Mental Health During The COVID-19 Pandemic

Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the mental health of

people around the world.[1][2] The pandemic has caused anxiety,
depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in different
population groups, including healthcare workers, patients and
quarantined individuals,[3][4] similar to earlier respiratory viral
epidemics such as the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak, outbreaks of
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and influenza
pandemics. The Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial
Support of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee of the United
Nations recommends that mental health support during an
emergency should be driven by the core principles to "do no harm,
promote human rights and equality, use participatory approaches,
build on existing resources and capacities, adopt multi-layered The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in
interventions and work with integrated support systems."[5] The spikes in anxiety and depression in
COVID-19 pandemic also has an effect on social connectedness the general public.
between people, trust in institutions and in other people, has caused
changes in work and income, and is imposing a substantial burden
of anxiety and worry on the population.[6]
COVID-19 also exacerbates problems caused by substance use disorders (SUDs), as the pandemic
disproportionately affects people with SUD due to accumulated social, economic, and health inequities.[7]
The health consequences of SUDs (for example, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, type 2
diabetes, immunosuppression and central nervous system depression, and psychiatric disorders), and the
associated environmental challenges (such as housing instability, unemployment, and criminal justice
involvement), are associated with an increased risk for COVID-19. COVID-19 public health mitigation
measures (i.e. physical distancing, quarantine, and isolation) can worsen loneliness, mental health
symptoms, withdrawal symptoms, and psychological trauma. Women and young people face the greatest
risk of depression and anxiety.[2][4] Confinement rules, as well as unemployment and fiscal austerity
measures during and following the pandemic period, can also affect the illicit drug market and patterns of
use among consumers of illicit drugs.
Contents
Causes of mental health issues during COVID-19 pandemic
Prevention and management of mental health conditions
World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control guidelines
Countries
Impact on individuals with mental health disorders
Obsessive–compulsive disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Anxiety and depression
Impact on children
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Impact on students
Impact on essential workers and medical personnel
Impact on suicides
Factors of suicide
China
Fiji
India
Japan
United States
Lockdown and mental health
South Africa
Japan
Italy
Spain
Vietnam
Mental health aftercare
Long-term consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health
Impact on those with medical challenges
End-stage hip or knee Osteoarthritis
Patients with HIV
See also
References
Further reading
Causes of mental health issues during COVID-19 pandemic

Fear, worry, and stress are normal responses to perceived or real
threats, and at times when we are faced with uncertainty or the
unknown. So it is normal and understandable that people are
experiencing fear in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Added to the fear of contracting the virus in a pandemic such as

COVID-19 are the significant changes to our daily lives as our
movements are restricted in support of efforts to contain and slow
down the spread of the virus. Faced with new realities of working An exhausted anesthesiologist
from home, [8] temporary unemployment, home-schooling of physician in Pesaro, Italy, March
children, and lack of physical contact with other family members, 2020
friends and colleagues, it is important that we look after our mental,
as well as our physical, health. In order to take care of our own
health, professionals suggest implementing what they call "psychological PPE" into our lives. These habits
include eating healthy foods, developing healthy coping mechanisms, and practicing mindfulness and
relaxation methods.[9]
From the beginning, nurses have always had a stressful job of
taking care of patients and juggling long shifts in the hospital.
Unfortunately, their hours increased even more during COVID-19,
in which many nurses had a huge increase in anxiety.[10] Cases of
anxiety and depression within healthcare workers that interact with
COVID-19 patients has increased by 1.57% and 1.52%
respectively.[11] If untreated, anxiety and depression can lead to
more severe mental and physical health outcomes.[12] A researcher,
named Labrague, discovered that nurses who work in the frontline
are more prone to mental and psychological issues, such as higher
rates of anxiety, emotional exhaustion, depression, or post-traumatic
stress disorder.[13] Some nurses had an increase in stress due to
treating multiple patients at once or not having enough personal
protective equipment.[13] Consequently, they experienced a 1.5
percent increase in anxiety from COVID-19 than before.[10]
In addition to these problems, COVID-19 can cause additional Sign in a gym in Ireland discouraging
psychological responses, such as, risk of being infected when the casual social contact due to the risk
transmission mode of COVID-19 is not 100% clear, common of infection. Loss of these kind of
symptoms of other health problems being mistaken for COVID-19, interactions has had an impact on
increased worry about children being at home alone (during school many people during the COVID-19
pandemic.
shutdowns, etc.) while parents have to be at work, and risk of
deterioration of physical and mental health of vulnerable
individuals if care support is not in place.[5]
Another researcher named Kim conducted a cross-sectional study by using an online survey in Southern
California where the experiment studied stress before and after the pandemic.[14] The study used the 10-
item Perceived Stress Scale (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7753542/) (PSS) and the
Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale to learn psychological stress and resilience in the nurses.[14] The
experiment concluded that nurses reported feeling moderate and high levels of stress compared to before
the pandemic.
Frontline workers, such as doctors and nurses may experience additional mental health problems.
Stigmatization towards working with COVID-19 patients, stress from using strict biosecurity measures
(such as physical strain of protective equipment, need for constant awareness and vigilance, strict
procedures to follow, preventing autonomy, physical isolation making it difficult to provide comfort to the
sick), higher demands in the work setting, reduced capacity to use social support due to physical distancing
and social stigma, insufficient capacity to give self-care, insufficient knowledge about the long-term
exposure to individuals infected with COVID-19, and fear that they could pass infection to their loved ones
can put frontline workers in additional stress.[5][15][16]
These mental health issues may also be due to self-isolating or being in quarantine. Wu and colleagues
found that health care workers who self-isolated or were quarantined reported more symptoms of
depression. Individuals that reported higher levels of perceived social support had lower levels of stress and
anxiety [17] Researchers have suggested that depression and burnout experienced by healthcare workers
may not be from COVID-19 directly, but as a result of stressors it has placed on them and their families. It
is said that as a result of COVID-19 the workload of healthcare providers has increased tremendously,
possibly leaving the worker feeling drained and unable to catch up.[18] Unfortunately, there has not been
enough research to pick out just one reason why this may be happening to individuals.
WHO, together with partners, is providing guidance and advice during the COVID-19 pandemic for health
workers, managers of health facilities, people who are looking after children, older adults, people in
isolation and members of the public more generally, to help us look after our mental health.
Further materials relating to looking after our mental health during the COVID pandemic will be added to
this page as they become available.[5][19][20]
Prevention and management of mental health conditions
World Health Organization and Centers for

Disease Control guidelines
The WHO and the CDC have issued guidelines for preventing
mental health issues during the COVID-19 pandemic. The
summarized guidelines are as follows:[21][22]
For general population

Be empathetic to all the affected individuals, regardless
of their nationality or ethnicity.
Use people-first language while describing individuals
affected with COVID-19.
Minimize watching the news if that makes one anxious.
Seek information only from trusted sources, preferably
once or twice a day.
Protect yourself and be supportive to others, such as
your neighbors.
Find opportunities to amplify positive stories of local
people who have experienced COVID-19.
Honor healthcare workers who are supporting those
affected with COVID-19.
Implement positive thinking.[23]
Engage in personal hobbies.[23]
Avoid negative coping strategies, such as avoidance of
crowds and pandemic news coverage.[23]
Coping with bipolar disorder and
other mental health issues during
For healthcare workers
COVID-19 infographic
What are health care workers experiencing?
Feeling under pressure is normal during the times of a crisis. Managing one's mental health
is as important as managing physical health.
Nurses face higher rates of fatigue, sleep problems, depressive disorders like PTSD, and
anxiety emerged.
Personal Protective Equipment Shortages
COVID-19 led to PPE shortages within hospitals leaving nurses feeling unsafe and fearful
when working. Supported in Kamberi’s study with 63.3% of nurses agreed with the
statement, “I am worried about inadequate personal protective equipment for healthcare
personnel (PPE)”.[24]
Frontline health care works experience higher levels of stress
Nurses expressed elevated levels of stress, especially those that are working directly with
COVID-19 patients. Hands-on direct patient care towards the sick patients creates a high
level of risk perception for the nurses. Nurses who received the COVID-19 vaccine were far
less fatigued than those who had yet to receive it.[25] Nurses who did not work on the
frontline exhibited lower levels of depression.[24] On the other hand, nurses working with
patients who tested positive for COVID-19 were more vulnerable to levels of anxiety,
depression, and distress.[24]
What resources are available to help healthcare workers?
Follow coping strategies, ensure sufficient rest, eat good food, engage in physical activity,
avoid using tobacco, alcohol, or drugs. Use the coping strategies that have previously
worked for you under stressful situations.
If one is experiencing avoidance by the family or the community, stay connected with loved
ones, including digital methods.
Use understandable ways to share messages to people with disabilities.
Know how to link people affected with COVID-19 with available resources.
Technology (online counseling) can provide physiological support in order to reduce the risk
of insomnia, anxiety, and depression/burnout.[18]
For team leaders in health facilities

Keep all staff protected from poor mental health. Focus on long-term occupational capacity
rather than short term results.
Ensure good quality communication and accurate updates.
Ensure that all staff are aware of where and how mental health support can accessed.
Orient all staff on how to provide psychological first aid to the affected.
Emergency mental health conditions should be managed in healthcare facilities.
Ensure availability of essential psychiatric medications at all levels of health care.
Strong leadership and clear, honest, and open communication is needed to offset these
feelings of anxiety and depression.[26]
Conduct widespread screening to identify healthcare workers in need of mental health
support.[27]
Provide organizational support and facilitate peer support.[27]
Establish organizational interventions that promote mental wellbeing among healthcare
workers.[28]
Rotate work schedules to mitigate stress.[28]
Implement interventions tailored to the local needs of the hospital and provide positive,
supportive environments for healthcare workers.[28]
For carers of children
Role model healthy behaviors, routines, and coping skills.[29][30][31][32][33][34][35]

Use a positive parenting approach based on communication and respect.[31][32][34]
Maintain family routines as much as possible and provide age-appropriate engaging
activities for children to teach responsibility.[29][33][35][36]
Explain COVID-19 and the preventive measures in age-appropriate ways that children can
understand to help them process what is happening.[30][31][32][34][35][36][37]
Monitor children's social media for safety.[29][32][36]
Validate children's thoughts and feelings and help them find positive ways to express
emotions.[32][35]
Avoid separating children from their parents/carers as much as possible. Ensure that regular
contact with parents and carers is maintained, should the child be placed in
isolation.[29][37][38]
For older adults, people with underlying health conditions, and their carers
Older adults, those especially in isolation or suffering from pre-existing neurological
conditions, may become more anxious, angry, or withdrawn. Provide practical and emotional
support through caregivers and healthcare professionals.
Share simple facts on the crisis and give clear information about how to reduce the risk of
infection.
Have access to all the medications that are currently being used.
Know in advance where and how to get practical help.
Learn and perform simple daily exercises to practice at home.
Keep regular schedules as much as possible and keep in touch with loved ones.
Indulge in a hobby or task that helps focus the mind on other aspects.
Reach out to people digitally or telephonically to have normal conversations or do a fun
activity together online.
Try and do good for the community with social distancing measures in place. It could be
providing meals to the needy, dry rations, or coordination.
For people in isolation

Stay connected and maintain social networks.
Pay attention to your own needs and feelings. Engage in activities that you find relaxing.
Avoid listening to rumors that make you uncomfortable.
Begin new activities if you can.
Find new ways to exactly stay connected, use other instant messaging clients to have
multiple chats with friends and family.
Be sure to keep routine.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also state that citizens should "try to do enjoyable activities
and return to normal life as much as possible" during a crisis.[39] A peer-reviewed study published in 2021
suggests that playing video games may have had a positive effect on players' mental health and well-being,
providing opportunities for socialization and a connection with normal life.[40]
Countries
China
A detailed psychological intervention plan was developed by the Second Xiangya Hospital, the Institute of
Mental Health, the Medical Psychology Research Center of the Second Xiangya Hospital, and the Chinese
Medical and Psychological Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center. It focused on building a
psychological intervention medical team to provide online courses for medical staff, a psychological
assistance hotline team, and psychological interventions.[41] Online mental health education and
counselling services were created for social media platforms such as WeChat, Weibo, and TikTok that were
widely used by medical staff and the public. Printed books about mental health and COVID-19 were
republished online with free electronic copies available through the Chinese Association for Mental
Health.[42]
United States
Due to the increase in telecommunication for medical and mental health appointments, the United States
government loosened the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) through a limited
waiver. This allows clinicians to evaluate and treat individuals though video chatting services that were not
previously compliant, allowing for patients to socially distance and receive care.[43] On October 5, 2020,
President Donald Trump issued an executive order to address the mental and behavioral health
consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and its mitigation, including the establishment of a Coronavirus
Mental Health Working Group.[44] In the executive order, he cited a report from the United States Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, which found that during June 24–30, 2020, 40.9% of more than 5,000
Americans reported at least one adverse mental or behavioral health condition, and 10.7% had seriously
considering suicide during the month preceding the survey.[45] On 9 November 2020, a peer-reviewed
paper published in Lancet Psychiatry reported findings from an electronic health record network cohort
study using data from nearly 70 million individuals, including 62,354 who had a diagnosis of COVID-
19.[46] Nearly 20% of COVID-19 survivors were diagnosed with a psychiatric condition between 14 and
90 days after diagnosis with COVID-19, including 5.8% first-time psychiatric diagnoses. Among all
patients without previous psychiatric history, patients hospitalized for COVID-19 also had increased
incidence of a first psychiatric diagnosis compared to other health events analyzed. Together, these findings
suggest that those with COVID-19 may be more susceptible to psychiatric sequelae of COVID-19, and
those with pre-existing psychiatric conditions may be at increased risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and
COVID-19.
Impact on individuals with mental health disorders
Obsessive–compulsive disorder
There has been a heightened concern for individuals suffering from obsessive–compulsive disorder,
especially in regards to long-term consequences.[47][48] Fears regarding infection by the virus, and public
health tips calling for hand-washing and sterilization are triggering related compulsions in some OCD
sufferers, with some sufferers with cleanliness obsessions seeing these fears realized.[49][50][51] Amid
guidelines of social-distancing, quarantine, and feelings of separation, some sufferers are seeing an increase
in intrusive thoughts, unrelated to contamination obsessions.[52][53]
There has been a particular concern for sufferers of post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as the potential
for medical workers and COVID–19 patients to develop PTSD-like symptoms. In late March 2020,
researchers in China found that, based on a PTSD checklist questionnaire provided to 714 discharged
COVID–19 patients, 96.2% had serious prevalent PTSD symptoms. Additionally, there is a significant
increase in PTSD symptoms and diagnosis among nurses who are regularly working with COVID-19
patients.[54][12]
Anxiety and depression
From the start, nurses have always had a stressful job of taking care of patients and juggling long shifts in
the hospital. Unfortunately, their hours increased even more during COVID-19, in which many nurses had
a huge increase in anxiety.[10] Cases of anxiety and depression within healthcare workers that interact with
COVID-19 patients has increased by 1.57% and 1.52% respectively.[11] If untreated, anxiety and
depression can lead to more severe mental and physical health outcomes.[12]
Impact on children
Academics have reported that many children who were separated from caregivers during the pandemic
were placed into a state of crisis. Children who were isolated or quarantined during past pandemics were
more likely to develop acute stress disorders, adjustment disorders and grief, with 30% of children meeting
the clinical criteria for PTSD.[55] A meta-analysis of 15 studies performed by Panda et al. (2020) showed
that 79.4% of children and teenagers around the world suffered negative consequences as a result of
COVID-19 and quarantine. The calculations showed that 42.3% were irritable, 41.7% had symptoms of
depression, 34.5% struggled with anxiety, and 30.8% had problems with inattention. Many young people
also struggled with boredom, fear, and sleep problems.[32] In an October 2020 global study (Aristovnik et
al., 2020), the negative emotions experienced by the students were boredom (45.2%), anxiety (39.8%),
frustration (39.1%), anger (25.9%), hopelessness (18.8%), and shame (10.0%). The highest levels of
anxiety were found in South America (65.7%) and Oceania (64.4%), followed by North America (55.8%)
and Europe (48.7%). The least anxious were students from Africa (38.1%) and Asia (32.7%). A similar
order of continents was found for frustration as the second-most devastating emotion.[56]
School closures also caused anxiety for students with special needs as daily routines are suspended or
changed and all therapy or social skills groups also halted. Others who have incorporated their school
routines into coping mechanisms for their mental health have had an increase in depression and difficulty in
adjusting back into normal routines. An additional concern has been shown towards children being placed
in social isolation due to the pandemic, as rates of child abuse, neglect, and exploitation increased after the
Ebola outbreak.[57] The closures have also limited the amount of mental health services that some children
have access to, and some children are only identified as having a condition due to the training and contact
by school authorities and educators.[43]
One of the preventive measures taken in most countries during COVID-19 is quarantining anybody who
exhibits symptoms or is in contact with somebody diagnosed with COVID-19. Studies from previous years
and epidemics have shown that children who were isolated were much more likely to develop PTSD from
the experience.[33][36] PTSD in children can have long-term consequences on brain development and
affected kids are more likely to develop psychiatric disorders.[30][34][35]
Autism Spectrum Disorder

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the lockdown has impacted mental health outcomes for children with
special needs, creating challenges including the lack of understanding about the pandemic and the ability to
complete school work independently.[58] Children with autism were more likely to become agitated with
the changing environment, and have an increase in behavior problems compared to children without a
neurological disorder.[58]
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
With the impact of closed schools and daycares children and adolescents are not able to get the resources
and peer interaction that they were getting before.[58] Before they were given scheduled routines and now
due to the lockdown those routines have dramatically changed. The change of routine can result in
outbursts, tantrums, and conflict with parents/guardians.[58] Adolescents and children with attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have struggled with staying confined in only one space, creating
difficulties for caregivers to find activities that were engaging and even meaningful to them.[58]
Impact on students
The COVID-19 pandemic has had considerable impact on students through direct effects of the pandemic,
but also through the implementation of stay-at-home orders.[19] Physical harm such as overdose, suicide
and substance abuse reached an all-time high. Academic stress, dissatisfaction with the quality of teaching
and fear of being infected were associated with higher scores of depression in students.[19] Higher scores of
depression were also associated with higher levels of frustration and boredom, inadequate supplies of
resources, inadequate information from public health authorities, insufficient financial resources and
perceived stigma.[19] Being in a steady relationship and living together with others were associated with
lower depressive scores.[19] Research demonstrated that the psychological stress following strict social
confinement was moderated by levels of the pre-pandemic stress hormone cortisol and individual abilities
of resilient coping. The stay-at-home orders worsened self-reports of perceived stress but also led to an
increase in cognitive abilities like perspective taking and working memory.[59] However, research has
shown that greater emotion regulation ability (measured pre-pandemic) was associated with lower acute
stress (measured by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised) in response to the early stage of the COVID-19
pandemic in the US during shelter-in-place orders (local lockdowns).[60]
The Higher Education Policy Institute conducted a report which discovered that around 63% of student's
claimed that their mental health had been worsened as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and alongside
this 38% demonstrated satisfaction with the accessibility of mental health services. Despite this, the director
for policy and advocacy at the institute has explained that it is still unclear as to how and when normality
will resume for students regarding their education and living situation.[61]
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic student's mental health has been impacted significantly due to students
being isolated from others and not having contact with the mental health services available to them with in-
person schools.[62] The specific level of impact on students varies by demographic backgrounds however,
students from low-income households and students of color have experienced a higher level of impact.[62]
Students from these demographics are also suffering academically from the pandemic due to them not
having access to many of the vital things used in virtual learning environments. This disadvantage that they
have correlates with a decrease in academic performance and achievement increasing the impact on their
learning and growth.[62] The effects on student's mental health from the pandemic will continue even when
the pandemic is over. Due to the connection between academic achievement and a student's mental health,
students who struggle with mental health during the pandemic will also struggle academically.[62]
This impact on a student's education will not disappear when the
pandemic is over but will take a significant amount of time to
catch all students up to the same place.[62] This creates an even
bigger disadvantage between certain groups of students and
others. Students who come from high-income households and
those in certain school districts will most likely have continued
access even during the pandemic to these mental health resources
and other resources lessening the impact to the academic
achievement and learning while those who are low income will
most likely not have access to the same mental health resources
and other resources during the pandemic.[63]
These issues and impacts are not only evident in K-12 students but
also in higher education students. Due to the pandemic, many
students who had planned to enroll in college in the fall of 2020
ended up not due to various circumstances and issues related to
the pandemic.[64] These students along with those who did attend
will still have to deal with the impacts on their mental health and
education during the pandemic. Those who did attend whether
virtually or in-person might still not have access to the mental
health resources they previously might have had with in-person
instruction and that coupled with the significant stress that comes
with the transition to college can have a drastic impact on their
academic performance and learning.[62] Students can still feel
isolated even with virtual learning happening because there may
be a lack of connection between students and their instructors and
their peers due to everything happening virtually and there being a
lack of direct communication between students and between their
instructors. This continued feeling of isolation can decrease a
student's overall mental health and well-being and lead to worse
academic performance. Students in higher education also have
A infographic students can use to
many other stressors involved such as difficult classwork, living
stay connected to better their mental
expenses, and the higher education environment. These stressors health
are only being made worse during the pandemic impacting
student's mental health even more. Students who come from low-
income households might feel these impacts even more than other students because these stressors might be
even worse for them.[62]
Overall, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact not only on students educationally but also
on their mental health. The students that have been most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic have been
those who come from low-income families and students of color.[62] The effects of the pandemic on
student's mental health and educational development will still be present even after the pandemic has ended
due to how significant of an impact it has had on students.[62]
Impact on essential workers and medical personnel

The pandemic's social and economic implications may have been particularly challenging for low-income
essential workers. Frontline employees are people who operate in critical industries and are required to
physically show up for work for their jobs.[65] In the early months of the pandemic, when personal safety
equipment was in low supply, personal care aides, hospital janitorial staff, and cashiers were urged to risk
their health and safety. Low-wage workers were disproportionately affected by these demands and the
associated dangers to their health and safety: frontline workers earn lower wages on average and are more
likely to be racial/ethnic minorities than those who could work from home during the pandemic.[66] Low-
income workers and those with less formal education were particularly affected by the pandemic, according
to surveys performed by the US Bureau of Labor.[67] Results showed that less than 5% of people without a
high school diploma worked from home during the pandemic. Only 7% of service workers, the majority of
whom were low-wage frontline workers, were allowed to work from home. People in the service industry
were the least likely of all workers to get compensated for time off. The pandemic's nationwide economic
implications resulted in business closures and record unemployment rates. Low-wage and part-time
workers were those most likely to be unemployed and people of color (especially women) had
disproportionate job losses compared to the general population.[68]
Before COVID-19, healthcare workers already had a lot of stressors. They have a difficult time managing
their time with such a busy schedule, they have to make sure to provide for their family, they have to deal
with unsatisfied patients, as well as already having a difficult job by itself. It is important for health care
workers to know how to tackle their stressors because they are more susceptible to medical errors. The
physical and emotional burden of working with COVID-19 impacted medical personnel severely by
causing higher rates of anxiety, depression, and burnout which eventually lead to poor sleep, poor quality
work/empathy towards patients, and even higher suicide rates.[69]
A five-part questionnaire was conducted among health care workers in Ghana to know the
statistics/correlation between COVID-19 and mental health. The first part of this questionnaire was to
record the demographics of the medical personnel. The second part would be the results of the Fear of
COVID-19 Scale in which participants would mark statements from a range “completely disagree” through
“strongly agree.” The lowest category would be worth 1 point, while the highest category (strongly agree)
would be worth 5 points. At the end of this part of the questionnaire, surveyors would add up the scores
and place them in one of the following scales: No fear, mild fear, moderate fear, and extreme fear. The
higher the number, the higher level of concern for the COVID-19 Pandemic. For the third part of the
questionnaire, participants answered the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale in which they answered questions
and ranked them similar to the Fear of COVID-19 Scale; however, the difference is that for the DASS-21
Assessment, participants ranked the statements from zero (does not apply to me at all) through three
(applied to me most of the time). Because the DASS-21 assessment is split up into three categories,
(Depression, Anxiety and Stress), surveyors would calculate three different numbers, one for each category.
This scale is very similar to the Fear of COVID-19 Scale; the only difference is that the scale has 5
categories ranging from normal to extremely severe. Just like the COVID-19 Scale, the higher the number,
the more psychological effect on staff. The fourth part includes a series in questions in which participants
strongly agree, are neutral or strongly disagree in whether or not they are provided with a good
psychological environment. Lastly, the fifth part is also categorized just like part four, however, the
questions ask whether or not participants are coping in a healthy way.
This study resulted in over 40% of health staff having mild to extreme fear of COVID-19. The highest
percentage of the three subcategories from the DASS-21 assessment was Depression with 15.8%.
However, only 29.78% receive the salary that the government provided to them for relief, and only 39.71
are insured in case they are infected with the deadly virus.[70]
A study in South Africa did not show a difference in anxiety (scored on the GAD-7) or depression (scored
on the PHQ-9) among health workers active during the pandemic compared to the general population.[71]
Hospitals in China such as The Second Xiangya Hospital (Psychology Research Center), and the Chinese
Medical and Psychological Disease Clinical Medicine Research Center noticed the signs of psychological
distress very quickly and had set up a plan to help the staff with their struggling mental health. They
suggested interventions to help with coping with stress in a healthy way, a hotline, and several courses to
become educated on how to cope with stress. Health care workers disagreed because they stated that all
they needed was uninterrupted rest as well as more supplies. 42.28% of respondents in Ghana proved that
their hospitals do not provide sufficient protective equipment.[70] Moreover, medical staff in China did
agree to use the psychologists’ skills to help them deal with noncompliant and/or emotionally distressed
patients. In addition, they also suggested possibly having mental health specialists ready when a patient
becomes emotionally distressed.[72]
Along with the personal protective equipment (PPE) shortage affecting medical professionals, there are
multiple additional effectors that have caused such an increase in mental wellness. Health care professionals
are experiencing fear towards possible Coronavirus exposure, as well as likely disease transmission to
acquaintances if infection were to occur.[73][74] This fear has correlated to a significant decrease in nurse
mental health.
An increased patient workload has also contributed to the mental health decline. Patient counts in hospitals
are increasing astronomically, causing severe hospital overload. Due to this, the majority of the medical
professionals have each experienced a higher patient workload on average.Supporting nurses' mental health
during the pandemic[75][76] In addition, nurses have had to step into the role of family proxy due to new
guide lines set in place preventing family visitation, in order to decrease viral transmission rates.
As a result of COVID-19, anxiety in healthcare workers has been on the rise. Anxiety is a big part of
mental health and it directly correlates with how workers' perform in healthcare. Since the peak of COVID-
19, many studies have been conducted to answer the question of just how much COVID has affected the
mental health of individuals in health care. Since the COVID outbreak that started on March 11, 2020, the
virus has rapidly and uncontrollably spread to over 200 countries, and millions of healthcare workers
around the world have been putting their lives at risk in order to nurture and save the lives of people
exposed. A study done by Di Mattei et al. revealed that 12.63% of COVID nurses and 16.28% of other
COVID healthcare workers reported extremely severe anxiety symptoms at the peak of the pandemic.[77]
In addition, another study was conducted on 1,448 full time employees in Japan.[78] The participants were
surveyed at baseline in March 2020 and then again in May of 2020. The result of the study showed that
psychological distress and anxiety had increased more among healthcare workers during the COVID-19
outbreak.[78] Similarly, studies have also shown that following the pandemic, at least one in five healthcare
professionals report symptoms of anxiety.[79] Specifically, the aspect of “anxiety was assessed in 12 studies,
with a pooled prevalence of 23.2%” following COVID.[79] When considering all 1,448 participants that
percentage makes up about 335 people.
Although the mental health of medical staff as a result of COVID has not been commonly talked about, the
findings of author Woon et al. reveal just how drastically things have changed in a couple of months.[26]
His study conducted on 399 participants from two universities suggest that the prevalence rates of anxiety
post COVID were about 31.6%. Even so, “participants with moderate to extremely severe anxiety made
up 25.8% of the sample”.[26] Combined accounting for over 50% of those who were surveyed. The results
concluded that individuals who worked during the COVID-19 pandemic reported higher rates of anxiety.
As research supports, healthcare workers may experience a significant amount of psychological distress as
a result of COVID-19 due to providing direct patient care. In addition, according to a study conducted by
three doctors from Texas, "41.5% of respondents had significantly more anxiety than providers who did not
care directly for patients."[17] Even still, the effects of COVID-19 on healthcare providers is very evident
when evaluating symptoms of anxiety.
Apart from anxiety, higher levels of depression and burnout have been seen in healthcare workers as a
direct result of COVID-19. In one experiment scientists reported that “more than 28% of the sample
reported high levels of emotional exhaustion, except for other non-COVID healthcare workers”.[77] In
addition more than 50% of the sample reported low levels of depersonalization, except for COVID nurses
and physicians, who reported high levels of depersonalization in 36.73% of the cases.[77]
Depersonalization can be defined as a sense of detachment from oneself and one's identity. Taking this into
consideration, it is easy to conclude that as a result of COVID-19 the mental health of health care workers
has degraded. In addition, when evaluating the results of another study led by Dr. Woon et al., the
prevalence rates of depression as a result of COVID-19 were as high as 21.8% and participants with
extremely severe depression made up 13.3% of the sample.[26]
In a cross-sectional survey, the researchers concluded that a high percentage of the resilient nurses surveyed
report high-stress levels and/or PTSD symptoms.[80] In the survey eight major themes were identified,
“revealed from nurses' free-text responses: (a) working in an isolated environment, (b) PPE shortage and
the discomfort of pronged usage, (c) sleep problems, (d) intensity of workload, (e) cultural and language
barriers, (f) lack of family support, (g) fear of being infected, and (h) insufficient work experiences with
COVID-19”.[80] A lot of these concerns are a direct result or exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic.
Understaffing can cause issues in any profession, but with nursing, there is a higher risk. This is because it
does not only affect the health of one person it has a rippling effect throughout society. Kader’s study found
that “71.4% of doctors and 74.4% of nurses experienced moderate-to-severe perceived stress”.[81] The
study shows that dealing directly with Covid patients significantly increases stress levels. Without
intervention not only would the nursing staff struggle but the patients would as well. The medical field is
about helping others and nurses need to be in the right mindset to do that. Future research should be geared
towards studying what methods help to reduce the stress on nurses. The nursing field cannot adapt on its
own, and it cannot do it in the blink of an eye. That being said, the nursing profession will continue to
adapt from the Covid-19 pandemic and will continue to need the public's support. Learning along the way
and adapting is how nurses and healthcare workers become successful especially during a health crisis.
Impact on suicides
The COVID-19 pandemic has been followed by a concern for a potential spike in suicides, exacerbated by
social isolation due to quarantine and social-distancing guidelines, fear, and unemployment and financial
factors.[82][83] As of November 2020, researchers found that suicide rates were either the same or lower
than before the pandemic began, especially in higher income countries.[84] It is not unusual for a crisis to
temporarily reduce suicide rates.[84]
The number of phone calls to crisis hotlines has increased, and some countries have established new
hotlines. For example, Ireland launched a new hotline aimed at older generations which received around
16,000 calls within a month of its launch in March 2020.[85] The Kids Helpline in the Australian state of
Victoria has reported a 184% increase in calls from suicidal teenagers between early December 2020 and
late May 2021.[86]
After a survey in March 2020 of over 700,000 people in Britain, it was found that 1 in 10 people have had
suicidal thoughts as a result of lockdown. Alongside this, charities have been working to provide support
for those in need during the difficult time. One example is the Martin Gallier Project (https://www.themartin
gallierproject.org/) which, as of November 2020, had intervened in 1,024 suicides since the beginning of
the pandemic.[87]
Suicide cases have remained constant or decreased since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic,
although the best-quality evidence on this subject is often delayed.[88] According to a study done on
twenty-one high and upper-middle-income countries in April–July 2020, the number of suicides has
remained static.[89] These results were attributed to a variety of factors, including the composition of mental
health support, financial assistance, having families and communities work diligently to care for at-risk
individuals, discovering new ways to connect through the use of technology, and having more time spent
with family members which aided in the strengthening of their bonds. Despite this, there has been an
increase in isolation, fear, stigma, abuse, and economic fallout as a result of COVID-19.[90] Self-reported
levels of depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts were elevated during the initial stay-at-home periods,
according to empirical evidence from several countries, but this does not appear to have translated into an
increase in suicides.[89]
According to surveys conducted across the United States in June 2020 by the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, 10.7 percent of adults aged 18 and up said they had seriously considered suicide in the
previous 30 days. They ranged in age from 18 to 24 and were classified as members of minority
racial/ethnic groups, unpaid caregivers, and essential workers.[91]
Few studies have been conducted to examine the impact of suicides on low- and lower-middle-income
countries. According to the World Health Organization, “in 2016, low- and middle-income countries
accounted for 79 percent of global suicides.” This is because there are not enough high-quality vital
registration systems, and even fewer collect real-time suicide data.[89]
Myanmar and Tunisia, two lower-middle-income countries were studied along with one low-income
country, Malawi. It was found that: “In Malawi, there was reportedly a 57% increase in January–August
2020, compared with January–August 2019, and in Tunisia, there was a 5% increase in March–May 2020,
compared with March–May, 2019. By contrast, in Myanmar, there was a 2% decrease in January–June
2020, compared with January–June 2019.”[89] It was informed that these changes could have been due to a
lack of precise information since the beginning.
Factors of suicide
In spite of the fact that there is no increase in suicidal rates around many countries, mental health is still a
prominent issue. COVID-19 has increased the risk of psychiatric disorders, chronic trauma, and stress, all
of which can lead to suicide and suicidal behavior.[90] According to studies conducted in China, the
outbreak has had a significant impact on mental health, with an increase in health anxiety, acute stress
reactions, adjustment disorders, depression, panic attacks, and insomnia. Relapses and increased
hospitalization rates are occurring in cases of severe mental disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and
anxiety disorders. All of which include high risks of suicide.[90] National surveys in China and Italy
revealed a high prevalence of depression and anxiety in relation to COVID-19, both of which can act as
independent risk factors for suicide.[90]
When the economy is affected negatively, the suicide rate is higher as compared to periods of prosperity.
Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, businesses were put on hold, many people have been laid off
from work, and the stock market has experienced significant drops in history. All resulting in fear of the
financial crisis.[92]
Stigma is also identified as a primary cause of suicide. Frontline workers, the elderly, the homeless,
migrants, and daily wage workers face unique challenges, making them more vulnerable.[90] According to
Somoy News, located in Bangladesh, a 36-year-old Bangladeshi man (Zahidul Islam, from the village of
Ramchandrapur) committed suicide because he and his village mates suspected he was infected with
COVID-19 due to his fever and cold symptoms, as well as his weight loss. He committed suicide by
hanging himself from a tree because of the social avoidance and attitudes of those around him.[93] A similar
case was reported in India, on February 12, 2020, a victim, while returning from a city to his native village,
committed suicide by hanging himself to prevent the spread of COVID-19 throughout the village. These
cases were a result of xenophobia and stigma.[93]
China
One Shanghai district reported there have been 14 cases of suicides by primary and secondary school
students as of June 2020, the number of which was more than annual numbers added for the last three
years.[94] However, since the central government concern the heightened post-lockdown anxiety as
domestic media report a spate of suicides by young people and topic like suicide is usually a taboo in
Chinese society,[94] Information about suicide cases in China is limited.
Fiji
In September 2021, mental health organizations and an advisor to the government urged the government to
address suicide prevention, although suicides in 2020 were lower than in 2019, as they warned that Fiji was
beginning to suffer from a "mental health epidemic."[95]
India
There are reports of people committing suicide after not being able to access alcohol during the lockdown
in India.[96]
Japan
Jun Shigemura and Mie Kurosawa suggested that people has been influenced not only by anxiety- and
trauma-related disorders but also by adverse societal dynamics which related to work and the serious
shortages of personal protective equipment.[97]
Overall, suicide rates in Japan appeared to decrease 20% during the earlier months of the pandemic, but that
reduction was partly offset by a rise in August 2020.[84]
Several counseling helplines by telephone or text message are provided by many organizations, including
the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.[98]
On September 20, 2020, the Sankei Shimbun reported that the month of July and August saw more people
committing suicide than in the previous year due to the ongoing economical impact of the pandemic.
Estimates for suicide deaths include a 7.7% increase or a 15.1% increase in August 2020, compared to
August 2019.[84] The Sankei also reported that more women were committing suicide at a higher year than
the previous year, with the month of August seeing a 40.1% increase in suicide compared to August
2019.[99]
United States
As of November 2020, the rate of deaths from suicide appears to be the same in the US as before the
pandemic.[84] In Clark County, Nevada, 18 high school students committed suicide over nine months of
school closures.[100]
In March 2020, the federal crisis hotline, Disaster Distress Helpline, received a 338% increase in calls
compared to the previous month (February 2020) and an 891% increase in calls compared to the previous
year (March 2019).[101]
In May 2020, the public health group Well Being Trust estimated that, over the coming decade of the
2020s, the pandemic and the related recession might indirectly cause an additional 75,000 deaths of despair
(including overdose and suicide) than would otherwise be expected in the United States.[102][103]
Suicide rates have increased for African Americans during the pandemic.[104]
Lockdown and mental health

COVID-19 lockdowns were first used in China and later
worldwide by national and state governments.[105] The policies
included mandatory use of masks, gloves, and protective eyewear;
implementing of social distancing, travel restrictions, and the
closing of the majority of workplaces, schools, and public
places.[106] There is potential risk in the measurement of mental
health by lockdown since people may feel fear, despair, and
uncertainty during a lockdown.[107] Furthermore, because most
mental health centers were closed during lockdowns, patients who
already had mental health disorders may have worsened
symptoms.[106] According to De Man and colleagues, there are
five major stressors during lockdown: the duration of lockdown,
fear of infections, feelings of frustration and boredom, worries of
inadequate supplies, and lack of information.[19]
South Africa An infographic from the World Health

Organization showing statistics
South Africa implemented a strict stay-at-home order on the 26th of related to the impact of COVID-19 on
March 2020, which lasted until the 1st of June 2020. People were mental health
only allowed to leave their homes to buy food, seek medical help or
under extreme circumstances. Non-compliers were subject to heavy
fines. Of the 860 respondents to an online questionnaire in May 2020, 46.0% met the diagnostic criteria of
anxiety disorder and 47.2% met the diagnostic criteria of depressive disorder.[71] The participants who met
these criteria reported substantial daily life repercussions, but less than 20% consulted a formal
practitioner.[71] Distress related to containment measures and fear of being infected were associated with
more anxiety and depressive symptoms. Having a pre-existing mental health condition, younger age, being
female, and living in a non-rural area were also associated with more anxiety and depressive symptoms.[71]
Japan
In July 2020, Japan was still in "mild lockdown", which was not enforceable and non-punitive, with the
declaration of a state of emergency.[108] According to a research of 11,333 individuals living across Japan
which assigned for evaluate the impact after one-month "mild lockdown" through a questionnaire which
asked questions related lifestyle, stress management, and stressors during the lockdown, it suggested that
psychological distress indices significantly correlated with several items relating to COVID-19.[109]
Italy
Italy was the first country that entered a nationwide lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe.
According to the questionnaire, the prevalence of participants who report moderate to extremely high levels
of depression was 21.2% of the population, while moderate to extremely high levels of anxiety was
reported in 18.7%.[110] Moreover, about 40.5% of participants in the same research reported that they were
experiencing poor sleep before the lockdown and the prevalence increased to 52.4% during the lockdown.
A further cross-sectional study on 1,826 Italian adults confirmed the impact of the lockdown on quality of
sleep, that was especially evident among females, those with lower levels of education, and those who
experienced financial problems.[111]
Spain
The outbreak of COVID-19 in Spain started at the end of February. By 9 April 2020 Spain was the second
country in confirmed cases and in deaths. On March 14, 2020, the Spanish Government declared the state
of alarm to limit viral transmission. According to research during the first stages of the outbreak, about 36%
of the participants reported moderate to severe psychological impact, 25% showed mild to severe levels of
anxiety, 41% reported depressive symptoms, and 41% felt stressed.[112] A longitudinal study done by
collecting data pre-pandemic and during confinement observed a direct and indirect effect of pre-pandemic
cortisol on the changes in self-reported perceived self-efficacy during confinement. The indirect effects
were parallelly mediated by increases in working memory span and cognitive empathy.[59]
Vietnam
As of January 2021, Vietnam has largely returned to everyday life thanks to the government's success in
effective communication to citizens, early development of testing kits, a robust contact tracing program, and
containment based upon epidemiological risk rather than observable symptoms. By appealing to universal
Vietnamese values such as tam giao, or the Three Teachings, the Vietnamese government has managed to
encourage a culture that values public health with the utmost importance and maintains a level of fortitude
and resolve in fighting the spread of COVID-19.[113] However, Vietnamese patients quarantining due to
COVID-19 have reported psychological strain associated with the stigma of sickness, financial constraints,
and guilt from contracting the virus. Frontline healthcare workers at Bach Mai Hospital in Hanoi
quarantined for greater than three weeks reported comparatively poorer self-image and general attitude
when compared to shorter term patients.[114]
Mental health aftercare

Academics have theorized that once the pandemic stabilizes or fully ends, supervisors should ensure that
time is made to reflect on and learn from the experiences by first responders, essential workers, and the
general population to create a meaningful narrative rather than focusing on the trauma. The National
Institute for Health and Care Excellence has recommended the active monitoring of staff for issues such as
PTSD, moral injuries, and other associated mental illness.[115]
A potential solution to continue mental health care during the pandemic is to provide mental health care
through video-conferencing psychotherapy and internet interventions.[116] Although e-mental health has
not been integrated as a regular part of mental health care practice due to the lack of its acceptance in the
past,[117] this way was reviewed as effective in producing promising results for anxiety and mood
disorders.[118]
Long-term consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental

health
According to the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial
Support (IASC), there can be long-term consequences due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Deterioration of
social networks and economies, stigma towards survivors of COVID-19, possible higher anger and
aggression towards frontline workers and the government, possible anger and aggression against children,
and possible mistrust of information provided by official authorities are some of the long-term
consequences anticipated by the IASC.[5]
Some of these consequences could be due to realistic dangers, but many reactions could be borne out of
lack of knowledge, rumors, and misinformation.[119] It is likely that community members show altruism
and cooperation when faced with a crisis, and people might experience satisfaction from helping
others.[120] It is also possible that some people may have positive experiences, such as pride about finding
ways of coping. For example, Eisenbeck and colleagues (2021) studied how individuals are able to cope
and find meaning during the COVID-19 pandemic.[121] Participants were recruited from 30 countries and
results showed that people who were able to reframe their experiences about the pandemic in a positive
way had lower levels of depression, anxiety, and COVID-19 stress compared to those who did not use
positive reframing. Gender, socioeconomic factors, physical health, and country of origin were not
associated with outcome measures. Another study of nearly 10,000 participants from 78 countries found
similar results with 40% reporting positive well-being.[122] Research has suggested that it may be that
positive reframing of COVID-19 related stressors allows individuals to view the adversity as a challenge
and opportunity for growth, rather than a crisis to be avoided.[121]
Impact on those with medical challenges
End-stage hip or knee Osteoarthritis
A study was conducted in Europe with sixty-three scheduled arthroplasty patients that had the surgical
procedure postponed. They were valued over the phone three times the first week of lockdown, the fourth
week, and the end of lockdown.[123] They were rated based on their pain level with four different
questionnaires. The visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and the Western Ontario and McMaster
Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) scores provided results of increase while the physical activity
decreased.[123] There was seen to be a decrease of the physical aspect of the SF-12 scores. With those same
scores the mental piece showed no change. Due to the COVID-19 lockdown mental health did not seem to
be affected although there was impacts on physical function and pain.[123]
Patients with HIV
In April 2020 a screening was conducted in New York City HIV cohort. Forty-nine patients were
contacted by the phone. After being evaluated physical symptoms were frequently present.[124] There were
mild mental/cognitive symptoms commonly presented and there were no serious depression and or anxiety
witnessed.[124]
See also
COVID fatigue
References
1. CDC (11 February 2020). "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" (https://www.cdc.gov/cor
onavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/managing-stress-anxiety.html). Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
2. Stix G. "Pandemic Year 1 Saw a Dramatic Global Rise in Anxiety and Depression" (https://w
ww.scientificamerican.com/article/pandemic-year-1-saw-a-dramatic-global-rise-in-anxiety-an
d-depression/). Scientific American. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
3. Luo Y, Chua CR, Xiong Z, Ho RC, Ho CS (23 November 2020). "A Systematic Review of the
Impact of Viral Respiratory Epidemics on Mental Health: An Implication on the Coronavirus
Disease 2019 Pandemic" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7719673).
Frontiers in Psychiatry. 11: 565098. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.565098 (https://doi.org/10.338
9%2Ffpsyt.2020.565098). PMC 7719673 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC77
19673). PMID 33329106 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33329106).
4. Santomauro DF, Herrera AM, Shadid J, Zheng P, Ashbaugh C, Pigott DM, et al. (8 October
2021). "Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries
and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar
ticles/PMC8500697). The Lancet. 398 (10312): 1700–1712. doi:10.1016/S0140-
6736(21)02143-7 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2821%2902143-7).
PMC 8500697 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8500697). PMID 34634250
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34634250). S2CID 238478261 (https://api.semanticscholar.
org/CorpusID:238478261).
5. "Inter-Agency Standing Committee Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial support"
(https://www.mhinnovation.net/sites/default/files/downloads/resource/IASC%20Interim%20B
riefing%20Note%20on%20COVID-19%20Outbreak%20Readiness%20and%20Response%
20Operations%20-%20MHPSS.pdf) (PDF). MH Innovation. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20200331002938/https://www.mhinnovation.net/sites/default/files/downloads/resourc
e/IASC%20Interim%20Briefing%20Note%20on%20COVID-19%20Outbreak%20Readines
s%20and%20Response%20Operations%20-%20MHPSS.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 31
March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
6. "OECD" (https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=126_126985-nv145m3l96&title=COVID-19-
Protecting-people-and-societies). read.oecd-ilibrary.org. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
7. Jemberie WB, Stewart Williams J, Eriksson M, Grönlund AS, Ng N, Blom Nilsson M, et al.
(21 July 2020). "Substance Use Disorders and COVID-19: Multi-Faceted Problems Which
Require Multi-Pronged Solutions" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7396653).
Frontiers in Psychiatry. 11: 714. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00714 (https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffp
syt.2020.00714). PMC 7396653 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7396653).
PMID 32848907 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32848907). S2CID 220651117 (https://ap
i.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220651117).
8. working from home [1] (https://www.unifiedinfotech.net/blog/the-effects-of-working-from-hom
e-how-to-cope-with-the-new-normal/) The Effects of Working From Home: How to Cope With
the New Normal?
9. Hertel, R. A. (2020). The Use of Psychological PPE in the Face of COVID-19. MEDSURG
Nursing, 29(5), 293–296.
10. Cho M, Kim O, Pang Y, Kim B, Jeong H, Lee J, et al. (June 2021). "Factors affecting frontline
Korean nurses' mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
v/pmc/articles/PMC8251381). International Nursing Review. 68 (2): 256–265.
doi:10.1111/inr.12679 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Finr.12679). PMC 8251381 (https://www.nc
bi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8251381). PMID 33894067 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
v/33894067).
11. Shaukat N, Ali DM, Razzak J (July 2020). "Physical and mental health impacts of COVID-19
on healthcare workers: a scoping review" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC73
70263). International Journal of Emergency Medicine. 13 (1): 40. doi:10.1186/s12245-020-
00299-5 (https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12245-020-00299-5). PMC 7370263 (https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7370263). PMID 32689925 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3
2689925).
12. Melnyk BM, Tan A, Hsieh AP, Gawlik K, Arslanian-Engoren C, Braun LT, et al. (May 2021).
"Critical Care Nurses' Physical and Mental Health, Worksite Wellness Support, and Medical
Errors". American Journal of Critical Care. 30 (3): 176–184. doi:10.4037/ajcc2021301 (http
s://doi.org/10.4037%2Fajcc2021301). PMID 34161980 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/341
61980). S2CID 235584247 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235584247).
13. Labrague LJ (May 2021). "Pandemic fatigue and clinical nurses' mental health, sleep quality
and job contentment during the covid-19 pandemic: The mediating role of resilience" (https://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8237073). Journal of Nursing Management. 29 (7):
1992–2001. doi:10.1111/jonm.13383 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjonm.13383).
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34018270).
14. Kim SC, Quiban C, Sloan C, Montejano A (March 2021). "Predictors of poor mental health
among nurses during COVID-19 pandemic" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC
7753542). Nursing Open. 8 (2): 900–907. doi:10.1002/nop2.697 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2F
nop2.697). PMC 7753542 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7753542).
PMID 33570266 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33570266).
15. "ICN COVID-19 Update: New guidance on mental health and psychosocial support will help
to alleviate effects of stress on hard-pressed staff" (https://www.icn.ch/news/icn-covid-19-upd
ate-new-guidance-mental-health-and-psychosocial-support-will-help-alleviate). ICN -
International Council of Nurses. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200328121114/htt
ps://www.icn.ch/news/icn-covid-19-update-new-guidance-mental-health-and-psychosocial-s
upport-will-help-alleviate) from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
16. "Emergency Responders: Tips for taking care of yourself" (https://emergency.cdc.gov/coping/
responders.asp). emergency.cdc.gov. 10 January 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20200327193757/https://www.emergency.cdc.gov/coping/responders.asp) from the
original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
17. Wu PE, Styra R, Gold WL (April 2020). "Mitigating the psychological effects of COVID-19 on
health care workers" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7207194). Canadian
Medical Association Journal. 192 (17): E459–E460. doi:10.1503/cmaj.200519 (https://doi.or
g/10.1503%2Fcmaj.200519). PMC 7207194 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC
18. Spoorthy MS, Pratapa SK, Mahant S (June 2020). "Mental health problems faced by
healthcare workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic-A review" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pmc/articles/PMC7175897). Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 51: 102119.
doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102119 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajp.2020.102119).
19. De Man J, Buffel V, van de Velde S, Bracke P, Van Hal GF, Wouters E (January 2021).
"Disentangling depression in Belgian higher education students amidst the first COVID-19
lockdown (April-May 2020)" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7789891).
Archives of Public Health. 79 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/s13690-020-00522-y (https://doi.org/10.118
6%2Fs13690-020-00522-y). PMC 7789891 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC
7789891). PMID 33413635 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33413635). Text was
copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
20. Fuller K (9 December 2020). "COVID Lockdowns and Mental Health Breakdowns" (https://w
ww.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/happiness-is-state-mind/202012/covid-lockdowns-and-me
ntal-health-breakdowns). Psychology Today. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
21. "Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak" (https://ww
w.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-health-considerations.pdf) (PDF). World
Health Organization. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200326231309/https://www.w
ho.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-health-considerations.pdf) (PDF) from the
original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
22. "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepa
re/managing-stress-anxiety.html). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February
2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200329113040/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavi
rus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/managing-stress-anxiety.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%
2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fprepare%2Fmanaging-stress-anxi
ety.html) from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
23. Chew QH, Wei KC, Vasoo S, Sim K (October 2020). "Psychological and Coping Responses
of Health Care Workers Toward Emerging Infectious Disease Outbreaks: A Rapid Review
and Practical Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry.
81 (6). doi:10.4088/JCP.20r13450 (https://doi.org/10.4088%2FJCP.20r13450).
24. Kamberi F, Sinaj E, Jaho J, Subashi B, Sinanaj G, Jaupaj K, et al. (October 2021). "Impact of
COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, risk perception and coping strategies among health
care workers in Albania - evidence that needs attention" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/a
rticles/PMC8567021). Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. 12: 100824.
doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100824 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cegh.2021.100824).
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34751254). S2CID 237014324 (https://api.semanticscholar.
org/CorpusID:237014324).
25. Labrague LJ (May 2021). "Pandemic fatigue and clinical nurses' mental health, sleep quality
and job contentment during the covid-19 pandemic: The mediating role of resilience" (https://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8237073). Journal of Nursing Management. 29 (7):
1992–2001. doi:10.1111/jonm.13383 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjonm.13383).
26. Woon LS, Sidi H, Nik Jaafar NR, Leong Bin Abdullah MF (December 2020). "Mental Health
Status of University Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Post-Movement
Lockdown Assessment" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7762588).
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (24): 9155.
doi:10.3390/ijerph17249155 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17249155). PMC 7762588 (ht
tps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7762588). PMID 33302410 (https://pubmed.nc
bi.nlm.nih.gov/33302410).
27. Stuijfzand S, Deforges C, Sandoz V, Sajin CT, Jaques C, Elmers J, Horsch A (August 2020).
"Psychological impact of an epidemic/pandemic on the mental health of healthcare
professionals: a rapid review" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7422454).
BMC Public Health. 20 (1): 1230. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09322-z (https://doi.org/10.118
6%2Fs12889-020-09322-z). PMC 7422454 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC
28. Zaçe D, Hoxhaj I, Orfino A, Viteritti AM, Janiri L, Di Pietro ML (April 2021). "Interventions to
address mental health issues in healthcare workers during infectious disease outbreaks: A
systematic review" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7880838). Journal of
Psychiatric Research. 136: 319–333. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.019 (https://doi.org/1
0.1016%2Fj.jpsychires.2021.02.019). PMC 7880838 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/artic
les/PMC7880838). PMID 33636688 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33636688).
29. Ghosh R, Dubey MJ, Chatterjee S, Dubey S (June 2020). "Impact of COVID -19 on children:
special focus on the psychosocial aspect". Minerva Pediatrica. 72 (3): 226–235.
doi:10.23736/s0026-4946.20.05887-9 (https://doi.org/10.23736%2Fs0026-4946.20.05887-
9). PMID 32613821 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32613821). S2CID 220307198 (https://
api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220307198).
30. Guessoum SB, Lachal J, Radjack R, Carretier E, Minassian S, Benoit L, Moro MR
(September 2020). "Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and
lockdown" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7323662). Psychiatry Research.
291: 113264. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113264 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psychres.20
20.113264). PMC 7323662 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7323662).
31. Imran N, Aamer I, Sharif MI, Bodla ZH, Naveed S (26 June 2020). "Psychological burden of
quarantine in children and adolescents: A rapid systematic review and proposed solutions"
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7372688). Pakistan Journal of Medical
Sciences. 36 (5): 1106–1116. doi:10.12669/pjms.36.5.3088 (https://doi.org/10.12669%2Fpj
ms.36.5.3088). PMC 7372688 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7372688).
32. Panda PK, Gupta J, Chowdhury SR, Kumar R, Meena AK, Madaan P, et al. (January 2021).
"Psychological and Behavioral Impact of Lockdown and Quarantine Measures for COVID-19
Pandemic on Children, Adolescents and Caregivers: A Systematic Review and Meta-
Analysis" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7798512). Journal of Tropical
Pediatrics. 67 (1). doi:10.1093/tropej/fmaa122 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftropej%2Ffmaa12
2). PMC 7798512 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7798512).
33. Sethy M, Mishra R (September 2020). "An Integrated Approach to Deal with Mental Health
Issues of Children and Adolescent during COVID-19 Pandemic" (https://doi.org/10.7860%2F
jcdr%2F2020%2F45418.14002). Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 14 (9).
doi:10.7860/jcdr/2020/45418.14002 (https://doi.org/10.7860%2Fjcdr%2F2020%2F45418.14
002). ISSN 2249-782X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2249-782X).
34. Shah K, Mann S, Singh R, Bangar R, Kulkarni R (August 2020). "Impact of COVID-19 on the
Mental Health of Children and Adolescents" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC
7520396). Cureus. 12 (8): e10051. doi:10.7759/cureus.10051 (https://doi.org/10.7759%2Fcu
reus.10051). PMC 7520396 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7520396).
35. Singh S, Roy D, Sinha K, Parveen S, Sharma G, Joshi G (November 2020). "Impact of
COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of children and adolescents: A narrative review
with recommendations" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7444649).
Psychiatry Research. 293: 113429. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113429 (https://doi.org/10.1
016%2Fj.psychres.2020.113429). PMC 7444649 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC7444649). PMID 32882598 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32882598).
36. Pedrosa AL, Bitencourt L, Fróes AC, Cazumbá ML, Campos RG, de Brito SB, Simões E,
Silva AC (2020). "Emotional, Behavioral, and Psychological Impact of the COVID-19
Pandemic" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7561666). Frontiers in
Psychology. 11: 566212. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566212 (https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.
37. Fegert JM, Vitiello B, Plener PL, Clemens V (12 May 2020). "Challenges and burden of the
Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: a narrative
review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to
normality" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7216870). Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry and Mental Health. 14 (1): 20. doi:10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3 (https://doi.org/1
0.1186%2Fs13034-020-00329-3). PMC 7216870 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
38. Marques de Miranda D, da Silva Athanasio B, Sena Oliveira AC, Simoes-E-Silva AC
(December 2020). "How is COVID-19 pandemic impacting mental health of children and
adolescents?" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7481176). International
Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 51: 101845. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101845 (https://doi.
org/10.1016%2Fj.ijdrr.2020.101845). PMC 7481176 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl
es/PMC7481176). PMID 32929399 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32929399).
39. "Coping with a Disaster or Traumatic Event"
(https://emergency.cdc.gov/coping/selfcare.asp). 13 September 2019.
40. Barr M, Copeland-Stewart A (6 May 2021). "Playing Video Games During the COVID-19
Pandemic and Effects on Players' Well-Being" (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1555412021101
7036). Games and Culture. 17: 122–139. doi:10.1177/15554120211017036 (https://doi.org/1
0.1177%2F15554120211017036). ISSN 1555-4120 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1555-41
20).
41. Chen Q, Liang M, Li Y, Guo J, Fei D, Wang L, et al. (April 2020). "Mental health care for
medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti
cles/PMC7129426). The Lancet. Psychiatry. 7 (4): e15–e16. doi:10.1016/S2215-
0366(20)30078-X (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2215-0366%2820%2930078-X).
42. Liu S, Yang L, Zhang C, Xiang YT, Liu Z, Hu S, Zhang B (April 2020). "Online mental health
services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC7129099). The Lancet. Psychiatry. 7 (4): e17–e18. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30077-
8 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2215-0366%2820%2930077-8). PMC 7129099 (https://www.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7129099). PMID 32085841 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/32085841).
43. Golberstein E, Wen H, Miller BF (September 2020). "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
and Mental Health for Children and Adolescents" (https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamapediatric
s.2020.1456). JAMA Pediatrics. 174 (9): 819–820. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1456 (ht
tps://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamapediatrics.2020.1456). PMID 32286618 (https://pubmed.ncbi.n
lm.nih.gov/32286618).
44. Trump DJ (5 October 2020). "Executive Order on Saving Lives Through Increased Support
For Mental- and Behavioral-Health Needs" (https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidenti
al-actions/executive-order-saving-lives-increased-support-mental-behavioral-health-needs/).
45. Czeisler MÉ, Lane RI, Petrosky E, Wiley JF, Christensen A, Njai R, et al. (August 2020).
"Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic -
United States, June 24-30, 2020" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7440121).
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 69 (32): 1049–1057.
doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6932a1 (https://doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.mm6932a1).
46. Taquet M, Luciano S, Geddes JR, Harrison PJ (February 2021). "Bidirectional associations
between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62 354 COVID-
19 cases in the USA" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7820108). The Lancet.
Psychiatry. 8 (2): 130–140. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30462-4 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2
Fs2215-0366%2820%2930462-4). PMC 7820108 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
s/PMC7820108). PMID 33181098 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33181098).
S2CID 226846568 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226846568).
47. Rosman K (3 April 2020). "For Those With O.C.D., a Threat That Is Both Heightened and
Familiar" (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/03/style/ocd-coronavirus-challenges.html). The
New York Times. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
48. Fineberg NA, Van Ameringen M, Drummond L, Hollander E, Stein DJ, Geller D, et al. (July
2020). "How to manage obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) under COVID-19: A
clinician's guide from the International College of Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum
Disorders (ICOCS) and the Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Research
Network (OCRN) of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology" (https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152877). Comprehensive Psychiatry. 100: 152174.
doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152174 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.comppsych.2020.1521
49. Pyrek E (15 April 2020). "COVID-19 proving extra challenging for people with OCD and
other mental health conditions" (https://lacrossetribune.com/news/local/covid-19-proving-extr
a-challenging-for-people-with-ocd-and-other-mental-health-conditions/article_43aabf97-1bd
3-5618-b50f-9b7259a58be8.html). La Crosse Tribune. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
50. Moore G (22 April 2020). "Battling anxiety in the age of COVID-19" (https://au.news.yahoo.c
om/battling-anxiety-age-covid-19-051229640--spt.html). Australian Associated Press.
Retrieved 27 April 2020.
51. Sparrow W (24 March 2020). " 'COVID-19 Is Giving Everyone A Small Glimpse Of What It's
Like To Live With OCD' " (https://www.womenshealthmag.com/health/a31900754/coronaviru
s-ocd-essay/). Women's Health. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
52. Welch C (15 April 2020). "Are we coping with social distancing? Psychologists are watching
warily" (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/04/psychologists-watching-corona
virus-social-distancing-coping/#close). National Geographic. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
53. Zakarin J (2 April 2020). "A Pandemic Is Hell For Everyone, But Especially For Those With
OCD" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/coronavirus-pandemic-ocd-anxiety_l_5e84b7f4c5b65
dd0c5d7ea7e). The Huffington Post. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
54. Ezzat A, Li Y, Holt J, Komorowski M (June 2021). "The global mental health burden of
COVID-19 on critical care staff". British Journal of Nursing. 30 (11): 634–642.
doi:10.12968/bjon.2021.30.11.634 (https://doi.org/10.12968%2Fbjon.2021.30.11.634).
55. Liu JJ, Bao Y, Huang X, Shi J, Lu L (May 2020). "Mental health considerations for children
quarantined because of COVID-19" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC711859
8). The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health. 4 (5): 347–349. doi:10.1016/S2352-
4642(20)30096-1 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2352-4642%2820%2930096-1).
56. Aristovnik A, Keržič D, Ravšelj D, Tomaževič N, Umek L (October 2020). "Impacts of the
COVID-19 Pandemic on Life of Higher Education Students: A Global Perspective" (https://do
i.org/10.3390%2Fsu12208438). Sustainability. 12 (20): 8438. doi:10.3390/su12208438 (http
s://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu12208438).
57. Lee J (June 2020). "Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19" (https://www.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7156240). The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health. 4 (6):
421. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30109-7 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2352-4642%2820%
2930109-7). PMC 7156240 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7156240).
58. Singh S, Roy D, Sinha K, Parveen S, Sharma G, Joshi G (November 2020). "Impact of
COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of children and adolescents: A narrative review
with recommendations" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7444649).
Psychiatry Research. 293: 113429. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113429 (https://doi.org/10.1
016%2Fj.psychres.2020.113429). PMC 7444649 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
59. Baliyan S, Cimadevilla JM, de Vidania S, Pulopulos MM, Sandi C, Venero C (March 2021).
"Differential Susceptibility to the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Working Memory,
Empathy, and Perceived Stress: The Role of Cortisol and Resilience" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7998983). Brain Sciences. 11 (3): 348.
doi:10.3390/brainsci11030348 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbrainsci11030348).
60. Tyra AT, Griffin SM, Fergus TA, Ginty AT (June 2021). "Individual Differences in emotion
regulation prospectively predict early COVID-19 related acute stress" (https://doi.org/10.101
6%2Fj.janxdis.2021.102411). Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 81: 102411.
doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102411 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.janxdis.2021.102411).
61. "Covid: Many students say their mental health is worse due to pandemic" (https://www.bbc.c
om/news/education-56570061). BBC News. 31 March 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
62. Terada Y (23 June 2020). "Covid-19's Impact on Students' Academic and Mental Well-
Being" (https://www.edutopia.org/article/covid-19s-impact-students-academic-and-mental-w
ell-being). Edutopia. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
63. "Coronavirus Impact on Students and Education Systems" (https://naacp.org/coronavirus/cor
onavirus-impact-on-students-and-education-systems/). NAACP. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
64. Aucejo EM, French J, Ugalde Araya MP, Zafar B (November 2020). "The impact of COVID-
19 on student experiences and expectations: Evidence from a survey" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7451187). Journal of Public Economics. 191: 104271.
doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104271 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2020.104271).
65. Kane, Adie Tomer and Joseph (10 June 2020). "To protect frontline workers during and after
COVID-19, we must define who they are" (https://www.brookings.edu/research/to-protect-fro
ntline-workers-during-and-after-covid-19-we-must-define-who-they-are/). Brookings.
Retrieved 30 November 2021.
66. Bourdon, Olivier; Raymond, Catherine; Marin, Marie-France; Olivera-Figueroa, Lening;
Lupien, Sonia J.; Juster, Robert-Paul (April 2020). "A time to be chronically stressed?
Maladaptive time perspectives are associated with allostatic load" (https://linkinghub.elsevie
r.com/retrieve/pii/S0301051120300314). Biological Psychology. 152: 107871.
doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107871
(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biopsycho.2020.107871). PMID 32070718 (https://pubmed.ncb
i.nlm.nih.gov/32070718). S2CID 211116656 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2111
16656).
67. "Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)" (https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412963947.n46),
Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California
91320 United States of America: Sage Publications, Inc., 2008,
doi:10.4135/9781412963947.n46 (https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412963947.n46),
ISBN 9781412918084, retrieved 30 November 2021
68. "Young women and workers in hospitality and retail trade were hardest hit" (https://dx.doi.or
g/10.1787/9817f5e0-en). OECD Economic Surveys: Finland. 16 January 2021.
doi:10.1787/9817f5e0-en (https://doi.org/10.1787%2F9817f5e0-en). ISBN 9789264362222.
ISSN 1999-0545 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1999-0545). S2CID 242804004 (https://api.s
emanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242804004).
69. Shreffler J, Petrey J, Huecker M (August 2020). "The Impact of COVID-19 on Healthcare
Worker Wellness: A Scoping Review" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC75143
92). The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 21 (5): 1059–1066.
doi:10.5811/westjem.2020.7.48684 (https://doi.org/10.5811%2Fwestjem.2020.7.48684).
70. Ofori AA, Osarfo J, Agbeno EK, Manu DO, Amoah E (1 January 2021). "Psychological
impact of COVID-19 on health workers in Ghana: A multicentre, cross-sectional study" (http
s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7958156). SAGE Open Medicine. 9:
20503121211000919. doi:10.1177/20503121211000919 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F20503
71. De Man J, Smith MR, Schneider M, Tabana H (July 2021). "An exploration of the impact of
COVID-19 on mental health in South Africa". Psychology, Health & Medicine: 1–11.
doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.1954671
(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13548506.2021.1954671). PMID 34319182 (https://pubmed.ncb
i.nlm.nih.gov/34319182). S2CID 236471921 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2364
71921).
72. "Impact of COVID -19 on children: special focus on the psychosocial aspect - Minerva
Pediatrica 2020 June;72(3):226-35" (https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/minerva-pedi
atrics/article.php?cod=R15Y2020N03A0226). www.minervamedica.it. Retrieved 21 April
2021.
73. Liu YE, Zhai ZC, Han YH, Liu YL, Liu FP, Hu DY (September 2020). "Experiences of front-
line nurses combating coronavirus disease-2019 in China: A qualitative analysis" (https://w
ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7405388). Public Health Nursing. 37 (5): 757–763.
doi:10.1111/phn.12768 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fphn.12768). PMC 7405388 (https://www.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7405388). PMID 32677072 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/32677072).
74. Arnetz JE, Goetz CM, Arnetz BB, Arble E (November 2020). "Nurse Reports of Stressful
Situations during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Qualitative Analysis of Survey Responses" (http
s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7663126). International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health. 17 (21): 8126. doi:10.3390/ijerph17218126 (https://doi.org/10.3
390%2Fijerph17218126). PMC 7663126 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC76
75. Owens IT (October 2020). "Supporting nurses' mental health during the pandemic". Nursing.
50 (10): 54–57. doi:10.1097/01.NURSE.0000697156.46992.b2 (https://doi.org/10.1097%2F
01.NURSE.0000697156.46992.b2). PMID 32947374 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3294
76. Glasofer A, Townsend AB (October 2020). "Supporting nurses' mental health during the
pandemic". Nursing. 50 (10): 60–63. doi:10.1097/01.NURSE.0000697156.46992.b2 (https://
doi.org/10.1097%2F01.NURSE.0000697156.46992.b2). PMID 32947374 (https://pubmed.n
cbi.nlm.nih.gov/32947374). S2CID 221799178 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22
1799178).
77. Di Mattei VE, Perego G, Milano F, Mazzetti M, Taranto P, Di Pierro R, et al. (May 2021). "The
"Healthcare Workers' Wellbeing (Benessere Operatori)" Project: A Picture of the Mental
Health Conditions of Italian Healthcare Workers during the First Wave of the COVID-19
Pandemic" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8156728). International Journal
of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (10): 5267. doi:10.3390/ijerph18105267
(https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph18105267). PMC 8156728 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p
mc/articles/PMC8156728). PMID 34063421 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34063421).
78. Sasaki N, Kuroda R, Tsuno K, Kawakami N (November 2020). "The deterioration of mental
health among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak: A population-based cohort
study of workers in Japan" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7737801).
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 46 (6): 639–644.
doi:10.5271/sjweh.3922 (https://doi.org/10.5271%2Fsjweh.3922). PMC 7737801 (https://ww
w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7737801). PMID 32905601 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/32905601).
79. Pappa S, Ntella V, Giannakas T, Giannakoulis VG, Papoutsi E, Katsaounou P (August
2020). "Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during
the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/pmc/articles/PMC7206431). Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 88: 901–907.
doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbi.2020.05.026). PMC 7206431
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7206431). PMID 32437915 (https://pubmed.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32437915).
80. Leng M, Wei L, Shi X, Cao G, Wei Y, Xu H, et al. (March 2021). "Mental distress and
influencing factors in nurses caring for patients with COVID-19". Nursing in Critical Care. 26
(2): 94–101. doi:10.1111/nicc.12528 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnicc.12528).
81. Kader N, Elhusein B, Chandrappa NS, Nashwan AJ, Chandra P, Khan AW, Alabdulla M
(August 2021). "Perceived stress and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among
intensive care unit staff caring for severely ill coronavirus disease 2019 patients during the
pandemic: a national study" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8379565).
Annals of General Psychiatry. 20 (1): 38. doi:10.1186/s12991-021-00363-1 (https://doi.org/1
0.1186%2Fs12991-021-00363-1). PMC 8379565 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
82. Gunnell D, Appleby L, Arensman E, Hawton K, John A, Kapur N, et al. (June 2020). "Suicide
risk and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl
es/PMC7173821). The Lancet. Psychiatry. 7 (6): 468–471. doi:10.1016/S2215-
0366(20)30171-1 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2215-0366%2820%2930171-1).
83. Baker N (22 April 2020). "Warning Covid-19 could lead to spike in suicide rates" (https://ww
w.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/warning-covid-19-could-lead-to-spike-in-suicide-
rates-995502.html). Irish Examiner. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
84. John A, Pirkis J, Gunnell D, Appleby L, Morrissey J (November 2020). "Trends in suicide
during the covid-19 pandemic" (https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.m4352). BMJ. 371: m4352.
doi:10.1136/bmj.m4352 (https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.m4352). PMID 33184048 (https://pu
bmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33184048). S2CID 226300218 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Corp
usID:226300218).
85. Hilliard M (27 April 2020). " 'Cocooning' and mental health: Over 16,000 calls to Alone
support line" (https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/cocooning-and-mental-he
alth-over-16-000-calls-to-alone-support-line-1.4239436). The Irish Times. Retrieved 27 April
2020.
86. Piovesan A (9 June 2021). "Attempted suicide rates among Victorian teenagers soar by 184
per cent in past six months, Kids Helpline reveals" (https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/healt
h/mental-health/attempted-suicide-rates-among-victorian-teenagers-soar-by-184-per-cent-in-
past-six-months-kids-helpline-reveals/news-story/db9d5136075a7c7edf4750a0391b0653).
News.com.au — Australia's Leading News Site. Retrieved 9 August 2021. "Disturbing new
data from the Kids Helpline revealed the shocking statistic after Victoria was plunged into its
fourth major Covid-19 lockdown in the past 12 months."
87. "COVID-19: Is the pandemic costing us our mental health?" (https://news.sky.com/story/covi
d-19-is-the-pandemic-costing-us-our-mental-health-12141219). Sky News. Retrieved 6 April
2021.
88. Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, Begum N, Saini A, Wang S, et al. (April 2021). "Suicide,
self-harm and thoughts of suicide or self-harm in infectious disease epidemics: a systematic
review and meta-analysis" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7610720).
Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. 30: e32. doi:10.1017/S2045796021000214 (https://
doi.org/10.1017%2FS2045796021000214). PMC 7610720 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm
c/articles/PMC7610720). PMID 33902775 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33902775).
89. Pirkis J, John A, Shin S, DelPozo-Banos M, Arya V, Analuisa-Aguilar P, et al. (July 2021).
"Suicide trends in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic: an interrupted time-series
analysis of preliminary data from 21 countries" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2215-0366%28
21%2900091-2). The Lancet. Psychiatry. 8 (7): 579–588. doi:10.1016/S2215-
0366(21)00091-2 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2215-0366%2821%2900091-2).
90. Banerjee D, Kosagisharaf JR, Sathyanarayana Rao TS (January 2021). " 'The dual
pandemic' of suicide and COVID-19: A biopsychosocial narrative of risks and prevention" (ht
tps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7672361). Psychiatry Research. 295: 113577.
doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113577 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psychres.2020.113577).
91. Czeisler MÉ, Lane RI, Petrosky E, Wiley JF, Christensen A, Njai R, et al. (August 2020).
"Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic -
United States, June 24-30, 2020" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7440121).
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 69 (32): 1049–1057.
doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6932a1 (https://doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.mm6932a1).
92. "Validate User" (https://jamanetwork.com/crawlprevention/governor?content=%2fjournals%2
fjamapsychiatry%2ffullarticle%2f2764584). jamanetwork.com. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
93. Mamun MA, Griffiths MD (June 2020). "First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to
fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: Possible suicide prevention strategies" (https://www.ncb
i.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7139250). Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 51: 102073.
doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102073 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajp.2020.102073).
94. Zhou W, Goh G (11 June 2020). "In post-lockdown China, student mental health in focus
amid reported jump in suicides" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china
-mental-healt-idUSKBN23H3J3). Reuters. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
95. Rovoi D (22 September 2021). "Call for some TLC to address mental health crisis in Fiji" (htt
ps://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/452028/call-for-some-tlc-to-address-mental-he
alth-crisis-in-fiji). RNZ. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
96. "Two tipplers in Kerala commit suicide upset at not getting liquor during COVID-19
lockdown" (https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/mar/29/two-tipplers-in-ker
ala-commit-suicide-upset-at-not-getting-liquor-during-covid-19-lockdown-2123056.html).
The New Indian Express. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200329150106/https://w
ww.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/mar/29/two-tipplers-in-kerala-commit-suicide-
upset-at-not-getting-liquor-during-covid-19-lockdown-2123056.html) from the original on 29
March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
97. Ueda M, Nordström R, Matsubayashi T (8 October 2020). "Suicide and mental health during
the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan". doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.20207530 (https://doi.org/10.11
01%2F2020.10.06.20207530). S2CID 222307132 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusI
D:222307132).
新型コロナウイルス感染症対策（こころのケア）｜こころの⽿：働く⼈のメンタルヘル
98. "
ス‧ポータルサイト " (https://kokoro.mhlw.go.jp/etc/coronavirus_info/). kokoro.mhlw.go.jp.
Retrieved 3 May 2020.
〈独⾃〉⼥性の⾃殺急増コロナ影響か同様の韓国に異例
99. Owatari M (20 September 2020). "
の連絡産経ニュース
" (https://www.sankei.com/life/news/200920/lif2009200043-n1.html). (in
Japanese). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200921032010/https://www.sankei.co
m/life/news/200920/lif2009200043-n1.html) from the original on 21 September 2020.
Retrieved 23 September 2020.
100. Green E (24 January 2021). "Surge of Student Suicides Pushes Las Vegas Schools to
Reopen" (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/24/us/politics/student-suicides-nevada-coronavi
rus.html). New York Times.
101. Jackson A (10 April 2020). "A crisis mental-health hotline has seen an 891% spike in calls"
(https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/10/us/disaster-hotline-call-increase-wellness-trnd/index.html).
CNN. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
102. Simon M (8 May 2020). "75,000 Americans at risk of dying from overdose or suicide due to
coronavirus despair, group warns" (https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/08/health/coronavirus-deat
hs-of-despair/index.html). CNN. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
103. Well Being Trust & The Robert Graham Center Analysis. "The COVID Pandemic Could
Lead to 75,000 Additional Deaths from Alcohol and Drug Misuse and Suicide" (https://wellb
eingtrust.org/areas-of-focus/policy-and-advocacy/reports/projected-deaths-of-despair-during-
covid-19/). Retrieved 21 May 2020.
104. "Suicides Rise in Black Population During COVID-19 Pandemic" (https://www.hopkinsmedi
cine.org/news/articles/suicides-rise-in-black-population-during-covid-19-pandemic).
www.hopkinsmedicine.org.
105. Marazziti D, Stahl SM (June 2020). "The relevance of COVID-19 pandemic to psychiatry" (ht
tps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7215065). World Psychiatry. 19 (2): 261.
doi:10.1002/wps.20764 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwps.20764). PMC 7215065 (https://ww
w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7215065). PMID 32394565 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/32394565).
106. Vijayaraghavan P, Singhal D (13 April 2020). "A Descriptive Study of Indian General
Public's Psychological responses during COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown Period in India" (h
ttps://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jeksn). dx.doi.org. doi:10.31234/osf.io/jeksn (https://doi.org/1
0.31234%2Fosf.io%2Fjeksn). S2CID 225951123 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:
225951123). Retrieved 7 December 2020.
107. Hawryluck L, Gold WL, Robinson S, Pogorski S, Galea S, Styra R (July 2004). "SARS
control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/pmc/articles/PMC3323345). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 10 (7): 1206–12.
doi:10.3201/eid1007.030703 (https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1007.030703). PMC 3323345
108. Yamamoto T, Uchiumi C, Suzuki N, Yoshimoto J, Murillo-Rodriguez E (December 2020).
"The Psychological Impact of 'Mild Lockdown' in Japan during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A
Nationwide Survey under a Declared State of Emergency" (https://www.medrxiv.org/content/
10.1101/2020.07.17.20156125v2). International Journal of Environmental Research and
Public Health. 17 (24): 2020.07.17.20156125. doi:10.3390/ijerph17249382 (https://doi.org/1
0.3390%2Fijerph17249382). PMC 7765307 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC
7765307). PMID 33333893 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33333893). S2CID 220601718
(https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220601718).
109. Sugaya N, Yamamoto T, Suzuki N, Uchiumi C (October 2020). "A real-time survey on the
psychological impact of mild lockdown for COVID-19 in the Japanese population" (https://w
ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7596049). Scientific Data. 7 (1): 372.
Bibcode:2020NatSD...7..372S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSD...7..372S).
doi:10.1038/s41597-020-00714-9 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41597-020-00714-9).
110. Gualano MR, Lo Moro G, Voglino G, Bert F, Siliquini R (July 2020). "Effects of Covid-19
Lockdown on Mental Health and Sleep Disturbances in Italy" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pmc/articles/PMC7369943). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public
Health. 17 (13): 4779. doi:10.3390/ijerph17134779 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph171347
111. Costi S, Paltrinieri S, Bressi B, Fugazzaro S, Giorgi Rossi P, Mazzini E (January 2021).
"Poor Sleep during the First Peak of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study"
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7795804). International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (1): 306. doi:10.3390/ijerph18010306 (http
s://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph18010306). PMC 7795804 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/a
rticles/PMC7795804). PMID 33406588 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33406588).
112. Rodríguez-Rey R, Garrido-Hernansaiz H, Collado S (2020). "Psychological Impact and
Associated Factors During the Initial Stage of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic
Among the General Population in Spain" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC73
25630). Frontiers in Psychology. 11: 1540. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01540 (https://doi.org/10.
3389%2Ffpsyg.2020.01540). PMC 7325630 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC
113. Small S, Blanc J (8 January 2021). "Mental Health During COVID-19: Tam Giao and
Vietnam's Response" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7820702). Frontiers in
Psychiatry. 11: 589618. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.589618 (https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.20
114. Do Duy C, Nong VM, Ngo Van A, Doan Thu T, Do Thu N, Nguyen Quang T (October 2020).
"COVID-19-related stigma and its association with mental health of health-care workers after
quarantine in Vietnam" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7404653). Psychiatry
and Clinical Neurosciences. 74 (10): 566–568. doi:10.1111/pcn.13120 (https://doi.org/10.11
11%2Fpcn.13120). PMC 7404653
115. Greenberg N, Docherty M, Gnanapragasam S, Wessely S (March 2020). "Managing mental
health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic" (https://doi.org/1
0.1136%2Fbmj.m1211). BMJ. 368: m1211. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1211 (https://doi.org/10.113
6%2Fbmj.m1211). PMID 32217624 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32217624).
116. Wind TR, Rijkeboer M, Andersson G, Riper H (April 2020). "The COVID-19 pandemic: The
'black swan' for mental health care and a turning point for e-health" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7104190). Internet Interventions. 20: 100317.
doi:10.1016/j.invent.2020.100317 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.invent.2020.100317).
117. Topooco N, Riper H, Araya R, Berking M, Brunn M, Chevreul K, et al. (June 2017). "Attitudes
towards digital treatment for depression: A European stakeholder survey" (https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6096292). Internet Interventions. 8: 1–9.
doi:10.1016/j.invent.2017.01.001 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.invent.2017.01.001).
118. "Supplemental Material for Systematic Review of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction via Group Videoconferencing: Feasibility,
Acceptability, Safety, and Efficacy" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/int0000216.supp). Journal of
Psychotherapy Integration. 14 September 2020. doi:10.1037/int0000216.supp (https://doi.or
g/10.1037%2Fint0000216.supp). ISSN 1053-0479 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1053-047
119. Tyler W (8 May 2020). "The Bottomless Pit: Social Distancing, COVID-19 & The Bubonic
Plague" (https://sandbox.watch/social-distancing-covid-19-the-bubonic-plague/). Sandbox
Watch. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
120. "Social Distancing: How To Keep Connected And Upbeat" (https://superwellnessblog.net/so
cial-distancing-how-to-keep-connected-and-upbeat/). SuperWellnessBlog. 29 April 2020.
Retrieved 25 July 2020.
121. Eisenbeck N, Carreno DF, Pérez-Escobar JA (17 March 2021). "Meaning-Centered Coping
in the Era of COVID-19: Direct and Moderating Effects on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress"
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8010126). Frontiers in Psychology. 12:
648383. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648383 (https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2021.648383).
122. Gloster AT, Lamnisos D, Lubenko J, Presti G, Squatrito V, Constantinou M, et al. (31
December 2020). Francis JM (ed.). "Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health: An
international study" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7774914). PLOS ONE.
15 (12): e0244809. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1544809G (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/202
0PLoSO..1544809G). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244809 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjourna
l.pone.0244809). PMC 7774914 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7774914).
123. Endstrasser F, Braito M, Linser M, Spicher A, Wagner M, Brunner A (August 2020). "The
negative impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on pain and physical function in patients with
end-stage hip or knee osteoarthritis" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC729966
8). Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 28 (8): 2435–2443.
doi:10.1007/s00167-020-06104-3 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00167-020-06104-3).
124. Pizzirusso M, Carrion-Park C, Clark US, Gonzalez J, Byrd D, Morgello S (March 2021).
"Physical and Mental Health Screening in a New York City HIV Cohort During the COVID-
19 Pandemic: A Preliminary Report" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC787830
0). Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 86 (3): e54–e60.
doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000002564 (https://doi.org/10.1097%2FQAI.0000000000002564).
Further reading
Hospital Guideline Solutions
Turale S (June 2021). "COVID-19: Looking to the future of nursing: innovations & policy
recommendations" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8207033). International
Nursing Review. 68 (2): 139–140. doi:10.1111/inr.12687 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Finr.126
Sadang JM (2021). "The Lived Experience of Filipino Nurses' Work in COVID-19
Quarantine Facilities: A Descriptive Phenomenological Study". Pacific Rim International
Journal of Nursing Research. 25 (1): 154–64.
Lasater KB, Aiken LH, Sloane DM, French R, Martin B, Reneau K, Alexander M, McHugh
MD (August 2021). "Chronic hospital nurse understaffing meets COVID-19: an observational
study" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7443196). BMJ Quality & Safety. 30
(8): 639–647. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2020-011512 (https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjqs-2020-011
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mental_health_during_the_COVID-

19_pandemic&oldid=1062080891"
This page was last edited on 26 December 2021, at 04:17 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using
this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Mental Health During The COVID-19 Pandemic

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mental Health During The COVID-19 Pandemic

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the mental health of

Causes of mental health issues during COVID-19 pandemic

Added to the fear of contracting the virus in a pandemic such as

Prevention and management of mental health conditions

World Health Organization and Centers for

For general population

What are health care workers experiencing?

What resources are available to help healthcare workers?

For team leaders in health facilities

For carers of children

Role model healthy behaviors, routines, and coping skills.[29][30][31][32][33][34][35]

For people in isolation

Impact on individuals with mental health disorders

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Anxiety and depression

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Impact on essential workers and medical personnel

Lockdown and mental health

South Africa An infographic from the World Health

Mental health aftercare

Long-term consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental

Impact on those with medical challenges

End-stage hip or knee Osteoarthritis

Patients with HIV

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mental_health_during_the_COVID-

This page was last edited on 26 December 2021, at 04:17 (UTC).

You might also like