• Trigonometria

π π π π
α 0 6 4 3
√ 2
1 √1 3
sin α 0 2 2 2 1
√
3 √1 1
cos α 1 2 2 0
1
2 √
tan α 0 √
3
1 3 –

Archi associati
Formule di addizione e sottrazione
sin(−α) = − sin α, cos(−α) = cos α
sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
sin(π/2 − α) = cos α, cos(π/2 − α) = sin α
sin(α − β) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
sin(π/2 + α) = cos α, cos(π/2 + α) = − sin α
cos(α + β) = cos α cos β − sin β sin α
sin(π − α) = sin α, cos(π − α) = − cos α
cos(α − β) = cos α cos β + sin β sin α
sin(π + α) = − sin α, cos(π + α) = − cos α

Formule di duplicazione
sin(2α) = 2 sin α cos α Formule di prostaferesi
cos(2α) = cos2 α − sin2 α = 1 − 2 sin2 α = 2 cos2 α − 1 
α+β
 
α−β

sin α + sin β = 2 sin cos
2 2
   
Formule di bisezione α−β α+β
sin α − sin β = 2 sin cos
 α  1 − cos α α 1 + cos α 2 2
sin2 = , cos2 =    
2 2 2 2 α+β α−β
cos α + cos β = 2 cos cos
2 2
   
Formule parametriche α+β α−β
cos α − cos β = −2 sin sin
2 2
2 tan(α/2) 1 − tan2 (α/2)
sin α = , cos α =
1 + tan2 (α/2) 1 + tan2 (α/2)

• Limiti notevoli

loga n nα an n!
lim = 0 (a > 0, a 6
= 1, α > 0), lim = 0 (a > 1, α > 0), lim = 0 (a > 1, α > 0), lim n = 0
n nα √
n an n n! n n
 n n
1 n! 1
lim 1 + = e, lim =
n n n n e
loga x xα
lim α
= 0 (a > 0, a 6= 1, α > 0), lim = 0 (a > 1, α > 0)
x→+∞ x x→+∞ ax
sin x tan x arcsin x arctan x 1 − cos x 1
lim = 1, lim = 1, lim = 1, lim = 1, lim = ,
x→0 x x→0 x x→0 x x→0 x x→0 x2 2
ax − 1 loga (1 + x) 1
lim = log a (a > 0, a 6= 1), lim = (a > 0, a 6= 1)
x→0 x x→0 x log a
x
(1 + x)α − 1
 
1
lim = α (α ∈ IR), lim 1+ =e
x→0 x x→±∞ x
1
• Derivate delle funzioni elementari (a > 0, a 6= 1, α ∈ IR)
1
D(k) = 0, k ∈ IR; D(xα ) = αxα−1 ; D(ax ) = ax log a; D(loga |x|) = ; D(sin x) = cos x; D(cos x) = − sin x
x log a
1 1 1 1
D(tan x) = 1 + tan2 x = ; D(arcsin x) = √ ; D(arccos x) = − √ ; D(arctan x) =
cos2 x 1 − x2 1 − x2 1 + x2
• Formule di Taylor

x2 x3 xn
ex = 1 + x + + + ... + + o(xn )
2 3! n!
x3 x5 x2n+1
sin x = x − + + ... + (−1)n + o(x2n+2 )
3! 5! (2n + 1)!
x2 x4 x2n
cos x = 1 − + + ... + (−1)n + o(x2n+1 )
2 4! (2n)!
x3 2 17 7
tan x = x + + x5 + x + o(x8 )
3 15 315
x2 x3 xn
log(1 + x) = x − + + ... + (−1)n+1 + o(xn )
2 3  n
α(α − 1) 2 α n
(1 + x)α = 1 + αx + x + ... + x + o(xn ), α ∈ IR,
2 n
 
α α(α − 1) · · · (α − n + 1)
dove =
n n!
√ x x2 x3 (2n − 3)!! n
1+x=1+ − + + ... + (−1)n+1 x + o(xn )
2 8 16 (2n)!!
1
= 1 − x + x2 − x3 + ... + (−1)n xn + o(xn )
1+x
1 x 3 (2n − 1)!! n
√ = 1 − + x2 + ... + (−1)n x + o(xn )
1+x 2 8 (2n)!!
x3 x5 x2n+1
arctan x = x − + + ... + (−1)n + o(x2n+2 )
3 5 2n + 1
x3 3 (2n − 1)!! x2n+1
arcsin x = x + + x5 + ... + + o(x2n+2 )
6 40 (2n)!! 2n + 1

• Integrali immediati (c ∈ IR)

xα+1
Z Z
1
xα dx = + c (α 6= −1), dx = log |x| + c
α+1 x
ax
Z Z
ax dx = + c (a > 0, a 6= 1), sin x dx = − cos x + c
log a
Z Z
1
cos x dx = sin x + c, √ dx = arcsin x + c
1 − x2
Z
1
dx = arctan x + c,
1 + x2
Z Z
1 p 1 p
√ 2
dx = log(x + x + 1) + c = settsinh x + c, √ dx = log(x + x2 − 1) + c = settcosh x + c,
x2 + 1 x2 − 1