Arts in the Philippines

Arts in the Philippines refer to all the various

forms of the arts that have developed and
accumulated in the Philippines from the
beginning of civilization in the country up to the
present era. They reflect the range of artistic
influences on the country's culture, including
indigenous forms of the arts, and how these
influences have honed the country's arts. These
arts are divided into two distinct branches,
namely, traditional arts[1] and non-traditional
arts.[2] Each branch is further divided into Spoliarium by Juan Luna, 1884, a National Cultural
various categories with subcategories. Treasure

Contents
Overview
Traditional arts
Ethnomedicine
Folk architecture
Maritime transport
Weaving
Cloth and mat weaving
Basketry
Carving
Vajrayanic Relics
Animist relics
Woodcarving
Stone, ivory, and other carvings
Folk performing arts
Folk (oral) literature
Folk graphic and plastic arts
Folk writing (calligraphy)
Folk drawing and painting
Ornament
Glass art
Hat-making, mask-making, and
related arts
Accessory-making
Ornamental metal crafts
Textile or fiber art
 Pottery
Other artistic expressions of traditional
culture
Non-ornamental metal crafts
Blade arts
Martial arts
Culinary arts
Other traditional arts
Non-traditional arts
Dance
Music
Theater
Visual arts
Painting
Sculpture
Other visual arts
Literature
Film and broadcast arts
Architecture and allied arts
Non-folk architecture
Architecturally allied arts
Design
Industrial design
Fashion design
Conservation of the Filipino arts
See also
References
External links

Overview
The National Commission for Culture and the Arts, the official cultural agency of the government of the
Philippines, has categorized Filipino arts into traditional and non-traditional. Each category are split into
various arts, which in turn have sub-categories of their own.

(A) Traditional arts[1]

Ethnomedicine – including, but not limited to, the arts of the albularyo, the babaylan, and
the manghihilot[3]
Folk architecture – including, but not limited to, stilt houses, land houses, and aerial
houses
Maritime transport – boat houses, boat-making, and maritime traditions
Weaving – including, but not limited to, back-strap loom weaving, and other forms of
related weaving
Carving – including, but not limited to, woodcarving and folk non-clay sculpture
 Folk performing arts – including, but
not limited to, dances, plays, and
dramas
Folk (oral) literature – including, but
not limited to, epics, songs, and
myths
Folk graphic and plastic arts –
including, but not limited to,
calligraphy, tattooing, folk writing,
folk drawing, and folk painting
Ornament – including, but not limited
to, mask-making, accessory-making,
ornamental metal crafts Singkil, an ancient dance from the Darangen chants, a
Textile, or fiber art – including, but world intangible heritage and a National Cultural
not limited to, headgear weaving, Treasure.
basketry, fish-gear arts, and other
forms of textile or fiber art
Pottery – including, but not limited to, ceramic making, clay pot-making, and folk clay
sculpture
Other artistic expressions of traditional culture – including, but not limited to, non-
ornamental metal crafts, martial arts, supernatural healing arts, medicinal arts, and
constellation traditions

(B) Non-traditional arts[2]

Dance – including, but not limited to, dance
choreography, dance direction, and dance
performance
Music – including, but not limited to, musical
composition, musical direction, and musical
performance
Theater – including, but not limited to, theatrical
direction, theatrical performance, theatrical
production design, theatrical light and sound
design, and theatrical playwriting
Visual arts – including, but not limited to painting,
non-folk sculpture, printmaking, photography,
installation art, mixed media works, illustration,
graphic arts, performance art, and imaging
Literature – including, but not limited to, poetry,
fiction, essay, and literary/art criticism
Madonna with Child ivory statue with
Film and broadcast arts – including, but not limited
silver made by an unknown artist
to, film and broadcast direction, film and broadcast
(17th century)
writing, film and broadcast production design, film
and broadcast cinematography, film and broadcast
editing, film and broadcast animation, film and
broadcast performance, and film and broadcast new media
Architecture and allied arts – including, but not limited to, non-folk architecture, interior
design, landscape architecture, and urban design
Design – including, but not limited to, industrial design, and fashion design
Traditional arts
The traditional arts in the Philippines encompass folk architecture, maritime transport, weaving, carving,
folk performing arts, folk (oral) literature, folk graphic and plastic arts, ornament, textile, or fiber art,
pottery, and other artistic expressions of traditional culture.[1] There are numerous Filipino specialists or
experts on the various fields of traditional arts, with those garnering the highest distinctions declared as
Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA), equal to National Artist.

Ethnomedicine

Ethnomedicine is one of the oldest traditional arts in the Philippines. These arts possess traditions (and
objects associated with it) which are performed by medical artisans and shamans, ranging from the
babaylan, the manghihilot, and the albularyo. The practices, grounded on the principles of the physical
elements, is both an ancient science and art known to the natives. Herbal remedies, complemented with
mental, emotional, and spiritual techniques, are inherently part of many of the traditions as well. Mastery
over psycho-spiritual practices are also notable in some ethnomedicine arts in the Philippines. The
ethnomedicine category was recently added to the GAMABA category in 2020.[4]
 Painting depicting shamanhood Water healing at a sacred pool
and ethnomedicine, including in Siquijor, an island famous for
rituals its healers

Mount Makiling is a sacred site

famous for ethnomedicine and
its healers

Folk architecture

Folk architecture in the Philippines differ significantly per ethnic group, where the structures can be made
of bamboo, wood, rock, coral, rattan, grass, and other materials. These abodes can range from the hut-style
bahay kubo which utilizes vernacular mediums in construction, the highland houses called bale that may
have four to eight sides, depending on the ethnic association, the coral houses of Batanes which protects the
natives from the harsh sandy winds of the area, the royal house torogan which is engraved with intricately-
made okir motif, and the palaces of major kingdoms such as the Daru Jambangan or Palace of Flowers,
which was the seat of power and residence of the head of Sulu prior to colonization. Folk architecture also
includes religious buildings, generally called as spirit houses, which are shrines for the protective spirits or
gods.[5][6][7] Most are house-like buildings made of native materials, and are usually open-air.[8][5] Some
were originally pagoda-like, a style later continued by natives converted into Islam, but have now become
extremely rare.[9] There are also buildings that have connected indigenous and Hispanic motif, forming the
bahay na bato architecture, and its proto-types. Many of these bahay na bato buildings have been declared a
World Heritage Site, as part of Vigan.[10] Folk structures include simple sacred stick stands to indigenous
castles or fortresses such as the idjang, to geologically-altering works of art such as the Rice Terraces of the
Philippine Cordilleras, locally called payyo.[11][12][13] Five rice terrace clusters have been declared as
World Heritage Sites, namely Nagacadan, Hungduan, central Mayoyao, Bangaan, and Batad.[14]

Rice granaries from Ifugao, Daru Jambangan (Palace of

called bale Flowers), the royal residence of
the ruler of the Tausug

Scaled-down replica of the Some bahay na bato houses

torogan, inspired by the
Kawayan Torogan, a National
Cultural Treasure in Lanao del
Sur
Dakay house, the oldest A bahay kubo-style house in
surviving coral houses in the Palawan
Batanes still used today (c.
1887)

Bahay na bato-style Yap- Rice Terraces of the Philippine

Sandiego House Cordilleras, World Heritage Site
and a National Cultural
Treasure

Banaue Rice Terraces Batad Rice Terraces

Bahay na bato houses in Vigan, Bahay na bato-style Lazi
World Heritage Site and part of convent
a National Cultural Treasure

Bahay na bato in Intramuros Bahay na bato-style Museo de

Loboc

Bahay na bato-style Henson- Bahay na bato-style Balay

Hizon House Negrense
 Coral house in Batanes Bahay na bato-style
Archdiocesan Chancery

Bahay na bato-style Bahay na

Pula

Maritime transport

Maritime transport in the Philippines includes boat houses, boat-making, and maritime traditions. These
structures, traditionally made of wood chosen by elders and craftsfolks, were used as the main vehicles of
the people, connecting one island to another, where the seas and rivers became the people's roads.
Although boats are believed to have been used in the archipelago for thousands of years since the arrival of
humans through water, the earliest evidence of boat-making and the usage of boats in the country continues
to be dated as 320 AD through the carbon-dating of the Butuan boats that are identified as remains of a
gigantic balangay.[15]

Aside from the balangay, there are various styles and types of indigenous sea vehicles throughout the
Philippines, such as the two-masted double-outrigger boat armadahan,[16][17] the trading ship avang,[18] the
dugout canoes awang,[19] the large sailing outrigger ship balación,[20] the native and widely-available
watercraft bangka,[21] the tiny canoe bangka anak-anak,[22] the salambáw-lifting basnigan,[23] the small
double-outrigger sailboat bigiw,[24] the dugout canoe birau,[22] the dugout canoe buggoh,[22] the flat-
floored and roofed casco,[25] the single mast and pointed chinarem,[18] the rough sea open-deck boat
Chinedkeran,[18] the large double-outrigger plank boat djenging,[22] the pirate warship garay,[26] the large
sailing outrigger ship guilalo,[27] the open deck boat falua,[18] the canoe junkun,[22] the small motorized
boat junkung,[28] the large outrigger warship karakoa,[29] the large outrigger warship lanong,[30] the
houseboat lepa,[31] the raft ontang,[22] the lake canoe owong,[32] the open-deck fishing boat
panineman,[18] the double outrigger sailboat paraw,[33] the war canoe salisipan,[34] the small fishing boat
tataya,[18] the motorized boat tempel, the dinghy tiririt,[35] and the outrigger boat vinta, among many
others.[36] From 1565 to 1815, ships called the Manila galleons were also built by Filipino artisans.[37]

A large karakoa outrigger A balangay reconstruction

warship, 1711

The Sama-Bajau's lepa house- A modernized falua in Batanes

boat with elaborate carvings
A large lanong outrigger Filipino boat-builders in a
warship, 1890 Cavite shipyard (1899)

A paraw in Palawan Garay warships of the

Banguingui

An owong at Lake Sebu An armadahan at Laguna de

Bay (1968)
War canoe salisipan, 1890 Painting of a balación, 1847

Some of the remains of the A Manila galleon visiting

Butuan Balangay (320 AD), a Micronesia, c. 1590s
National Cultural Treasure

A casco, 1906

Weaving
Weaving is an ancient art form that continue in the Philippines today, with each ethnic group having their
distinct weaving techniques.[38] The weaving arts are composed of basket weaving, back-strap loom
weaving, headgear weaving, fishnet weaving, and other forms of weaving.

Cloth and mat weaving

Expensive textiles are made through the intricate and difficult process called back-strap looming.[39] Fibers
such as Cotton, abaca, banana fiber, grass, and palm fiber are used in the Filipino weaving arts.[40] There
are many types of weaved cloths in the Philippines. Pinilian is an Ilocano cotton cloth weaved using a
pangablan, where weaving styles of binakul, binetwagan, or tinumballitan are inputted. Bontoc weave
revolves on the concept of centeredness, a key cultural motif among the Bontoc people. In its weave, the
process starts with the sides called langkit until it journeys into the pa-ikid (side panels), fatawil (warp
bands), and shukyong (arrows). Afterwards, the sinamaki weaving commences, where the tinagtakho
(human figure), minatmata (diamond), and tinitiko (zigzag) are incorporated. The last is center, pa-khawa,
which features the kan-ay (supplementary weft). Kalinga textiles are embedded into the geometry, where
motifs include continuous lozenge pattern locally called inata-ata, and mother-of-pearl platelets called
pawekan, among many others. The piña fabric is considered the finest indigenous Filipino-origin textile.
Those made by the Aklanon are the most prized, and are utilized in the national costumes of the country,
such as barong Tagalog. Hablon is the fine textiles of the Karay-a and Hiligaynon people, which have been
known from the epics of the people. The textile is usually used for Visayan patadyong and panuelo. The
saputangan tapestry weave of the Yakan people is a highly skilled weaving utilizing the bunga-sama
supplementary weft weave, the siniluan warp-floating pattern, the inalaman supplementary-weft technique,
and the pinantupan weft band pattern. Mabal tabih of the Blaan people depicts crocodiles and curls.
Weavers of the art can only be women, as the art is dedicated and taught by Furalo, goddess of weaving.
Bagobo inabal utilizes abaca into creating two tube skirts, namely sinukla and bandira. Dagmay is the
weaving art of the Mandaya, who use the mud-dye technique in their craft. Meranaw textile is used for the
creation of the malong, among many other Maranao clothing. These crafts are imbibed with okir designs
including potiok (bud), dapal or raon (leaf), pako (fern), pako rabong (growing fern) and katorai (flower).
The pis syabit weave of the Tausug utilizes the free imagination of the weaver, as having no preset pattern
for the weave is the cultural standard for making the high art. T'nalak is a fine textile of the Tboli crafted by
the dream-weavers who are provided the designs and patterns through dreams by Fu Dalu, the deity of the
abaca used in weaving.[41] The oldest known warp ikat textile in Southeast Asia is the Banton cloth of
Banton, Romblon, dated at 13th to 14th century.[42]

Unlike cloth weaving, mat weaving does not utilize a loom or similar equipment and instead relies on the
craftsfolk's attention in hand-weaving. The difficult art form is known throughout the Philippines, with
those made in Sulu, Basilan, and Samar being the most prized. In general traditions throughout the
Philippines, mat-weaving is only done in shaded and cool placed as to preserve the integrity of the mats and
their fibers. An example is the banig of Basey, where the weavers usually work inside a cave. Fibers used
vary from banana, grass, palm, and many others.[43]
Binakol Itneg shaman blanket

T'nalak A double ikat mat from Sulu

Rayon Malong Silk Pis siyabit

Silk Patadyong Banton cloth, the oldest
surviving ikat textile in
Southeast Asia (13th-14th
century), a National Cultural
Treasure

Filipino shirt made of piña Panel made of silk, piña, and

(1850s) metallic threads (1800s)
 Kalinga testile used in skirt Northern Luzon textile used in
skirt

Bagobo textile used in skirt Binakol

Basketry

The fine art of basket weaving in the Philippines has developed intricate designs and forms directed for
specific purposes such as harvesting, rice storage, travel package, sword case, and so on. The art is believed
to have arrived in the archipelago due to human migration, where those at the north were the first to learn
the art form. The finest vessel basket crafts made, however, comes from the ethnic groups of Palawan, in
the southwest. The Batak of Palawan has utilized the craft into high art, as well as retaining their craft's
status as functional art. Intricate basketry can also be found among the Mamanwa, various Negrito groups,
Mangyans, Ivatan, and many others. Materials used in basketry differ per ethnic group. Some important
materials include bamboo, rattan, pandan, cotton cloth tassel, nito, beeswax, abaca, buri, bark, and dyes. In
the same manner, each ethnic group has their own basketry patterns, which include closed-crossed over
under weave, closed bamboo double twill weave, spaced rattan pentagon pattern, and closed tetrahedron
buri, among many others. A few of the many basketry products from the Philippines include the tupil
(lunch box), bukug (basket), kabil (carrying basket), uppig (lunch basket), tagga-i (rice basket), bay'ung
(basket-pouch), lig-o (winnowing tray), and binga (bag).[44][45] The weaving traditions of basketry have
also been influenced by modern demands.[46]
Weaved headpieces are prevalent throughout the Philippines, wherein multiple cultures utilize a variety of
fibers to connect mediums forming Filipino headgears such as the Ivatan's vakul, the head-cloth of the
Manobo, and the snake headpiece of the Bontoc.[47] The weaving traditions pertaining to fish traps and
gears in the Philippines are expansive, of which the Ilocano people, possibly, possess the vastest array of
fish gears among the archipelago's ethnic groups. Notable weaved fish traps include bubo, barekbek, and
pamurakan.[48] Another weaving tradition is broom weaving, wherein the most stylized in the Philippines
is possibly the talagadaw brooms made under the saked process of the Kalinga people.[49] Other weaved
crafts include reed raincoats, slippers, and items used for harvesting, planting, hunting, fishing, house
chores, traveling, and foraging.

Various rice baskets Rice transportation baskets

Filipino tobacco basket Pasiking or basket bags

Ivatan woman wearing a vakul T'boli women utilizing the
s'laong kinibang in dance

Weaved hornbill headgear of Gaddang people’s weaved

the Ilongot headgear

Filipino weaved hats Ilocano merchants wearing the

headgear kattukong and
raincoat annangá
Ifugao brooms Filipino fisherman with fish
gears (c.1875)

Manila fishermen utilizing the Various weaved fish gears

sarambaw fishnet (c. 1800s)
 Filipino cap Variant of a Bontoc hat

Filipino cap with teeth, tusk, and Basket crafts made by the Iraya
shell Mangyan

Carving

Vajrayanic Relics

The Philippines's archaeological has a findings of Buddhist artifacts.[50][51] The style exhibits Vajrayāna
influence,[52][53][54][55] and most of them dated to the 9th century. The artifacts reflect the iconography of
the Śrīvijayan empire's Vajrayāna and its influences on the Philippines's early states. The artifacts' distinct
features point to their production in the islands, and they hint at the artisan's or goldsmith's knowledge of
Buddhist culture and literature because the artisans have made these unique works of Buddhist art. They
imply also the presence of Buddhist believers in the places where these artifacts turned up. These places
extended from the Agusan-Surigao area in Mindanao island to Cebu, Palawan, and Luzon islands. Hence,
Vajrayāna ritualism must have spread far and wide throughout the archipelago.

The Agusan image is a golden image of a Buddhist deity Tara is a 2 kg (4.4 lb),[56] 21-karat
gold statuette, found in 1917 on the banks of the Wawa River near Esperanza, Agusan del
Sur, Mindanao in the Philippines,[57] dating to the 9th–10th centuries. The figure,
approximately 178 mm (7.0 in)[58] in height, is of a female Hindu or Buddhist deity, seated
 cross-legged and wearing a richly-adorned headdress
and other ornaments on various parts of the body. It is
now on display in the Field Museum of Natural History
in Chicago.[59]
Bronze Lokesvara – This is bronze statue of Lokesvara
was found in Isla Puting Bato in Tondo, Manila.[60]
Buddha Amithaba bass relief – The Ancient
Batangueños were influenced by India as shown in the
origin of most languages from Sanskrit and certain
ancient potteries. A Buddhist image was reproduced in
mould on a clay medallion in bas-relief from the
municipality of Calatagan. According to experts, the
image in the pot strongly resembles the iconographic
portrayal of Buddha in Siam, India, and Nepal. The pot
shows Buddha Amithaba in the tribhanga[61] pose
inside an oval nimbus. Scholars also noted that there is
a strong Mahayanic orientation in the image, since the
Boddhisattva Avalokitesvara is also depicted.[62]
Golden Garuda of Palawan – Another gold artifact, from
the Tabon Caves in the island of Palawan, is an image the Agusan image from Agusan del
of Garuda, the bird who is the mount of Vishnu. The sur, now in Chicago Field Museum.
discovery of sophisticated Hindu imagery and gold
artifacts in Tabon Caves has been linked to those found
from Oc Eo, in the Mekong Delta in Southern Vietnam.
Bronze Ganesha statues – A crude bronze statue of a Hindu
Deity Ganesha was found by Henry Otley Beyer in 1921 in an
ancient site in Puerto Princesa, Palawan and in Mactan,
Cebu.The crude bronze statue indicates its local
reproduction.[60]
Mactan Alokitesvara – Excavated in 1921 in Mactan, Cebu by
H.O.Beyer, the statue is bronze and may be of Siva-Buddhist
blend rather than "pure Buddhist".[60]
The Golden Tara[63][64]
Golden Kinnari – From Surigao.
Padmapani and Nandi images – Padmapani is also known as
a manifestation of Avalokitesvara, the wisdom being or An image of a golden Garuda
Bodhisattva of Compassion. Golden jewelry found so far of Palawan found in the
include rings, some surmounted by images of Nandi – the Tabon Caves.
sacred bull, linked chains, inscribed gold sheets, gold plaques
decorated with repoussé images of Hindu deities.[65][66]

Animist relics

The art of carving in the Philippines focuses on woodcarving and folk non-clay sculptures.[67][68]

Woodcarving

Indigenous woodcarving is one of the most notable traditional arts in the Philippines, with some crafts in
various ethnic groups date back prior to Hispanic arrival with perhaps the oldest surviving today are
fragments of a wooden boat dating to 320 AD.[69] Many societies utilize a variety of woods into making
wood crafts such as sacred bulul figures.[70][71] These divine wooden statues, known in various groups
through different generic names, abound throughout the Philippines from the northern Luzon to southern
Mindanao.[72] The art of okir on wood is another fine craft attributed to various ethnic groups in Mindanao
and the Sulu archipelago.[73][74] Wood crafts of specific objects, such as sword hilts, musical instruments,
and other objects are also notable, where depictions of ancient mythical beings are usually carved.[75][76]
There are other indigenous wood crafts and techniques in the Philippines, some of which have been utilized
in Hispanic woodcarvings after colonization, such as the woodcarving styles of Paete.[77][78]

Religious Hispanic woodcarvings abounded in the Philippines with the introduction of Christianity. The
techniques utilized infuse both indigenous and Hispanic styles, creating a fusion of Hispanic-Asian wood
art. Paete, Laguna is among the most famous woodcarving places in the country, especially on religious
Hispanic woodcarving.[77] Various epicenters of woodcarving in the Hispanic tradition are also present in
many municipalities, where majority of the crafts are attributed to the life of Christ and the Virgin Mary,
where Marian traditions prevail.[79]

Kampilan hilts Detail of a torogan's panolong

with a naga okir motif

Kulintang from Mindanao Spinning wheel

San Agustin Church door Christ Child wood statue
carvings (1607), part of a World
Heritage Site and a National
Cultural Treasure

Virgin of Sorrow Carved saddle panel of the

Yakan people, inlaid with shells

Carved bas relief at San Ifugao rice spoon guarded by a

Agustin Church, Manila wooden figure
Bulul god with pamahan cup Carved sarimanok
(15th century)

Wooden chest with bones Carved holder for an agong

Maragondon Church door, part Tboli carving of a macaque and

of a National Cultural Treasure a turtle at Lake Sebu's museum
Carving depicting a Filipino Wooden artifacts from northern
farmer and a carabao Luzon

Tomb markers from the Sulu Various crafts made with okir
archipelago

Wooden Madonna A rare human-like depiction

from Bangsamoro
 Carved coconut grinder Giant wooden drums

A number of wooden shields Tobacco containers made of

wood and bamboo

Stone, ivory, and other carvings

Stone carving is a prized art form in the Philippines, even prior to the arrival of Western colonizers, as seen
in the stone likha and larauan or tao-tao crafts of the natives.[80] These items usually represent either an
ancestor or a deity who aids the spirit of a loved one to go into the afterlife properly.[81] Ancient carved
burial urns have been found in many areas, notably in the Cotabato region.[82] The Limestone tombs of
Kamhantik are elaborate tombs in Quezon province, believed to initially possess rock covers signifying that
they were sarcophagi. These tombs are believed to have been originally roofed, as evidenced by holes
marked onto them, where beams have been placed.[83] Stone grave marks are also notable, with the people
of Tawi-Tawi, and other groups using the carved marks with okir motif to aid the dead.[84] In many areas,
sides of mountains are carved to form burial caves, especially in the highlands of northern Luzon. The
Kabayan Mummy Burial Caves is a prime example.[85] Marble carvings are also famous, especially in its
epicenter in Romblon. Majority of the marble crafts are currently meant for export, mostly Buddhist statues
and related works.[86] With the arrival of Christianity, Christian stone carvings became widespread. Most of
which were either parts of a church such as facades or interior statues, or statues and other crafts intended
for personal altars.[87] A notable stone carving on a church is the facade of Miagao Church.[88]
Ivory carving is an art practiced in the Philippines for more than a thousand years, with the oldest known
ivory artifact known is the Butuan Ivory Seal, dated 9th–12th century.[89] The religious carvings of ivory,
or garing as locally known, became widespread after the direct importation of ivory into the Philippines
from mainland Asia, where carvings focused on Christian icons, such as Madonna with Child, the Christ
Child, and the Sorrowful Mother.[90] Many of the ivory carvings from the Philippines have gold and silver
designs.[90] The ivory trade in the Philippines boomed because of the demand for ivory carvings, and
continued up to the 21st century.[91] In recent years, the Philippine government has been cracking down on
the illegal ivory trade. In 2013, the Philippines became the first country in the world to destroy its ivory
stock, to show solidarity among like-minded nations against the ivory trade which has decimated the
world's elephant and rhino populations.[92] Horns of dead carabaos have been used as a substitute to ivory
in the Philippines for centuries.[93]

Stone carvings at the facade of Various ancient carved

Miagao Church, World Heritage limestone burial urns
Site and a National Cultural
Treasure

Bas relief at Panay Church Carved marbles from Romblon

(1770s)
Virgin Mary ivory head with Visayan tenegre buffalo horn
inlaid glass eyes (18-19th hilt
century)

Virgin Mary, gilt and painted Ivory carving of Christ Child

ivory (17th century) with gold paint (1580-1640)

Stamp of the Butuan Ivory Seal Our Lady of La Naval de

(9th-12th century) Manila, the oldest Christian
statue in the Philippines made
of ivory (1593 or 1596)
An ivory triptych (17th century) Mother-of-pearl relief (19th
century)

One of the carvings at the Teeth filing is present in some

Basilica del Santo Niño ethnic groups in the country
 A likha portraying a god, one of Limestone burial urn
only two likha that survived
Spanish persecution and
destruction

Carving at Fort Santa Isabel, Moro helmet, exterior made of

Taytay (1748) carved carabao horn (18th
century)

Folk performing arts

Folk dances, plays, and dramas constitute most of the folk performing arts in the Philippines. Like other
Southeast Asian countries, each ethnic group in the Philippines possess their own heritage on folk
performing arts, however, Filipino folk performing arts also includes Spanish and American influences due
to the country's historical narratives. Some dances are also related to the dances from neighboring
Austronesian and other Asian countries.[94] Notable examples of folk performing arts include the banga,
manmanok, ragragsakan, tarektek, uyaoy/uyauy,[95] pangalay, asik, singkil, sagayan, kapa malong
malong,[96] binaylan, sugod uno, dugso, kinugsik kugsik, siring, pagdiwata, maglalatik, tinikling, subli,
cariñosa, kuratsa, and pandanggo sa ilaw.[97][98][99][100] Various folk dramas and plays are known in many
epics of the people. Among non-Hispanic traditions, dramas over epics like Hinilawod[101] and
Ibalong[102] are known, while among Hispanic groups, the Senakulo is a notable drama.[103][104]
Tinikling Pangalay

Singkil royal dance Senakulo in Bulacan

Lumad courtship dance Maglalatik

 Bagobo musicians during the Matigsalug kulintang ensemble
Kadayawan festival

La Jota Manileña Jota Zamboanguena

Chavacano

Folk (oral) literature

The arts under folk (oral) literature include the epics, songs, myths, and other oral literature of numerous
ethnic groups in the Philippines.

The poetic arts in the Philippines has been attributed as high in form and full of metaphor.[105] Tanaga
poetry consists of 7777 syllable count, but rhymes range from dual rhyme forms to freestyle forms.[105]
Awit poetry consists of 12-syllable quatrains, following the pattern of rhyming stanzas of established epics
such as Pasyon,[106][107] which is chanted through the pabasa.[108] A notable awit epic-poem is the 1838
Florante at Laura.[109] Dalit poetry consists of four lines with eight syllables each.[110] Ambahan poetry
consists of seven syllable lines with rhythmic end-syllables, often chanted without a determined musical
pitch or musical instrument accompaniment, meant to express in an allegorical way, liberally using poetic
language, certain situations or certain characteristics referred to by the one reciting the poem. It cam also be
written on bamboo.[111] A notable poetry duel in the Philippines is Balagtasan, which is a debate done in
verses.[112] Some notable poems include A la juventud filipina,[113] Ako'y may alaga,[114] and Kay
Selya.[115]
Notable epic-poems include 17 cycled and 72,000 lined Darangen of the Maranao[116] and the 29,000-
versed Hinilawod of Panay.[117] Other epic-poems from the Philippines include Biag ni Lam-Ang of the
Ilocano, Ibalon of the Bicolano, Hudhud and Alim of the Ifugao, Ulalim cycle of the Kalinga, Lumalindaw
of the Gaddang, Kudaman of Palawan, Agyu Cycle of the Manobo, Tulelangan of the Ilianon Manobos,
Gumao of Dumalinao, Ag Tubig Nog Keboklagan, Keg Sumba Neg Sandayo of the Subanon, and
Tudbulul of the Tboli people, among many others. [118] The Filipino Sign Language is used in the country
to also pass on oral literature to Filipinos with hearing impairment.[119]

The oral literature have shaped the people's thinking and way of life, providing basis for values, traditions,
and societal systems that aid communities in multiple facets of life. As diverse as Filipino folk literature is,
many of the literary works continue to develop, with some being documented by scholars and inputted into
manuscripts, tapes, video recordings, or other documentary forms.[120][121]

Pabasa during the Pasyon Singkil, a tradition depicting the

stories from the Darangen, a
world intangible heritage and a
National Cultural Treasure

Bakunawa, a deity from the A manananggal drawing, as

Visayas and Bicol, in a depicted in folk stories
divination-rotation chart as
explained in Signosan (1919)
 A buraq sculpture, as depicted Sculpture depicting Makiling,
in folk stories the protector-goddess of Mount
Makiling

A hogang, fern-trunk statue, of a Performance at the Kaamulan,

god protecting boundaries in depicting gods and heroes from
Ifugao the people's ancient religions

Folk graphic and plastic arts

The fields under folk graphic and plastic arts are tattooing, folk writing, and folk drawing and painting.

Folk writing (calligraphy)

The Philippines has numerous indigenous scripts collectively called as suyat, each of which has their own
forms and styles of calligraphy. Various ethno-linguistic groups in the Philippines prior to Spanish
colonization in the 16th century up to the independence era in the 21st century have used the scripts with
various mediums. By the end of colonialism, only four of the suyat scripts survived and continue to be used
by certain communities in everyday life. These four scripts are hanunó'o/hanunoo of the Hanuno'o
Mangyan people, buhid/build of the Buhid Mangyan people, Tagbanwa script of the Tagbanwa people,
and palaw'an/pala'wan (ibalnan) of the Palaw'an people. All four scripts were inscribed in the UNESCO
Memory of the World Programme, under the name Philippine Paleographs (Hanunoo, Buid, Tagbanua
and Pala’wan), in 1999.[122]
Due to dissent from colonialism, many artists and cultural experts have revived the usage of suyat scripts
that went extinct due to Spanish persecution. These scripts being revived include the kulitan script of the
Kapampangan people, the badlit script of various Visayan ethnic groups, the iniskaya script of the Eskaya
people, the baybayin script of the Tagalog people, the sambali script of the Sambal people, the basahan
script of the Bicolano people, the sulat pangasinan script of the Pangasinense people, and the kur-itan or
kurdita script of the Ilocano people, among many others.[123][124][125][126][127] Aside from the native suyat
calligraphies of the Philippines,[128][129][130] Spanish-derived calligraphy[131] and Arabic calligraphy of
jawi and kirim are also used by certain communities and art groups in the Philippines.[132][133] In the last
decade, calligraphy based on the suyat scripts has met popularity surges and revival.[134][135] Philippine
Braille is the script used by Filipinos with visual impairment.[136]

One of the Monreal Stones of Amami, a fragment of a prayer

Ticao written in the baybayin written in kur-itan or kurdita, the
script first to use the krus-kudlit

Laguna Copperplate Inscription Basahan (surat bikol) script

written in the kawi script, sample
precursor to baybayin (900 CE),
a National Cultural Treasure
Hanunó'o calligraphy written on Kulitan calligraphy sample
bamboo

Tagbanwa calligraphy written Buhid script sample

on a musical instrument (tube
zither)

An undecipherable script Jawi script, used in the Sulu

written on the Butuan Silver archipelago
Paleograph, a National Cultural
Treasure
The Koran of Bayang, written in Eskaya script sample
the kirim script on paper, a
National Cultural Treasure;
kirim is used in mainland
Muslim Mindanao

Pages of the Doctrina Butuan Ivory Seal, the earliest

Christiana, an early Christian known ivory craft in the
book in Spanish, Tagalog in Philippines
Latin script and in Baybayin
(1593)
 Indigenous script in the Tagbanwa calligraphy on
country's passport bamboo

Folk drawing and painting

Folk drawings have been known for thousands of years in the archipelago. The oldest folk drawing is the
rock drawings and engravings which include the petroglyphs in Angono (Rizal), which was created during
the Neolithic age of the Philippines, corresponding to 6000 BC to 2000 BC. The drawings have been
interpreted as religious in nature, with infant drawings made to relieve the sickness of children.[137]
Another known petroglyph is in Alab (Bontoc), which is dated to be not later than 1500 BC, and represents
symbols of fertility such as the pudenda. In contrast, ancient folk drawings as petrographs can be found in
specific sites in the country as well. The petrographs of Peñablanca in Cagayan compose charcoal
drawings. The petrographs of Singnapan in southern Palawan are also drawn with charcoal. The petrograhs
in Anda (Bohol) comppose drawings made with red hematite.[138] Recently discovered petrographs in
Monreal (Ticao) include drawings of monkeys, human faces, worms or snakes, plants, dragonflies, and
birds.[139]

Folk paintings, like folk drawings, are works of art that usually include depictions of folk culture.
Evidences suggest that the people of the archipelago have been painting and glazing their potteries for
thousands of years. Pigments used in paintings range from gold, yellow, reddish purple, green, white, blue-
green, to blue.[140] Statues and other creations have also been painted on by various ethnic groups, using a
variety of colors. Paintings on skin with elaborate designs is also a known folk art which continue to be
practiced in the Philippines, especially among the Yakan people.[141]

Tattooing was introduced by Austronesian ancestors thousands of years ago, where it developed into
cultural symbols in a variety of ethnic groups.[142][143][144] Although the practice has been in place for
thousands of years, its documentation was first put on paper in the 16th century, where the bravest Pintados
(people of central and eastern Visayas) were the most tattooed. Similar tattooed peoples were documented
among the Bicolanos of Camarines and Tagalogs of Marinduque. [145][146][147] Tattooed people in
Mindanao include the Manobo, where their tattoo tradition is called pang-o-túb.[148][149] The T'boli also
tattoo their skin, believing that the tattoos glow after death, guiding the soul in its journey into the
afterlife.[150] But perhaps the most popular tattooed people in the Philippines are the highland peoples of
Luzon collectively called the Igorot, where they are traditionally tattooed prior to colonization. Presently,
only the small village of Tinglayan in Kalinga province has traditional tattoo artists crafting the batok,
headed by master tattooist and Kalinga matriarch Whang-od.[151][152] In the last decade, the many
traditional tattoo arts of the Philippines has experienced a revival after centuries of decline.[153] Body folk
drawing adornment through scarification also exist among certain ethnic groups in the Philippines.[154]
A portion of the Angono Yakan couple with traditional
Petroglyphs (6000-2000 BC), a facial paintings called tanyak
National Cultural Treasure tanyak

Painting made with the Waray Painted buraq wood sculpture

people’s kut-kut technique, from Muslims of Bangsamoro
developed in Samar

Painted ivory statue of St. Pintados recorded in the Boxer

Joseph (17th century) Codex (c. 1590)
 Whang-od applying a Kalinga Tattooed Bontoc warrior
tattoo

Aeta man with body

scarification

Ornament

Ornament art includes a variety of fields, ranging from accessory-making, to ornamental metal crafts, and
many others.[1]

Glass art

Glass art is an old art form in the Philippines, with many artifacts made of glass found in some sites such as
Pinagbayanan.[155] Stained glasses have been in place in many churches in the country since Spanish
occupation. Initially, European craftfolks managed the production of stained glasses in the country, but later
on, Filipino craftfolks also entered the scene, notably since the 20th century.[156] An important set of
stained glass creations is those from the Manila Cathedral, where the pot glass technique was used. The
Marian theme is a vivid depiction throughout the glasses, with stern focus on Mary's life and saints in their
Marian reverence. Major Our Lady images in the windows include the mother of Peace and Good Voyage,
of Expectation, of Consolation, of Loreto, of the Pillar, of Remedies, of “La Naval,” of the Abandoned, of
Carmel, of the Miraculous Medal, of the Rule, of Montserrat, of Lourdes, of Peñafrancia, of Perpetual
Help, of Fatima, of Sorrows, and of Nasalambao.[157] Some glass arts in the Philippines aside from stained
glasses focus on chandeliers and sculptures, among others.[158]

Jeremiah at Aringay church San Sebastian Church window,

part of a National Cultural
Treasure

Marian depictions at the Manila Zadkiel at Samar church

Cathedral
 Mary at Mexico church Cultural Center of the
Philippines chandelier

Hat-making, mask-making, and related arts

Hat-making is a fine art in many communities throughout the country, with the gourd-based tabungaw of
Abra and Ilocos being one of the most prized.[159] Indigenous Filipino hats were widely used in the daily
lives of the people until the 20th century when they were replaced by Western-style hats. They are currently
worn during certain occasions, such as festivals, rituals, or in theatre.[47][160]

The art of mask creation is both an indigenous and imported tradition, as certain communities have mask-
making practices prior to colonization, while some mask-making traditions were introduced through trade
from parts of Asia and the West. Today, these masks are worn mostly during festivals, Moriones Festival,
and MassKara Festival.[161][162][163] A related art is puppet-making, which is notable for its products used
in theater plays and festivals such as the Higantes Festival.[164] Most indigenous masks are made of wood,
where these works of art are almost always rudimentary as they represent beings outside basic human
comprehension. Gold masks made specifically for the dead also abound in the country, specifically in the
Visayas region. However, the practice of gold mask making ceased due to Spanish colonization. Masks
made of bamboo and paper used in Lucban depict the proverbial Filipino farming family. Masks of
Marinduque are used in pantomimic dramatization, while masks of Bacolod depict egalitarian values,
showing ancient traditions of equality among the people, regardless of economic standards. In theater,
various masks are notable among epics, especially those related to the Ramayana and Mahabharata.[165]
Gourd-based Salakot (bottom) Brass helmets (top) from
Bangsamoro

Bontoc wood hat Tortoiseshell salakot with inlaid

silver

Mandaya people’s sadok Participant with headgear

during the Ati-Atihan festival
 Masked participants during the Masked festival participants
MassKara Festival

Various masks used during the

Kwaresma

Accessory-making

Accessories in the Philippines are almost always worn with their respective combination of garments, with
some being used as accessories for houses, altars, and other objects. Among the more than a hundred ethnic
groups in the Philippines, the most accessorized is possibly the Kalinga people.[166] The Gaddang people
also exhibit a very accessorized culture.[167] The most famous accessories utilized by numerous ethnic
groups in the Philippines are omege-shaped fertility objects called a lingling-o, which are used from the
northern islands of Batanes to the southern islands of Palawan.[168][169] The oldest lingling-o currently
known is dated at 500 BC and is made of nephrite jade.[169] Shells have traditionally been used as fine
mediums for accessories in the Philippines as well.[170]

The art of gold craftsmanship is prevalent among Filipino ethnic groups, where the most known goldsmiths
came from Butuan. Regalia, jewelries, ceremonial weapons, teeth ornamentation, and ritualistic and
funerary objects made of high-quality gold have been excavated in many Filipino sites, attesting the
archipelago's flourished gold culture between the tenth and thirteenth centuries. While certain gold craft
techniques have been lost due to colonization, later techniques influenced by other cultures have also been
adopted by Filipino goldsmiths.[171][172]
Accessory of the Gaddang Kankanaey arm band
people

A lingling-o of the Kalinga Pangalapang

people

Sipatal pectoral ornament Ilongot earring

Filipino gold and coral necklace Gold necklace (12th-15th
(17th-18th c.) century)

Gold jewelries (12th-15th Itneg accessory

century)

Ilongot hair ornament Kalinga armband

Bontoc belt Mother-of-pearl necklace

Ifugao pectoral accessory Ilongot pendant

 Necklaces made of gold, semi- Kalinga earring
precious stones, and glass
(12th-15th century)

Necklace made of gold and

coral (17th–19th century)

Ornamental metal crafts

Ornamental metal crafts are metal-based products that are specifically used to beautify something else,
which may or may not be made of metal. They are prized in many communities in the Philippines, where
possibly the most sought after are those made by the Maranao, specifically from Tugaya, Lanao del Sur.
Metal crafts of the Moro people have been made to decorate a variety of objects, where all are imbibed with
the traditional okir motif.[173] Numerous metal crafts are also utilized to design and give emphasis to
religious objects such as altars, Christian statues, and clothing, among many other things. Apalit, Pampanga
is one of the major centers for the craft.[174] Gold has been utilized in many ornamental crafts of the
Philippines, where majority that have survived colonialism and looting are human accessories with
elaborate ancient designs.[171]
Our Lady of Manaoag with Maranao kubing jaw harp with
metal headpiece, part of a okir motif
National Cultural Treasure

Golden garuda ornament from Nabua Church retablo

Palawan

Santa Monica Church Ilongot metal bracelet

chandelier, part of a National
Cultural Treasure
 Indigenous armor from Sulu, Wrought iron at Malolos Church
made of metal, carabao horn,
and silver

Northern Luzon metal belt

Textile or fiber art

Textile or fiber art covers many artistic expressions, including the designs of textiles dominant in Filipino
clothing[1]
 Filipino clothing exhibited at the Terno (1920s)
Philippine Textiles Gallery

Various Filipino textiles at the Mestiza dress (1930s)

National Museum

Pottery

The art of pottery, categorized into ceramic making, clay pot-making, and folk clay sculpture, has long been
a part of various cultures in the Philippines, with evidence pointing to a pottery culture dating around 3,500
years ago.[175] Important pottery artifacts from the Philippines include the Manunggul Jar (890–710
BCE)[176] and the Maitum anthropomorphic pottery (5 BC-225 AD).[177] High-fired potteries were first
made around 1,000 years ago, which led to what scholars describe as the 'ceramic age' in the
Philippines.[140] The ceramic trade also became prevalent, where potteries and shards as far as the Arab
world, possibly Egypt, and East Asia has been found in the Philippines according to the National
Commission for Culture and the Arts.[140] Specific jars were also traded directly to Japan.[178] Prior to
colonization, porcelain imported from foreign lands have already become popular among many
communities in the archipelago as seen in the many archaeological porcelains found throughout the islands.
While oral literature from Cebu have noted that porcelain were already being produced by the natives
during the time of Cebu's early rulers, prior to the arrival of colonizers in the 16th century.[179] Despite this,
the earliest known porcelain made by natives of the Philippines is officially dated at 1900s, as porcelain
found in Filipino archaeological sites were all branded by the time of their rediscovery as "imported",
which has become a major debate today. The late 19th to early 20th century led to Filipinos working as
porcelain artisans in Japan to fly back into the Philippines, re-introducing the process of making the craft.
All but one porcelain from the era survived World War II.[180] Notable folk clay art in the country include
The Triumph of Science over Death (1890),[181] and Mother's Revenge (1894),[182] Popular potteries in the
country include tapayan and palayok. The art of pottery has met media attention in recent years, as various
techniques and designs are continually being crafted by Filipino artisans.[183][184]

Philippine ceramic (100-1400 Calatagan Pot with suyat

CE) calligraphy (14th-15th century)

Burial pots, with the right having The Masuso Pots, portraying
wave designs breasts in pottery
Secondary burial jars The Intramuros Pot Shard, with
a script on it

Manunggul Jar from Palawan Burial jar top of one of the

(890–710 BC), a National Maitum anthropomorphic
Cultural Treasure pottery from Sarangani (5 BC-
370 AD)

Maitum Anthropomorphic Burial Itneg pottery house for an anito

Jar No. 13 (5 BC-370 AD), a (c. 1922)
National Cultural Treasure
The Mother's Revenge (1894), Multiple clay heads used as
a National Cultural Treasure toppings for burial jars, each
with a unique face

An ancient mini-jar and a goblet An ancient burial jar head

 Porcelain found in the Porcelain jar found in the
Philippines Philippines (11th century)

Porcelain found in Palawan Porcelain found in the

(15th century) Philippines (11th-12th century)

Other artistic expressions of traditional culture

Various traditional arts are too distinct to be categorized into specific sections. Among these art forms
include non-ornamental metal crafts, martial arts, supernatural healing arts, medicinal arts, and constellation
traditions, among many others.

Non-ornamental metal crafts

Non-ornamental metal crafts are metal products that stand on their own. These crafts are usually already
beautiful as they are, and seldom need ornamental metal crafts to further their indigenous aesthetics. Each
ethnic group has their own terms for artisans specializing in metal works, with the Moro people being one
of the foremost creators of quality metal works, which usually are decorated with the okir motif.[185] Metal
crafts are also notable among the craftsfolk of various craft epicenters of the country, such as Baguio in the
north.[186] Hispanic metal crafts are prevalent among lowlanders. These crafts usually include giant bells,
where the largest in Asia is conserved at Panay Church.[187] Deity crafts made of metals, notably gold, has
been found in the Philippines as well, with the Agusan image being a notable example.[171][188]
Brass gadur Lantaka guns

Copper betel nut box with silver Ewer from Mindanao (1800)
inlay

Inkwell Stand (19th century) Detail of a lantaka gun

Silver ciborium The largest church bell in Asia,
housed at Panay Church, a
National Cultural Treasure

Manobo jewel case Bronze jars (19th century)

 Hinged brass box (1800) Gangsa gongs of the Kalinga
people

Kulintang gongs of the Maranao

people

Blade arts

The art of sword making is an ancient tradition in the Philippines, where Filipino bladesmiths have been
creating quality swords and other bladed weapons for centuries, with a diverse array of types influenced by
the sheer diversity of ethnic groups in the archipelago. Many of the swords are specifically made for
ceremonial functions and agricultural functions, while certain types are used specifically for offensive and
defensive warfare. The most known Filipino sword is the kampilan, a well-defined sharp blade with an
aesthetically-protruding spikelet along the flat side of the tip and a pommel which depicts one of four sacred
creatures, a bakunawa (dragon), a buaya (crocodile), a kalaw (hornbill), or a kakatua (cockatoo).[189]
Other Filipino bladed weapons include the winged dagger balarao, the convex sword balasiong, the
butterfly knife balisong, the modernized sword balisword, the slash-hack sword bangkung, the top-concave
sword banyal, the leaf sword barong, the wide-tipped batangas, the machete bolo, the rice-leaf sword
dahong palay, the dagger-kalis gunong, the double-edged anti-slip gayang, the machete golok, the wavy
sword kalis, the claw knife karambit, the battle axe panabas, the white sword pinutí, the machete pirah, the
last-resort knife gunong, the devastation sword susuwat, the sawtooth sword tagan, and the wide-tipped
utak. A variety of spears (sibat), axes, darts (bagakay), and arrows (pana/busog) are also utilized by all
ethnic groups in the country.[190]
Kampilan sword from Sulu Basih weapons

Yakan ceremonial swords Lumad swords from Mindanao

and Igorot axes from Luzon

Kalis sword from Sulu Moro swords

 War, ceremonial, and fishing Lumad daggers in Mindanao
spears in the Philippines

Swords from Luzon and Some types of balisong

Visayas

Various swords from the

Visayas

Martial arts
Filipino martial arts vary from ethnic group to ethnic group due to the diversity of cultures within the
archipelago. The most famous is Arnis (also called kali and eskrima), the national sport and martial art of
the Philippines, which emphasize weapon-based fighting styles with sticks, knives, bladed weapons and
various improvised weapons as well as open hand techniques. Arnis has met various cultural changes
throughout history, where it was also known as estoque, estocada, and garrote during the Spanish
occupation. Spanish recorderd first encountered the prevalent martial art as paccalicali-t to the Ibanags,
didya/kabaroan) to the Ilocanos, sitbatan/kalirongan to Pangasinenses, sinawali ("to weave") to the
Kapampangans, calis/pananandata (use of weapons) to the Tagalogs, pagaradman to the Ilonggos, and
kaliradman to the Cebuanos.[191]

Unarmed martial techniques include Pangamot of the Bisaya, suntukan of the Tagalog, Rizal's sikaran of
the Tagalog, dumog of the Karay-a, buno of the Igorot people, and yaw-yan. Some impact martial weapons
include baston or olisi, bangkaw or tongat, dulo-dulo, and tameng. Edged martial weapons include
daga/cuchillo which utilizes gunong, punyal and barung or barong, balisong, karambit which used blades
similar to tiger claws, espada which utilizes kampilan, ginunting, pinuti and talibong, itak, kalis which uses
poison-bladed daggers known as kris, golok, sibat, sundang, lagaraw, ginunting, and pinunting. Flexible
martial weapons include latigo, buntot pagi, lubid, sarong, cadena or tanikala, tabak-toyok. Some projectile
martial weapons include pana, sibat, sumpit, bagakay, tirador or pintik/saltik, kana, lantaka, and
luthang.[192][193][194] There are also martial arts practiced traditionally in the Philippines and neighboring
Austronesian countries as related arts such as kuntaw and silat.[195][196][197]
Sagayan, a war dance Kalasag, shields used in
depicting the martial arts used Filipino warfare
in the Darangen

Arnis being taught in Australia Sambal warriors specializing in

archery and falconry, recorded
in the Boxer Codex

A martial artist wielding an arnis Suntukan sequence

or eskrima
 Kuntaw utilized in dance Statue depicting the sikaran

Jendo[198]

Culinary arts

Filipino cuisine is composed of the cuisines of more than a hundred ethnolinguistic groups found within the
Philippine archipelago. The majority of mainstream Filipino dishes that compose Filipino cuisine are from
the cuisines of the Bikol, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Maranao, Pangasinan, Cebuano
(or Bisaya), Tagalog, and Waray ethnolinguistic tribes. The style of cooking and the food associated with it
have evolved over many centuries from their Austronesian origins to a mixed cuisine of Indian, Chinese,
Spanish, and American influences, in line with the major waves of influence that had enriched the cultures
of the archipelago, as well as others adapted to indigenous ingredients and the local palate.[199] Dishes
range from the very simple, like a meal of fried salted fish and rice, to the complex paellas and cocidos
created for fiestas of Spanish origin. Popular dishes include: lechón[200] (whole roasted pig), longganisa
(Philippine sausage), tapa (cured beef), torta (omelette), adobo (chicken or pork braised in garlic, vinegar,
oil and soy sauce, or cooked until dry), kaldereta (meat in tomato sauce stew), mechado (larded beef in soy
and tomato sauce), puchero (beef in bananas and tomato sauce), afritada (chicken or pork simmered in
tomato sauce with vegetables), kare-kare (oxtail and vegetables cooked in peanut sauce), pinakbet (kabocha
squash, eggplant, beans, okra, and tomato stew flavored with shrimp paste), crispy pata (deep-fried pig's
leg), hamonado (pork sweetened in pineapple sauce), sinigang (meat or seafood in sour broth), pancit
(noodles), and lumpia (fresh or fried spring rolls).[201]
A variety of Filipino food, Tapsilog, a common Filipino
including kare-kare, pinakbet, breakfast made of egg, rice, and
dinuguan, and crispy pata beef or venison

Sisig, usually served in Bibingka, a popular Christmas

scorching metal plates rice cake with salted egg and
grated coconut toppings

Halo-halo, a common Filipino Kinilaw, a ceviche-like dish

dessert or summer snack made of either seaweed, raw
fish, tamilok, tofu, and others
Bagnet, crispy pork belly Chicken adobo on rice
usually partnered with pinakbet
and dinardaraan

Satti grilled meat served with Tapuy rice wine partnered with
ta'mu rice cakes biko rice cake

Atchara, a type of pickled Kaldereta, a stew usually

papaya used as a palate cooked using goat meat
cleanser
 Sinigang, a sour soup with meat Lechon, whole roasted pig,
and vegetables stuffed with spices

Lumpiang ubod, a type of

unfried vegetable lumpia

Other traditional arts

Shell crafts are prevalent throughout the Philippines due to the vast array of mollusk shells available within
the archipelago. The shell industry in the country prioritizes crafts made of capiz shells, which are seen in
various products ranging from windows, statues, lamps, and many others.[170] Lantern-making is also a
traditional art form in the country. The art began after the introduction of Christianity, and many lanterns
(locally called parol) appear in Filipino streets and in front of houses, welcoming the Christmas season,
which usually begins in September and ends in January in the Philippines, creating the longest Christmas
season of any country in the world. A notable festival celebrating Christmas and lanterns is the Giant
Lantern Festival, which exhibits gigantic lanterns crafted by Filipino artisans.[202] The art of pyrotechnics is
popular in the country during the New Year celebrations and the days before it during the Christmas
season. Since 2010, the Philippines has been hosting the Philippine International Pyromusical Competition,
the world's largest pyrotechnic competition, previously called the World Pyro Olympics.[203] Lacquerware
is an introduced art form in the Philippines. Although prized, only a few Filipino artisans have ventured
into the art form. Filipino researchers are recently studying the possibility of turning coconut oil in
lacquer.[204][205][206] Paper arts are prevalent in many communities in the Philippines. Some examples of
paper art include the taka papier-mâché of Laguna and the pabalat craft of Bulacan.[207] One form of leaf
folding art in the country is the puni, which utilizes palm leaves to create various forms such as birds and
insects.[207] Bamboo arts are widespread in the country, with various products being made of bamboo from
kitchen utensils, toys, furniture, to musical instruments such as the Las Piñas Bamboo Organ, the world's
oldest and only organ made of bamboo.[208] A notable bamboo art is the bulakaykay, which bamboos are
intentionally bristled to create elaborate and large arches.[207] Floristry is a fine art that continues to be
popular during certain occasions such as festivals, birthdays, and Undas.[209] The art of leaf speech,
including its language and its deciphering, is a notable art among the Dumagat people, who use a mixture
of leaves to express themselves to others and to send secret messages.[210] The art of shamanism and its
related arts such as medicinal and healing arts are found in all ethnic groups throughout the country, with
each group having their own unique concepts of shamanism and healing practices. Philippine shamans are
regarded as sacred by their respective ethnic groups. The introduction of Abrahamic religions, by way of
Islam and Christianity, downgraded many shamanitic traditions, with Spanish and American colonizers
demeaning the native faiths during the colonial era. Shamans and their practices continue in certain places
in the country, although conversions to Abrahamic faiths continue to interfere with their indigenous life-
ways.[211] The art of constellation and cosmic reading and interpretation is a fundamental tradition among
all Filipino ethnic groups, as the stars are used to interpret the world's standing for communities to conduct
proper farming, fishing, festivities, and other important activities. A notable constellation with varying
versions among Filipino ethnic groups include Balatik and Moroporo.[212] Another cosmic reading is the
utilization of earthly monuments, such as the Gueday stone calendar of Besao, which the locals use to see
the arrival of kasilapet, which signals the end of the current agricultural season and the beginning of the
next cycle.[213]
Capiz shell window Typical shell lamp in the
Philippines

A huge lantern during the Giant Traditional bamboo and paper

Lantern Festival lanterns, sometimes made with
bamboo and capiz shells as
well

Traditional leaf lantern Taka, a type of papier-mâché art

in Laguna
 Lacquered sewing box One form of sampaguita
garland-making

A traditional floral arrangement Las Piñas Bamboo Organ

for the dead (1824), a National Cultural
Treasure

Non-traditional arts
The non-traditional arts in the Philippines encompass dance, music, theater, visual arts, literature, film and
broadcast arts, architecture and allied arts, and design.[2] There are numerous Filipino specialists or experts
on the various fields of non-traditional arts, with those garnering the highest distinctions declared as
National Artist, equal to Gawad Manlilika ng Bayan (GAMABA).

Dance

The art of dance under the non-traditional category covers dance choreography, dance direction, and dance
performance. Philippine dance is influenced by the folk performing arts of the country, as well as its
Hispanic traditions. Many styles also developed due to global influences. Dances of the Igorot dances, such
as banga,[95] Moro dances, such as pangalay and singkil,[96] Lumad dances, such as kuntaw and kadal
taho and lawin-lawin, Hispanic dances, such as maglalatik and subli, have been inputted into contemporary
Filipino dances.[97][98][99][100] Ballet has also become a popular dance form in the Philippines since the
early 20th century.[214] Pinoy hip hop music has influenced specific dances in the country, where many
have adapted global standards in hip hop and break dances.[215] Many choreographers in the Philippines
focus on both traditional and Westernized dances, with certain dance companies focusing on Hispanic and
traditional forms of dance.[216][217]

Dancers during the Sinulog Dancers performing Tboli

Festival dances in an international stage

Filipinos performing Hispanic Dancers during the

dances in an international stage Pamulinawen
 Performers of Moro dances in
an international stage

Music

Musical composition, musical direction, and musical performance are the core of the art of music under the
non-traditional category. The basis of Filipino music is the vast musical tangible and intangible heritage of
the many ethnic groups in the archipelago, where some of which have been influenced by other Asian and
Western cultures, notably Hispanic and American music. Philippine folk music includes the chanting of
epic poetry, such as the Darangen and Hudhud ni Aliguyon, and singing of folk music traditions through
various means such as the Harana. Some Filipino music genre include Manila sound which brought
hopeful themes amidst the decaying status of the country during the martial law years,[218] Pinoy reggae
which focuses on dancehall music faithful to the expressions of Jamaican reggae,[219] Pinoy rock which
encompasses rock music with Filipino cultural sensibilities,[220] Pinoy pop which is one of the most
popular genre in the country,[221] Tagonggo which is music traditionally played by finely-dressed male
musicians,[222] Kapanirong which is a serenade genre,[223] Kulintang which is a genre of an entire
ensemble of musicians utilizing a diverse array of traditional musical instruments,[224] Kundiman which is a
traditional genre of Filipino love music,[225] Bisrock which is a genre of Sebwano rock music,[226] and
Pinoy hip hop which is genre of hip hop adopted from American hip hop music.[227]
 Choir music PUP Chorale

University of the Philippines Depiction of harana

Madrigal Singers

Theater

Theater has a long history in the Philippines. The basis of which is the folk performing arts under the
traditional arts. In the non-traditional category, theatrical direction, theatrical performance, theatrical
production design, theatrical light and sound design, and theatrical playwriting are the focal arts. Theater in
the Philippines is Austronesian in character, which is seen in rituals, mimetic dances, and mimetic customs
of the people. Plays with Spanish influences have affected Filipino theater and drama, notably the
komedya, the sinakulo, the playlets, the sarswela, and the Filipino drama. Puppetry, such as carrillo, is also
a notable theater art.[228] In contrast, theater with Anglo-American influence have also mixed with various
art forms such as bodabil and the plays in English. Modern and original plays by Filipinos have also
influenced Philippine theater and drama with the usage of representational and presentational styles drawn
from contemporary modern theater and revitalized traditional forms from within or outside the
country.[229][230][231]
 Promotion for the opera, Tanghalang Pambansa
Sangdugong Panaguinip (National Theater)
(1902)

FEU's Art-deco style Auditorium Manila Metropolitan Theater, a

National Cultural Treasure

Visual arts

The visual arts under the non-traditional arts include painting, non-folk sculpture, printmaking,
photography, installation art, mixed media works, illustration, graphic arts, performance art, and imaging.

Painting

Folk painting has always been part of various cultures in the Philippines.[232][233] Petroglyphs and
petrographs are the earliest known folk drawings and paintings in the country, with the oldest made during
the Neolithic age.[234] Human figures, frogs, lizards, along with other designs have been depicted. They
may have been mostly symbolic representations and are associated with healing and sympathetic
magic.[235] The influences brought by other Asian and Western cultures artistically advanced the art of
paintings. In the 16th century and throughout the colonization era, paintings of religious propaganda for the
spread of Catholicism became rampant. Majority of these paintings are essentially part of church structures,
such as ceilings and walls. At the same time, non-religious paintings were also known.[236] Notable
painting during the time include the image of Nuestra Senora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga (1692)[237] and
paintings at Camarin de da Virgen (1720).[238] In the 19th century, wealthier, educated Filipinos introduced
more secular Filipino art, causing art in the Philippines to deviate from religious motifs. The use of
watercolour paintings increased and the subject matter of paintings began to include landscapes, Filipino
inhabitants, Philippine fashion, and government officials. Portrait paintings featured the painters themselves,
Filipino jewelry, and native furniture. Landscape paintings portrayed scenes of average Filipinos partaking
in their daily tasks. These paintings often showcased ornately painted artists' names. These paintings were
done on canvas, wood, and a variety of metals.[236] Notable watercolor paintings were done in the Tipos
del País style[239] or the Letras y figuras style.[240] Notable oil paintings of the 19th century include Basi
Revolt paintings (1807), Sacred Art of the Parish Church of Santiago Apostol (1852), Spoliarium (1884),
La Bulaqueña (1895), and The Parisian Life (1892).[238] In the American occupation, a notable Filipino
painting was The Progress of Medicine in the Philippines (1953).[238] After World War II, painting were
heavily influenced by the effects of war. Common themes included battle scenes, destruction, and the
suffering of the Filipino people.[241] Nationalistic themes in painting continued amidst the war's effects.
Prime examples include International Rice Research Institute (1962) and the Manila Mural (1968)[238]
Paintings of the 20th–21st century have showcased the native cultures of the Philippines, as part of the
spread of nationalism.[242] Notable paintings during the era include Chickens (1968)[243] and Sarimanok
series (late 20th century).[244] Some works have also criticized the lingering colonial viewpoints in the
country, such as discrimination against darker-skinned people and the negative effects of colonialism.
Notable artistic pieces of this topic are Filipina: A racial identity crisis (1990's),[245][246] and The Brown
Man's Burden (2003).[247] Numerous works of art have been made specifically as protest art against state
authoritarian rule, human rights violations, and fascism.[248][249][250]
Nuestra Senora de la Soledad Mujer filipina (1895)
de Porta Vaga, a National
Cultural Treasure

Tampuhan (1895) Nuestra Señora del Santisimo

Rosario (1820–30s)

The visit of Gov.-General Manila canal (19th cent.)

Narciso Claveria y Zaldua at
Nueva Caceres (1845)
La Bulaqueña (1895), a La vendedora de lanzones
National Cultural Treasure (1877)

Basi Revolt (1807), a National One of the Sacred Art of the

Cultural Treasure Parish Church of Santiago
Apostol paintings (1852), a
National Cultural Treasure
The Assassination of Governor The Parisian Life (Interior d'un
Bustamante and His Son Cafi) (1892), a National Cultural
(1904), a National Cultural Treasure
Treasure

Women working in a rice field One of the Camarín de la

(1902) Virgen paintings (1720–1725),
a National Cultural Treasure
Painting utilizing the Letras y The Progress of Medicine in the
figuras technique (1847) Philippines (1953), a National
Cultural Treasure

Un recuerdo de la Villa Abstract painting at the National

Borghese (1909) Museum (1964)

Filipina (1869-1937) The Death of Cleopatra (1881)

El Kundiman (1932) Las Damas Romanas (1882)

Entrance of the Camarin de la Dolores Paterno (1870)

Virgen (1720–1725), a National
Cultural Treasure

Balilihan Church ceiling Our Lady of the Rosary retablo

Sculpture
Non-folk sculpture in the Philippines is a major art form, with many artists and students focusing on the
subject.[251] Notable non-folk sculptures include Oblation, which reflects selfless dedication and service to
the nation, Rizal Monument, depicting Filipino martyr and scholar Jose Rizal,[252] Tandang Sora National
Shrine, depicting the revolutionary mother of the Katipunan Melchora Aquino,[253] Mactan Shrine, which
depicts the classical-era hero Lapulapu who vanquished the colonizers during his lifetime,[254] People
Power Monument, which celebrates the power and activism of the people over its government,[255]
Filipina Comfort Women, which immortalizes the suffering of and judicial need for Filipina comfort
women during World War II,[256] and the Bonifacio Monument, depicting the revolutionary hero Andres
Bonifacio.[257][258]

Mary and Child Rizal Monument (1913), a

National Cultural Treasure

Bonifacio Monument (1933), a Commonwealth statue

National Cultural Treasure
 Tomb and statue of Gregorio del Sculpture from the National
Pilar Museum

Other visual arts

Printmaking began in the Philippines after the religious orders at the time, namely Dominicans, Franciscans
and Jesuits, started printing prayer books and inexpensive prints of religious images, such as the Virgin
Mary, Jesus Christ, or the saints, known as estampas or estampitas, which were used to spread Roman
Catholicism and to further colonize the islands. Maps were also printed through the art form, which
includes the 1734 Velarde map. Printmaking has since diversified in the country, which has included
woodblock printing and other forms.[259] Photography started in the country in the 1840s, upon the
introduction of the photographic equipment. Photos were used during the colonial era as mediums for
news, tourism, instruments for anthropology and documentation, and as a means for the Spanish and
Americans to assert their perceived social status onto the natives to support colonial propaganda.[260] This
later changed upon Philippine independence, where photography became widely used by the people for
personal documentation and commercial usage.[261] Other forms of visual arts in the Philippines are
installation art, mixed media works, illustration, graphic arts, performance art, and imaging.
Religious print used for An original copy of the printed
colonialism in the Philippines, Velarde map, 1734
1896

Photo of Tboli people in regalia Leonor Rivera crayon sketch

during the Tnalak festival, 2009 (19th century)
 Malolos Congress photo (1898) Pre-1863 lithograph photo of
Malolos Cathedral

Third frame of the Filipino

comic, The Monkey and The
Turtle (1886)

Literature

Poetry, fiction, essay, and literary/art criticism are the focal arts of literature under the non-traditional arts,
which are usually based on or influenced by the traditional art of folk (oral) literature of the natives, which
focuses greatly on works of art from epics, ethnic mythologies, and related stories and traditions. In some
cultures, calligraphy on various mediums were utilized to create literary works. An example is the ambahan
of the Hanunoo Mangyan.[262] Literature under the colonial regime focused greatly on Spanish-language
works under Spanish occupation, then adjusting to the English-language under American occupation. From
1593 to 1800, majority of literary arts made in the Philippines were Spanish-language religious works, with
a noble book being Doctrina Christiana (1593)[263] and a Tagalog rendition of the Pasyon (1704).[264]
There are also works in the colonial eras that are written in native languages, mostly religious and
government scripts for the propagation of colonialism.[260] Nevertheless, Filipino literary works without
colonial propaganda were made by local authors as well. At the same time, certain folk (oral) literature
were inputted into manuscripts by Filipino writers such as the 17th century manuscript of the ancient
Ilocano epic Biag ni Lam-ang.[265] In 1869, the epic Florante at Laura was published, inputting fiction
writing with Asian and European themes.[266][267] In 1878[268] or 1894,[269] the first modern play in any
Philippine language, Ang Babai nga Huaran, was written in Hiligaynon. By the 19th century, the
formative years of Spanish literature in the country moved forward into what became the nationalist stage
of 1883–1903. During this era, the first novel written by a Filipino, Nínay, was published. Works of literary
art critical of colonial rulers became known as well, such as the 1887 Noli Me Tángere and the 1891 El
filibusterismo.[270] The first novel in Sebwano, Maming, was published in 1900.[271] The so-called golden
age of Spanish-language literature in the Philippines began in 1903 to 1966, despite American occupation.
During this era, works in native languages and in English started to boom as well. The go-to book of the
working class, Banaag at Sikat, was published in 1906, where the literary work dives into the concepts of
socialism, capitalism, and the united laborers.[272] The first Filipino book written in English, The Child of
Sorrow, was published in 1921. The early writing in English are characterized by melodrama, unreal
language, and unsubtle emphasis on local color.[273] The literary content later imbibed themes that express
the search for Filipino identity, reconciling the centuries-old Spanish and American influence to the
Philippines' archipelagic Asian heritage.[274] From 1966 to 1967, fragments of Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag
were published, and later in 1986, the fragments were inputted into a novel.[275] During the martial law era,
prominent literary works tackling the evident human rights violations of those in power were published,
such as Dekada '70 (1983)[276] and Luha ng Buwaya (1983).[277][278] Filipino literature in the 21st
century dives into historical narratives in modernity, global outlooks, and concepts of equality and
nationalism. Major works include Smaller and Smaller Circles (2002),[279] Ladlad (2007),[280] Ilustrado
(2008),[281] and Insurrecto (2018).[282]

Doctrina Christiana, 1593 Florante at Laura, originally

published in 1869

Nínay, 1885 Noli Me Tángere, 1887

 El filibusterismo, 1891

Film and broadcast arts

Film and broadcast arts focuses on the arts of direction, writing, production design, cinematography,
editing, animation, performance, and new media.

The origin of the cinematic arts in the Philippines officially began in 1897, upon the introduction of moving
pictures into Manila. Filipinos aided foreign filmmakers in the Philippines for a time, until in 1919, when
filmmaker José Nepomuceno made the first Filipino film, Dalagang Bukid (Country Maiden).[283] By the
1930s, the formative years of Filipino cinema began as interest in film genre as art began among the
common folk. Theatre became an important influence to the boom of cinema in the Philippines. The 1940s
created films that would point towards the reality of the people, due to the occupation years during World
War II. More artistic and mature films sprang a decade later under the banner of quality films, as perceived
at the time.[284][285] The 1960s showed an era of commercialism, fan movies, soft porn films, action flicks,
and western spin-offs, until the golden age of cinema met the turbulent years from the 1970s to 1980s due
to the dictatorship. The films under the period were overseen by the government, with various filmmakers
being arrested. A notable film made during the period is Himala, which tackles the concept of religious
fanaticism. The period after martial rule dealt with more serious topics, with independent films being made
by many filmmakers. The 1990s saw the emergence of films related to Western films, along with the
continued popularity of films focusing on the realities of poverty. Among the direst films at the time include
Manila in the Claws of Light, The Flor Contemplacion Story, Oro, Plata, Mata, and Sa Pusod ng
Dagat.[285] Cinema in 21st century Philippines has met a revival of popular watchings, with films being
produced by various fronts. Films regarding human equality, concepts of poverty, self-love, and historical
narratives have met popular success.[286] Key films during the era include The Blossoming of Maximo
Oliveros,[287] Caregiver,[288] Kinatay,[289] Thy Womb,[290] That Thing Called Tadhana,[291] The Woman
Who Left,[292] and the film version of the book Smaller and Smaller Circles.[293]
 A cinema inside a Filipino mall A postcard for the film,
Zamboanga (1936)

Various decaying old Filipino Eden, a former cinema

films. Restoration of some films conserved as part of the
have been undertaken by the Malolos Historic Town Center
ABS-CBN Film Restoration
Project

Architecture and allied arts

Architecture under the category of non-traditional arts focus on non-folk architecture and its allied arts such
as interior design, landscape architecture, and urban design.

Non-folk architecture

The basis of Filipino non-folk architecture is the folk architecture of various ethnic groups within the
Philippines. The diversity in vernacular architecture range from the bahay kubo, bahay na bato, torogan,
idjang, payyo, and ethnic shrines and mosques.[294] Upon the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century,
various Western architectures were introduced such as Baroque, which was used to establish the Manila
Cathedral and Boljoon Church. However, due to the geologic nature of the islands, the Baroque
architecture was later turned into a unique style now known as Earthquake Baroque, which was used into
the building of Binondo Church, Daraga Church, and the World Heritage Sites of Paoay Church, Miagao
Church, San Agustin Church, and Santa Maria Church.[88][295][296] Throughout the colonial eras, from
Spanish to American rule, various architecture styles were introduced. A notable Gothic Revival building is
the San Sebastian Church, the only all-steel church in Asia. Beaux-Arts became popular among the
wealthy classes. A notable example is the Lopez Heritage House.[294] Art Deco continues to be a popular
architecture in certain Filipino communities, with the city of Sariaya considered as the country's Art Deco
capital.[297] Italian and Italian-Spanish architecture can be seen on certain buildings such as Fort Santiago
and The Ruins. Stick-style is notable among some wood buildings such as the Silliman Hall. Neoclassical
is perhaps the most vividly depicted in the Philippines, as many government buildings follow the
architecture. Examples include the Baguio Cathedral, Manila Central Post Office, and the National
Museum of Fine Arts. Even after independence, architecture continued to evolve, with the usage of
Brutalist architecture during the martial law era. After the restoration of democracy, a revival of indigenous
architecture into neo-vernacular architecture occurred in the late 20th century and the 21st century. These
buildings and structures have become iconic bases for Filipino nationalism and ethnic representation.
Modern-style architecture is presently a popular style in the Philippines, with some examples include the
Saint Andrew the Apostle Church and the Manila Hotel.[294] In the present era, demolitions of culturally
important buildings and structures have happened, despite the enactment of laws disallowing such acts.
Many cultural workers and architects have made advances to stop the demolitions of certain buildings and
structures.[298]
Baroque Manila Cathedral (c. Earthquake baroque Paoay
1571, rebuilt 1954) Church (c. 1694), World
Heritage Site and a National
Cultural Treasure

Gothic revival San Sebastian Baroque Boljoon Church (c.

Church (c. 1891), a National 1783), a National Cultural
Cultural Treasure Treasure

Stick-style Silliman Hall (c. Beaux-Arts Lopez Heritage

1909) House (c. 1928)
Neo-vernacular Baguio Fort Santiago (c. 1593), a
Museum (c. 1975) National Cultural Treasure

Art Deco Natalio Enriquez Earthquake baroque Belfry of

Ancestral House (c. 1931) Santa Maria Church (c. 1810),
World Heritage Site and a
National Cultural Treasure

Neo-vernacular Cotabato City Italian-style The Ruins

Hall (20th century) (mansion) (c. 1990s)
Neoclassical, Beaux-Arts Jones Baroque Tayum Church (1803),
Bridge (c. 1919, rebuilt 1946) a National Cultural Treasure

Renaissance revival University Malagonlong Bridge (1841), a

of Santo Tomas Main Building National Cultural Treasure
(1927), a National Cultural
Treasure

Baroque Dupax Church (1776), Baroque Tumauini Church

a National Cultural Treasure (1805), a National Cultural
Treasure
Baroque San Joaquin Campo Panglao Watchtower, a National
Santo (1892), a National Cultural Treasure
Cultural Treasure

Fortress-style Capul Church Barn-style Jasaan Church

(1781), a National Cultural (1887), a National Cultural
Treasure Treasure

Moorish-style Sulu Provincial Spanish-American Lizares

Capitol building Mansion (1937)
Truss-style San Juanico Bridge Neoclassical-Art Deco Molo
(1973) Mansion (1920s)

Neoclassical Manila Central Gabaldon-style Negros

Post Office (1928) Occidental High School (1927)

Loon Church (1864) Palo Cathedral (1596)

Above-ground walls of the Manila City Hall Clock-tower
Nagcarlan Underground
Cemetery

International and Art deco style Buddhist Seng Guan Temple

FEU campus (20th century)

Neo-gothic feminist Molo Barracks at Corregidor

Church
Bastion-style Baluarte de San Baroque Tuguegarao Cathedral
Diego (1587) (1768)

Churrigueresque Baroque Baroque-neoclassical Lazi

Daraga Church (1773) Church (1857)
 Dapitan Church (1871) Mexican Baroque Quiapo
Church bell tower (1984)

Barasoain Church

Architecturally allied arts

The allied arts of architecture include interior design, landscape architecture, and urban design. Interior
design in the Philippines has been influenced by indigenous Filipino interiors and cultures, Hispanic styles,
American styles, Japanese styles, modern design, avant-garde, tropical design, neo-vernacular, international
style, and sustainable design. As interior spaces are expressions of culture, values, and aspirations, they
have been heavily researched on by Filipino scholars.[299] Common interior design styles in the country for
decades have been Tropical, Filipino, Japanese, Mediterranean, Chinese, Moorish, Victorian, and Baroque,
while Avant Garde Industrial, Tech and Trendy, Metallic Glam, Rustic Luxe, Eclectic Elegance, Organic
Opulence, Design Deconstructed, and Funk Art have recently become popular.[300] Landscape architecture
in the Philippines initially followed the client's opulence, however, in recent years, the emphasis has been
on the ecosystem and sustainability.[301] Urban planning is a key economic and cultural issue in the
Philippines, notably due to the high population of the country, marked with problems on infrastructures
such as transportation. Many urban planners have initiated proposals for the uplifting of urban areas,
especially in congested and flood-prone Metro Manila.[302][303]
Interior of Betis Church, a Interior of San Sebastian
National Cultural Treasure Church, a National Cultural
Treasure

Interior of San Agustin Church, Urban design for Intramuros,

a National Cultural Treasure 1734

Balay Negrense interior Puerto Princesa International

Airport interior
Pelaez Ancestral House interior Calamba Rizal Shrine interior

Marcela Agoncillo House Dapitan Church interior

interior

Wright Park in front of the Dapitan's Mindanao relief map

Baguio Mansion (c. 1892), a National Cultural
Treasure
Casa Manila courtyard Paco Park, a National Cultural
Treasure

Center of Burnham Park Plaza Moriones, Intramuros

(Baguio)

Ayala Triangle Gardens

Design
The art of design is present in all forms of art, whether traditional or non-traditional, however, the design
arts under the non-traditional arts usually emphasize industrial design and fashion design.

Industrial design

Industrial design, or the art where design precedes manufacture for products intended for mass
production,[304][305] has been a key factor in improving the Philippine economy. Many artistic creations in
the country are made through research and development, which interplay with aesthetics that allures
customers. Packaging of food and other products, as well as the main aesthetics of certain products such as
gadgets, are prime examples of industrial design, along with the aesthetics of mass-produced vehicles,
kitchen equipment and utensils, furniture, and many others.[306][307] A major annual event in the
Philippines which focuses on industrial design, among others, is Design Week held in the third week of
March and October since 2011.[308]

Various jewelries Earth-tone bags

Angel ornament made of capiz Candle holder inspired by the

shell, silver, and metal Philippine cherry blossom,
balayong[309]
 Rattan rocking chair

Fashion design

The fashion arts are one of the oldest artistic crafts in the country, with each ethnic group having their own
sense of fashion. Indigenous fashion inputs various materials created through the traditional arts, such as
weaving and ornamental arts. Unlike industrial design, which is intended for objects and structures, fashion
design is intended as a whole bodily package. Filipino fashion is founded on both the indigenous fashion
aesthetics of the people, as well as aesthetics introduced by other Asian people and Western people,
through trade and colonization. During the last years of the Hispanic era, Ilustrado fashion became
prevalent, with majority of the population dressing in Hispanized outfits. This later slowly changed after the
importation of American culture.[310] In modern Filipino fashion, budget-friendly choices prevail, although
expensive fashion statements are also available, notably for those in a so-called high society.[311] Iconic
outfits utilizing indigenous Filipino textiles, without culturally appropriating them, have recently become
popular in the country.[312]
Tagalog royal fashion (1590) Visayan royal fashion (1590)

Fashion in the Cagayn Valley Visayan Binukot fashion (1590)

(1590)

Pangasinense or Ilocano Contemporary fashion

fashion (1590)
 Contemporary fashion Contemporary fashion

Contemporary fashion

Conservation of the Filipino arts

Museums are important vessels for the protection and conservation
of Philippine arts. A number of museums in the Philippines
possess works of art that have been declared as National Treasures,
notably the National Museum of the Philippines in Manila. Other
notable museums include Ayala Museum, Negros Museum,
Museo Sugbo, Lopez Museum, and Metropolitan Museum of
Manila. University museums also hold a vast array of art.[313]
Libraries and archives are also important, among the most known
are the National Library of the Philippines and the National
Archives of the Philippines.[314] Various organizations, groups, Neoclassical National Museum of
and universities have also conserved the arts, especially the Fine Arts (c. 1926)
performing and craft arts.[314]

Many conservation measures have been undertaken by both private and public institutions and
organizations in the country, in addressing the heritage management in the Philippines. The enactment of
laws such as the National Cultural Heritage Act have aided in Filipino art conservation. The act also
established the country's repository of all culturally-related heritage, the Philippine Registry of Cultural
Property.[315] The National Commission for Culture and the Arts
is currently the official cultural arm of the Philippine
government.[316] There have been proposals to establish a
Philippine Department of Culture.[317][318]

See also
Architecture of the Philippines
Baroque Churches of the Philippines Senate Hall of the National Museum
Cinema of the Philippines of the Philippines, where most
presentations are held.
Culture of the Philippines
Earthquake Baroque
Filipino cartoon and animation
Filipino martial arts
List of Filipino painters
Literature of the Philippines
Music of the Philippines
National Artist of the Philippines
National Living Treasures Award (Philippines)
Philippine comics
Pitoy Moreno

References
1. "National Living Treasures Guidelines – National Commission for Culture and the Arts" (htt
p://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/gamaba/national-living-treasures-guide
lines/). Ncca.gov.ph. May 5, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
2. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180729022135/http://ncca.gov.ph/wp-conten
t/uploads/2018/05/ONA-Guidelines-1.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (http://ncca.gov.
ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ONA-Guidelines-1.pdf) (PDF) on July 29, 2018. Retrieved
June 9, 2018.
3. Pag-iwayan, J. (2020). Albularyo, babaylan, and manghihilot are now considered national
living treasures. Manila Bulletin.
4. Pag-iwayan, J. (2020). Albularyo, babaylan, and manghihilot are now considered national
living treasures. Manila Bulletin.
5. William Henry Scott (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society (htt
ps://archive.org/details/BarangaySixteenthCenturyPhilippineCultureAndSociety). Quezon
City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 9715501354.
6. A. L. Kroeber (1918). "The History of Philippine Civilization as Reflected in Religious
Nomenclature" (http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/286/A019a02.pdf;jsessi
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External links
National Commission for Culture and the Arts (https://ncca.gov.ph)
Paintings (https://web.archive.org/web/20130111090526/http://filipinopaintings.com/)
Dances (http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Tagalog_Default_files/Philippine_Culture/philip
pine_dances.htm)
Pottery (https://web.archive.org/web/20121120155800/http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/library/weblio
graphy/subject/philippine_pottery.asp)

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