6.56 % of remainder
Contingencies RM (150,000.00) being 7.68 % of Contract Sum
Contract Sum less Contingencies RM 2,091,446.50
Elemental Cost Analysis - Form 2 8- Residential Buildings
A-3-883
SUMMARY OF ELEMENT COSTS
GROSS FLOOR AREA : 883 m2 TENDER DATE : Aug-21
Preliminaries Shown Separately
Element Total Cost Cost/m2 Elemental Elemental Element Reinforced
of Element GFA Unit Unit Rate Ratio per Concrete Reinforcement Formwork
RM RM Quantity RM m2 GFA m3 Kg m2
1 Substructure
1A Piling
1B Work Below Lowest Floor Finish ( 106,841.80) ( 121.00) 231 m2 ( 462.52) ( 0.26) ( 265.47) ( 14,607.70) ( 50.20)
Group Element Total ( 106,841.80) ( 121.00) ( 265.47) ( 14,607.70) ( 50.20)
2 Superstructure ( -  )
2A Frame ( 112,119.50) ( 126.98) 883 m2 ( 126.98) ( 1.00) ( 73.00) ( 11,977.00) ( 1,196.00)
2B Upper Floors ( 68,420.10) ( 77.49) 652 m2 ( 104.94) ( 0.74) 87.51 ( 5,654.88) ( 538.29)
2C Roof ( 102,410.30) ( 115.98) 333 m2 ( 307.54) ( 0.38) ( 30.40) ( 2,072.00) ( 193.00)
2D Stairs ( 61,708.02) ( 69.88) - - ( 17.56) ( 1,427.00) ( 108.34)
2E External Walls ( 33,602.20) ( 38.05) 540 m2 ( 62.23) ( 0.61) ( 6.00) ( 1,136.00) ( 158.00)
2F Windows & External Doors ( 87,940.40) ( 99.59) 240 m2 ( 366.42) ( 0.27) ( 4.40) - -
2G Internal Walls & Partitions ( 49,690.00) ( 56.27) 1001 m2 ( 49.64) ( 1.13) ( 10.00) ( 1,616.00) ( 233.00)
2H Internal Doors ( 22,276.85) ( 25.23) 86 m2 ( 259.03) ( 0.10) ( 3.84) - -
Group Element Total ( 538,167.37) ( 609.47) ( 232.71) ( 23,882.88) ( 2,426.63)
3 Finishes ( -  )
3A Internal Wall Finishes ( 60,902.94) ( 68.97) 2,045 m2 ( 29.78) ( 2.32)
3B Internal Floor Finishes ( 79,441.10) ( 89.97) 681 m2 ( 116.65) ( 0.77)
3C Internal Ceiling Finishes ( 14,471.00) ( 16.39) 681 m2 ( 21.25) ( 0.77)
3D External Finishes ( 50,885.22) ( 57.63)
Group Element Total ( 205,700.26) ( 232.96)

4 Fittings and Furnishings - -

5 Services - - - - -
5A Sanitary Appliances ( 45,725.82) ( 51.78) 218 No ( 209.75) -
5B Plumbing Installation - - - - -
5C Refuse Disposal - - - - -
5D Air Conditioning & Ventilation System ( 51,500.00) ( 58.32) - - -
5E Electrical Installation ( 259,707.60) ( 294.12) - - -
5F Fire Protection Installation - - - - -
5G Lift & Conveyor Installation - - - - -
5H Communication Installation - - - - -
5J Special Installation - - - - -
5K Builder's Profit & Attendance - - - - -
on Services - - - - -
5L Builder's Work in Connection ( 14,004.00) ( 15.86) - - -
With Services ( -  ) - - -
Group Element Total ( 370,937.42) ( 420.08)
Sub-total exc. External Works,
Preliminaries & Provisional Sum (1,221,646.85) ( 1,383.51)
6 External Works
6A Site Work ( 731,857.40) ( 762.92) - - -
6B Drainage ( -  ) - - - -
6C External Services ( -  ) - - - -
6D Ancillary Buildings ( -  ) - - - -
6E Recreational Facilities ( -  ) - - - -
Group Element Total ( 731,857.40) ( 762.92)
Preliminaries ( 137,942.25) ( 156.22)
TOTAL (less provisional sum) (2,091,446.50) ( 2,302.65)
Task 3
Cost planning is a way to manage the project’s cost and to prevent over budget happen in
the design stage. Cost planning generally will be ready by the quantity surveyor in the design stage
and preferably before tender. The main purpose of the cost planning is to ensure the client receives
the value of money and ensure both the client and the designer are aware of the implications of
their decision to cost. Other than that, cost planning provides advice to the designer to enable him
to design within the budget and integrate cost with time and quality.

The objective of the cost planning is to let the client receive value for money, not
necessarily lower than the initial cost. There must be a balance between quality, usage suitability,
initial cost, and life-cycle cost for the entire life span of the element. A reasonable expenditure
between sections of the building by relating the design and the specification to the client’s budget
so that a more balanced design is obtained. The overall disbursement of the project is within the
client's budget. Besides that, the amount that the client agreed shall not be exceeded in the tender
that received

There are two main characteristics of cost planning. The project’s overall budget is the first
characteristic. The project’s overall budget is the estimated total cost of the project. It is derived
using several types and is dependent on the expectation in the scope and design of the project.
Other than that, the time used in the construction project will affect the cost is another characteristic
of cost planning. The longer the construction period, the higher the cost used. The budget that is
located in the cost planning is for a certain period only. So when preparing the cost planning, it
must consider the actual occurrence in the project schedule and pay the cost of time.

Moreover, there are two methods of cost planning which are Elemental Cost Planning and
Comparative Cost Planning System. Elemental Cost Planning is also described as “designing to a
cost”. This is because, in the Elemental Cost Planning System, the Architect will design the
building with a cost limit. There is a standard form of cost analysis which is also called ‘elemental
cost analysis’ for the Elemental Cost Planning System which is to segregate the costing and
compare it in a common format. In addition, the Comparative Cost Planning System also refers to
‘costing a design’. This is because based on the Comparative Cost Planning System, the Architect
can start a design without a fixed price but the Quantity Surveyor has the responsibility to ensure
that the cost of the Architect design is in the amount that the client can carry out.

Elemental cost planning is carried out in our task 1 which applies the concept of
breaking down the elements in a building. As a Quantity Surveyor in charge, we have to confirm
that the construction cost has been distributed in several components and finishes consciously and
economically. By using elemental cost planning we can get a better value at the desired level of
expenses. First of all, we sketch the drawings and calculate the total price by using an approximate
method. For example, cost per meter square of floor area. Then, we categorized the building into
several elements such as a wall, floor, ceiling, and so on. Those elements will be assigned a cost
based on the previous similar project’s cost analysis. Besides that, we total up the cost of the
elements from the Bill of Quantities. The total cost of those elements that we get is not to exceed
the total estimated cost.

From this assignment, we learned that there are many advantages and disadvantages to
using cost planning. One of the advantages is the client knows the financial budget of the project so
that the client grants to secure the proper financing and business plan. Besides that, the client won't
know about the profitability of the project without cost planning. In addition, the disadvantage of
cost planning is the time taken. Cost planning will take more time in preparation in the early design
stage. Moreover, the requirement of knowledge of pricing and design of the quantity surveyor will
be higher. A Quantity Surveyor has to clearly understand the factors that affect the cost when
preparing a cost planning.

Ashworth (1999) defined cost modeling as techniques used for forecasting the estimated cost
of a proposed construction project. Therefore, all methods, techniques, or procedures used by
Quantity Surveyors for cost estimation or cost forecast may be termed as cost models. The
estimation method before construction (stages 0-4) is roughly divided into two types that are
budget-setting techniques and budget-distributing techniques. Moreover, cost planners must be
cautious of the method's details, the pros and cons, and their applicability in the various phases of
the project.

The first estimate (budget or cost limit) is determined at the early stages of the project for most
of the projects in budget-setting techniques. Budget-setting techniques are used to estimate the
project budget (or cost limit), moreover Superficial Method or Floor Area Method (GFA),
developer’s budget, and functional unit are the techniques used.

The developer’s budget is used for calculating the maximum amount that is going to be spent
on the buildings if the cost of land is known. Gross Development Value (GDV) is the estimated
property value (including two types of capital once the construction work has been completed.

Furthermore, a functional unit is based on an approximate estimate of the number of people or

the accommodation unit in which the building is located. Seeking to allocate costs to each
accommodation unit-specific building, whether people, seats, beds, car space, and more. Its
application speed is great. However, the main drawback is the lack of precision, making it difficult
to take into account the variety of factor methods, materials, finishes, and accessories of the a from
the shape and size of the building. This approach does not apply to buildings that are difficult to
define the fundus units. For example, the relocation/expansion of banks, recreational facilities, and
buildings. Therefore, this method can be used only during the very early stages of a project where
the client demands a cost estimate before any sketches or drawings are prepared.

Moreover, the superficial method or floor area method is one of the favorable methods of
estimating, and it is commonly used in the early stages of the content of project stages 0 and 1.
When measuring residential housing, schools, and other similar story height, this method is often
used. If the difference is very different in the finish quality of the building, it is recommended to
apply different unit prices depending on the floor area. The pros of it are that most projects with
cost-effectiveness are related to floor area. On the other hand, its cons is the inability to directly
consider the planned shape or total variation in building height.

The principle of Elemental Cost Analysis is applied for this assignment briefly in Task 2.
Element Cost Analysis is normally planned and processed for the usage of the designer and the
client for future projects. This cost analysis shall act as a benchmark for the comparison of the cost
of future new buildings. The Elemental Cost Analysis contains brief project cost information,
specifications, and overall project information which is obtained from the BQ. The cost from
Elemental Cost Analysis shall not be taken into account as the actual price of the project,
consideration from the aspect of conditions, details, quality, and quantity of works of the overall
project shall be noted.

The main purpose of this Elemental Cost Analysis is to allow the client and the designers to
identify and understand how is the cost fairly distributed among the functional elements of a
building. For example, the cost for the substructure, superstructure, external works, and more is
calculated and shown. By understanding where are the costs allocated in a building, the designers
and client may take into consideration of the building design to achieve a cost-efficient building.
Besides that, the elemental cost analysis also indicates which elements should be reconsidered for
further reductions to keep within the limited budget. Elemental Cost Analysis is also used as an
assistance for the cost planning of future projects by comparison.

Before a cost analysis is carried out, preparation should be done first. In Malaysia, the
designers and clients should obtain elemental cost analysis from the Building Cost Information
Centre (BCIC), ISM. This corporate publishes the standard regulations for the preparation of
elemental cost analysis, like the ISM Manual for the Preparation of Elemental Cost Analysis. The
cost analysis shall be prepared accordingly to the tender sum instead of the final account due to its
simplicity, short process, and flexibility.
 There are a few documents required for the process of cost analysis. A valid cost analysis
shall include the following documents, which are complete contract documents, successful tender
which includes a detailed full-priced BQ, working drawings and specifications, tender report,
manual for preparation of cost analysis, standard form like Form 1, Form 2, and Form 3.

According to the ISM Manual of Elemental Cost Analysis, there are a few guidelines listed
out and shall be followed during the preparation of Elemental Cost Analysis. First, we need to
identify if the buildings within the project are separated. If the buildings are not separated, then
plan drawings will be analyzed to separate the areas within the building into circulation area, usable
area, ancillary area, roof area, unenclosed spaces area. The area of circulation, usable and ancillary
areas shall be considered as the gross floor area of the building. Then according to the information
provided from the drawing and BQ, the cost analysis shall proceed to the next stage where more
total cost details will be implied. The mentioned cost must be equal to the cost of the relevant
groups.

The Standard Forms of Elemental Cost Analysis are then later used to fill up all the
information that has been obtained. In Form 1, there are two sections, where the first section
provides the overall information of the building project while the second section providing the
information and analysis of the building. This form is necessary for the client and designer to
interpret the summarised information of a building project. In Form 2, the systematical breakdown
of the elements in the building is shown. This form indicates the cost for more than 20 groups
including the main groups and subgroups. Besides the total cost of the element, other additional
information like the cost per m2, element unit quantity, element unit rate, the ratio of element per
GFA, etc. Therefore, all these realistic estimations shall be used as cost comparisons for future
similar projects. In Form 3, a brief specification like the types and quality of each element shall be
listed out in this section.
Conclusion :

Through this assignment, we are able to perform cost estimation and cost analysis based on
information like the BQ and drawing plan that is provided to the group. We are able to understand
the concept and the importance of carrying out a cost plan before a construction project, which is to
prevent exceeding in cost. Elemental Cost Analysis is one of the popular ways for the preparation
of an estimated cost. Before constructing a new project, a cost comparison shall be made with the
previous similar type of project to identify how the costs are distributed equally among the
elements in the building. A cost-cutting exercise will be used if any unusual cost or exceeding cost
is identified during the elemental breakdown of the cost of elements. Cost-efficiency buildings shall
be achieved if all the methods of controlling the cost are adapted.
References:

Pang, KY., 2017, ECA Workshop - Brief, viewed 10 August 2021

<https://www.slideshare.net/KaiYun96/eca-workshop-brief>.
APPENDIX

REINFORCEMENT
ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT A1 A2 THICKNESS TOTAL
NO.1 ELEMENT NO.1 - WORK BELOW FLOOR FINISH QTY TOTAL QTY
M3
REINFORCED CONCRETE RAFT FOUNDATION M2 186 225 411.00 0.30 123.30
APRON SLAB M2 29 29.00 0.10 2.90

THICK SLAB
300MM M2 43 53 96.00 0.30 28.80
325MM M2 13 11 24.00 0.33 7.92
350MM M2 18 23 41.00 0.35 14.35
400MM M2 103 100 203.00 0.40 81.20
THICKENING M3 3 4 7.00 7.00
TOTAL REINFORCED CONCRETE = 265.47
KG
REINFORCEMENT BARS HT BARS
10MM KG 79 319 398.00 398.00
12MM KG 1861 1800 3661.00 3661.00
16MM KG 3721 3719 7440.00 7440.00
20MM KG 862 1035 1897.00 1897.00
25MM KG 553 553 1106.00 1106.00

BRC
A7 M2 35 35.00 3.02 105.70
TOTAL REINFORCEMENT = 14607.70
M2
FORMWORK Sides of RF M2 13 29 42.00 42.00
Edge M 40 42 82.00 0.10 8.20
TOTAL FORMWORK = 50.20

ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT A1 A2 THICKNESS TOTAL

NO.2 ELEMENT NO.2 - FRAME QTY TOTAL QTY
M3
REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN M3 12 9 21.00 21.00
BEAM M3 17 17 34.00 34.00
ROOF BEAM M3 9 9 18.00 18.00
TOTAL REINFORCED CONCRETE = 73.00
KG
REINFORCEMENT BARS MS BARS
6MM KG 301 307 608.00 608.00
10MM KG 519 186 705.00 705.00
6MM KG 230 463 693.00 693.00
12MM KG 27 27.00 27.00
10MM KG 62 95 157.00 157.00
6MM KG 144 148 292.00 292.00

HT BARS
20MM KG 172 106 278.00 278.00
16MM KG 804 908 1712.00 1712.00
12MM KG 510 441 951.00 951.00

25MM KG 1655 142 1797.00 1797.00

20MM KG 68 1054 1122.00 1122.00
16MM KG 381 301 682.00 682.00
12MM KG 624 827 1451.00 1451.00
10MM KG 3 3.00 3.00

25MM KG 45 44 89.00 89.00

20MM KG 14 156 170.00 170.00
16MM KG 135 169 304.00 304.00
12MM KG 469 464 933.00 933.00
10MM KG 3 3.00 3.00
TOTAL REINFORCEMENT = 11977.00
M2
FORMWORK Sides of CLMN M2 205 184 389.00 389.00
SOFFIT OF RB M2 237 279 516.00 516.00
SOFFIT OF RB 2 M2 132 159 291.00 291.00
TOTAL FORMWORK = 1196.00

ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT A1 A2 THICKNESS TOTAL

NO.3 ELEMENT NO.3 - UPPER FLOOR QTY TOTAL QTY
M3
REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB
115MM M2 141 125 266.00 0.12 31.92
125MM M2 9 9.00 0.13 1.17
140MM M2 41 41.00 0.14 5.74
150MM M2 85 85.00 0.15 12.75
165MM M2 97 97.00 0.17 16.49
175MM M2 66 37 103.00 0.18 18.54
215MM M2 4 4.00 0.22 0.88
MASS CONC. 4 4.00 0.02
TOTAL REINFORCED CONCRETE = 87.51
KG
REINFORCEMENT BARS HT BARS
10MM KG 88 167 255.00 255.00
12MM KG 138 273 411.00 411.00

BRC
A7 M2 299 302 601.00 3.02 1815.02
A8 M2 200 224 424.00 3.95 1674.80
A9 M2 97 117 214.00 4.99 1067.86
A10 M2 33 37 70.00 6.16 431.20
TOTAL REINFORCEMENT = 5654.88
M2
FORMWORK SOFFIT M2 257 281 538.00 538.00
 EXTRAOVER M 20 27 47.00 0.01 0.29
TOTAL FORMWORK = 538.29

ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT A1 A2 THICKNESS TOTAL

NO.4 ELEMENT NO.4 - STAIRCASE QTY TOTAL QTY
M3
REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE M3 6 5 11.00 11.00
LANDING BEAM M3 1 1.00 1.00
LANDING SLAB M2 5 7 12.00 0.13 1.56

STAIR CASE M3 3 3.00 3.00

THICKENING M3 1 1.00 1.00
TOTAL REINFORCED CONCRETE = 17.56
KG
REINFORCEMENT BARS MS BARS
6MM KG 1 1.00 1.00

HT BARS
16MM KG 423 422 845.00 845.00
12MM KG 128 75 203.00 203.00

16MM KG 102 189 291.00 291.00

12MM KG 51 29 80.00 80.00

12MM KG 7 7.00 7.00

TOTAL REINFORCEMENT = 1427.00
M2
FORMWORK SOFFIT M2 20 20 40.00 40.00
SIDES AND SOFFIT M2 3 3.00 3.00
SS - STEPS M2 7 7.00 7.00
SS - THICKENING M2 1 1.00 1.00
SOFFIT - LANDING M2 4 6 10.00 10.00
UNDERCUT RISER M 78 65 143.00 0.18 25.74
TREADS M 36 36 72.00 0.30 21.60
TOTAL FORMWORK = 108.34

ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT A1 A2 THICKNESS TOTAL

No.5 ELEMENT NO.5 - ROOF CONSTRUCTION QTY TOTAL QTY
M3
REINFORCED CONCRETE 125MM M2 17 17.00 0.13 2.21
150MM M2 76 79 155.00 0.15 23.25
125MM M2 19 19 38.00 0.13 4.94
TOTAL REINFORCED CONCRETE = 30.40
KG
REINFORCEMENT BARS HT BARS
10MM KG 89 89 178.00 178.00
12MM KG 90 90 180.00 180.00

BRC
A8 M2 181 253 434.00 3.95 1714.30
TOTAL REINFORCEMENT = 2072.30
M2
FORMWORK SOFFIT - SUSPENDED M2 76 79 155.00 155.00
SOFFIT - GUTTER M2 19 19 38.00 38.00
TOTAL FORMWORK = 193.00

ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT A1 A2 THICKNESS TOTAL

No.6 ELEMENT NO.6 - EXTERNAL WALL QTY TOTAL QTY
M3
REINFORCED CONCRETE STIFFENER M3 3 3 6.00 6.00
TOTAL REINFORCED CONCRETE = 6.00
KG
REINFORCEMENT BARS MS BARS
6MM KG 129 142 271.00 271.00

HT
10MM KG 357 423 780.00 780.00
12MM KG 55 30 85.00 85.00
TOTAL REINFORCEMENT = 1136.00
M2
FORMWORK SIDES M2 76 82 158.00 158.00
TOTAL FORMWORK = 158.00

ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT A1 A2 THICKNESS TOTAL

No.7 ELEMENT NO.7 - INTERNAL WALLS QTY TOTAL QTY
M3
REINFORCED CONCRETE STIFFENER M3 5 5 10.00 10.00
TOTAL REINFORCED CONCRETE = 10.00
KG
REINFORCEMENT BARS MS BARS
6MM KG 191 206 397.00 397.00

HT
10MM KG 458 523 981.00 981.00
12MM KG 134 104 238.00 238.00
TOTAL REINFORCEMENT = 1616.00
M2
FORMWORK SIDES M2 112 121 233.00 233.00
TOTAL FORMWORK = 233.00

ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT A1 A2 THICKNESS TOTAL

No.8 ELEMENT NO.9 - INTERNAL DOORS QTY TOTAL QTY
M3
REINFORCED CONCRETE LINTOL
125X225 M 15 14 29.00 0.03 0.87
125X300 M 4 4 8.00 0.04 0.32
125X400 M 32 21 53.00 0.05 2.65
 TOTAL REINFORCED CONCRETE = 3.84

ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT A1 A2 THICKNESS TOTAL

No.9 ELEMENT NO.10 - EXTERNAL DOORS & WINDOWS QTY TOTAL QTY
M3
REINFORCED CONCRETE LINTOL
125X400 M 38 50 88.00 0.05 4.40
TOTAL REINFORCED CONCRETE = 4.40
External Doors & Windows

Item Description Rate Quantity Total Cost of Element (RM)

External Doors SD1 3329.00 1 3329.00
SD2 3571.00 2 7142.00
SD3 3864.00 2 7728.00
SD4 3312.00 4 13248.00
SD5 2185.00 2 4370.00
D1 1762.70 4 7050.80
GD1 184.00 1 184.00
GD2 184.00 2 368.00
GR1 403.00 2 806.00
GR2 339.00 2 678.00
22
D1 (HINGES) 14.30 20 286.00

External Doors - D1 (LOCKSET) 174.00 4 696.00

Frames/Ironmongeries/Finishes D1 (FINISHES - E) 8.00 21 168.00
D1 (FINISHES -F) 4.00 56 224.00
D1 (FINISHES - G) 4.00 28 112.00
GR (FINISHES -B) 17.00 6 102.00
D1 (IRON STRAP) 19.60 28 548.80
D1 (ARCHITRAVE) 19.60 56 1097.60
GD1 (FRAME) 178.20 1 178.20
GD2 (FRAME) 170.50 2 341.00

External Windows 39283.00

Total Cost of Element = 87940.40

Internal Doors
Item Description Rate Quantity Total Cost of Element (RM)
Internal Doors D2 184.00 8 1472.00
D2A & D8 196.00 4 784.00
D6 178.00 4 712.00
D3 178.00 12 2136.00
D5 184.00 4 736.00
D7 190.00 4 760.00
D4 253.00 4 1012.00
D9 311.00 4 1244.00

LINTOL 125X225 23.00 29 667.00

Internal Doors -
Lintols/Frames/Ironmongeries/F 125X300 23.00 8 184.00
inishes 125X400 23.00 53 1219.00

D4 (FRAME) 107.80 4 431.20

D3/D6/D7 (FRAME) 108.90 20 2178.00
D2 (FRAME) 107.80 8 862.40
D2A & D8 (FRAME) 111.10 4 444.40
D9 (FRAME) 111.10 4 444.40
D5 (FRAME) 170.50 4 682.00
LOCKSET 49.50 46 2277.00
ENTRANCE LOCKSET 49.50 5 247.50
DOOR STOPPER 1.65 63 103.95

FINISHES -A 8.00 215 1720.00

C 8.00 34 272.00
METAL DOOR FRAME 8.00 211 1688.00

Total Cost of Element = 22276.85

TOTAL COST OF ELEMENT OF DOORS AND WINDOWS

1 EXTERNAL DOORS AND WINDOWS 87940.40
2 INTERNAL DOORS 22276.85
110217.25
AREA
Item Description Length Height Quantity EUQ
External Doors SD1 3.60 2.40 1 8.64
SD2 4.05 2.40 2 19.44
SD3 4.80 2.40 2 23.04
SD4 4.05 2.40 4 38.88
SD5 2.25 2.40 2 10.80
D1 1.20 2.40 4 11.52
GD1 1.60 2.10 1 3.36
GD2 1.50 2.10 2 6.30
GR1 0.90 1.10 2 1.98
GR2 1.80 1.80 2 6.48
22

Windows W1 2.10 1.80 2 7.56

W2 0.60 1.50 5 4.50
W3 0.60 1.80 2 2.16
W4 0.60 2.20 3 3.96
W5 0.60 1.50 4 3.60
W6 3.60 2.10 4 30.24
W9 2.15 2.20 2 9.46
W10 2.15 1.50 2 6.45
W11 0.90 1.50 1 1.35
W12 0.60 1.50 2 1.80
W13 0.80 1.80 2 2.88
W14 0.45 1.80 4 3.24
W15 4.10 2.20 2 18.04
W16 0.35 1.80 4 2.52
W17 0.90 1.80 2 3.24
W18 1.20 1.80 4 8.64

TOTAL EUQ= 240.08

Item Description Length Height Quantity EUQ

Internal Doors D4 0.75 2.10 4 6.30
D3/D6/D7 0.80 2.10 20 33.60
D2 0.90 2.10 8 15.12
D2A/D8 1.00 2.10 4 8.40
D9 1.20 2.10 4 10.08
D5 1.50 2.10 4 12.60
44

TOTAL EUQ= 86.10

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