Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Intermediate Plus
Cosmopolitan Lingua Nyelviskola
1
1A Névmások (pronouns)
Ismétlés: névmások (pronouns)
1 I am your best friend. Én vagyok a legjobb barátod. nem i am
We live in Manchester. Manchesterben élünk.
további példa SB p. 132/Revise 1
A személyes névmások alanyesetét (subject pronouns: I, you stb.) csak alanyként használhatjuk, de sokszor nem
fordítjuk magyarra, mert a magyar személyrag már tartalmazza az értelmét, pl. we live ‘(mi) élünk’.
2 We don’t see him very often. Nem látjuk (őt) túl gyakran.
Come with me. Gyere velem!
I really like you. Igazán kedvellek.
további példa SB p. 132/Revise 3
A személyes névmások függő esetét (object pronouns: me, you, him stb.) használhatjuk tárgyként, pl. him ’őt
(férfit)’, amelyet nem mindig fordítunk külön. Ezt használjuk elöljárószavak után is, pl. with me ’(én)velem’. Ha az
alany I, a tárgy pedig you, akkor a névmásokat sokszor nem fordítjuk magyarra, mert a magyar személyrag már
tartalmazza az értelmüket, pl. I love you ’(én) szeretlek (téged)’.
4 Our car is really fast, but theirs is much faster. Az autónk elég gyors, de az övék sokkal gyorsabb.
My dogs are really calm, but yours are quite wild. Az én kutyáim elég nyugodtak, de a tieid meglehetősen
vadak.
további példa SB p. 132/Revise 4
A főnévi birtokos névmások (possessive pronouns: mine, yours stb.) főnévként használatosak, és jelentésük
megegyezik a magyar birtokos névmásokkal (az enyém, a tiéd stb.), egyes és többes számban egyaránt, pl. theirs ’az
övék’ / ’az övéik’. Ezek után a névmások után nem állhat másik főnév!
6 A Where’s Sylvia? I think these are __________ 7 A Is this car __________, sir?
glasses. B Of course not! __________ car’s a Ferrari.
B No, they’re not Sylvia’s. Ask Ben, they might 8 A What about Mark and Sue? Have you
be __________. invited __________ to the party?
B She’s coming, but I haven’t asked __________.
1B Melléknevek (adjectives)
Ismétlés: melléknevek (adjectives)
1 It’s a lovely idea! Ez egy kedves ötlet! nem idea lovely
They’re wild wolves. Ezek vad farkasok. nem wilds wolves
további példák SB p. 132/Revise 1–2
A melléknevek a főnevek előtt és mindig egyes számban állnak.
4 My phone is more expensive than yours (is). A telefonom drágább, mint a tiéd. nem expensiver
Your car is cheaper than mine (is). Az autód olcsóbb, mint az enyém. nem more cheap
további példák SB p. 132/Revise 3 & 5
Középfokú összehasonlításnál a than ’mint’ kötőszót használjuk. Ügyeljünk a középfok (és a felsőfok) helyes
képzésére!
Az as és than után a személyes névmás függő esetét kell használni, pl. She’s the same old as me. ’Ugyannyi idős, mint
én.’ She’s taller than him. ’A lány magasabb a fiúnál.’, vagy teljes mondatot kell írni, pl. She’s the same old as I am.
4
Középfok mértékhatározóval
7 It’s a bit cheaper. Egy kicsit olcsóbb.
They’re a bit more expensive. Egy kicsit drágábbak.
további példák SB p. 133/a bit and much etc. 1
8 It’s much cheaper. Sokkal olcsóbb. nem much more cheaper
They’re much more expensive. Sokkal drágábbak. nem much expensive
további példák SB p. 133/a bit and much etc. 2
A középfokot a bit ’egy kicsit’ vagy much ’sokkal’ mértékhatározóval egészíthetjük ki. Utóbbi esetben ügyeljünk a
középfok helyes képzésére!
File Test 1
16 They sell a ___ range of colours than many other
Grammar paint companies.
A much wider B more wide C much wide
1 Circle A, B, or C to complete the sentences. 17 My friends and I email ___ every week.
1 I bought flowers for my girlfriend. I bought ___. A us B each other C to we
A them for she B they for she C them for her 18 Work is ___ less stressful than it was last month.
2 He’s ___ person in the office. A many B very C much
A the most stressed B the stressedest 19 She’ll ___ as soon as her train arrives.
C most stressed A phone him B phone his C phone he
3 My father sent me an email yesterday. He ___. 20 Last summer was ___ since records began.
A sent to me it B sent it to me C it me sent A the wetter B most wet C the wettest
4 I often lose my phone, so I never buy ___.
A expensive one B a expensive one 2 Complete the second sentence so that it means the
C an expensive one same as the first. Use two words.
5 Give him the money. Give ___. 1 Today is wet but yesterday was extremely wet.
A it to him B he it C it to he It was ________________ yesterday.
6 What are ___ children’s names? 2 Driving a car is much safer than riding a bicycle.
A theirs B their C they Riding a bicycle is much _______________ than driving
7 The film wasn’t ___ the book, so I was disappointed. a car.
A exciting than B as exciting as 3 There isn’t an easier question in the exercise.
C most exciting than This is ________________ question in the exercise.
8 It’s a bit ___ today than it was yesterday. 4 Are you clever like your brother?
A cloudier B more cloud C cloudyer Are you as ________________ your brother?
9 My parents usually visit ___ once a month. 5 There isn’t a more popular colour in the world than
A us B we C our blue.
10 This is the ___ film I’ve ever seen. Blue is ________________ popular colour in the world.
A baddest B worse C worst 6 The book was more exciting than the film.
11 There’s a good café in the high street. Can you The film was ________________ than the book.
remember ___ name? 7 This house is large. The other two we saw were
A it’s B its C his smaller.
12 My new bike is ___ of all the ones I’ve ever had. This is ________________ of the three houses we saw.
A much faster B the faster C the fastest 8 Houses were much more affordable last year.
13 My wife has a red car, but ___ is black. Houses are ________________ affordable this year.
A my B mine C hers 9 Green tea is better for you than black tea.
14 This hotel’s ___ than the one in the next street. Black tea isn’t ________________ for you as green tea.
A less expensive B least expensive 10 My brother’s children aren’t very helpful. My
C as expensive children are very helpful.
15 Could you ___ £20 until tomorrow? I’ll pay it back. My children are ________________ than my brother’s.
A lend to me B lend me C lend mine
6
3 Underline the correct words. 6 O________, people with healthy lifestyles seem to live
1 A What are her children’s names? longer.
B I have no idea. She didn’t tell my / me. 7 Excuse me. Would you mind completing this
2 His / He’s new password is more secure than the s________?
last one. 8 She didn’t believe it until she saw the e________.
3 She wanted to buy my car, so I sold it to she / her.
4 That’s a good phone. Can you show it to me / it for 5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
me? word in (brackets).
5 His name is Miguel and her / hers is Anna. 1 Alicia can be very ________ (sense). She gets easily
6 She sent we / us an email this morning, and we offended.
replied immediately. 2 My brother only thinks about himself. He’s
7 He wanted some theatre tickets, so we bought incredibly ________ (self).
them for him / them him. 3 Have you seen Kate’s new car? It’s really ________
8 I asked for some names of restaurants and them (space) inside.
/ they gave me a long list. 4 Don’t be so ________ (child). I think you should
9 Look at this picture. My son drew me for it / it for apologize.
me. 5 Some teenagers can be quite ________ (rebel).
10 Are those yours / your books there? They aren’t 6 I don’t have a ________ (health) diet. I only eat fruit
mine. once a week.
7 Young children can be very ________ (possess) about
Vocabulary their toys.
8 Tom made too many ________ (care) mistakes in his
4 Complete the sentences with the correct word. homework.
1 Do you think men called Art are more l________ to 9 What would be a ________ (suit) present for
become artists? someone’s 90th birthday?
2 I don’t like r________ asking me questions in the 10 Which is the most ________ (desire) part of your city
street. to live in?
3 What’s the a________ age of people where you work? 11 We paid a lot, but it was worth it. The hotel was
4 On a sc________ from one to ten, what do you think ________ (luxury)!
of the name Mildred? 12 Steve’s the new director and has become very
5 I was asked to r________ the list of names in order of ________ (power).
popularity.
A gyakoriságot jelentő szavak (pl. never, often stb.) közvetlenül az ige előtt állnak, kivéve, ha ez az ige a be
valamelyik alakja (present simple-ben: am, are vagy is). Ilyenkor ugyanis a be létigét értelmileg kiegészítő szó előtt
áll. A gyakoriságot jelentő kifejezések (pl. every day, once a month stb.) a mondat végén állnak.
A present simple igeidőt használjuk az általánosságokra, pl. She lives in Frankfurt. ’Frankfurtban él.’, valamint a
szokásos cselekvésekre, pl. She usually has a coffee in the morning. ’Reggel (általában) szokott inni egy kávét.’
Present continuous
3 We’re working at home this week. Ezen a héten otthonról dolgozunk. nem We working
You aren’t / You’re not listening to me. Nem is figyelsz rám. nem You not listening
Are you reading my emails? Az én e-mailjeimet olvasod? nem Do you reading
további példák SB p. 133/more rules 7–9
A present continuous igeidő a létige am, are vagy is alakjaival mint segédigével és a jelentést hordozó ige -ing
végződésű alakjával képződik. Ügyeljünk az -ing végződésű alakok helyesírására, pl. taking nem takeing, és ne
hagyjuk ki a be létigét!
A present continuous igeidőt használjuk az ideiglenes állapotokra, pl. This month she’s living in Barcelona. ’Ebben a
hónapban Barcelonában lakik.’, az éppen zajló cselekvésekre, pl. She’s having a coffee. ’Éppen kávézik.’, valamint a
szervezett programokra, pl. She’s meeting a friend at 8 o’clock. ’8-kor egy barátjával fog találkozni.’
¤
1 Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.
1 Spain / We / summer / to / go / every 4 not / raining / excursion / on / is / we / It / so
___________________________________________________________ / are / the / going
__________________________. ___________________________________________________________
2 of / often / spend / there / lot / a / money __________________________.
/ Tourists 5 bus / waiting / airport / for / you / to / the / the
___________________________________________________________ / Are
__________________________. ___________________________________________________________
3 or / Do / would / prefer / you / a / room / one __________________________?
/ different / like / you / your 6 7.00 / the / plane / at / in / The / evening / arrives
___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
__________________________? __________________________.
5 Now I really want to know the answer. Most már tényleg akarom tudni a választ. nem Now I’m
really wanting.
további példák SB p. 134/action and non-action verbs 2
Egyes igék nem-cselekvést, hanem érzéseket és állapotokat fejeznek ki. Ezeket rendesen akkor sem használjuk
continuous aspektusban, ha egyébként éppen most aktuálisak.
Ilyen igék például: agree, be, believe, belong, depend, forget, hate, hear, know, like, look like, love, matter, mean, need,
prefer, realize, recognize, remember, seem, suppose, want.
5 An agent helped to sell Ben and Meg’s house. Egy ügynök segített eladni Ben és Meg házát.
Ben’s and Meg’s parents all came to my party. Ben és Meg szülei is eljöttek a partimra.
további példák SB p. 135/’s after two names
Ha több birtokos, de csak egy birtok van, akkor csak az ’s végződés csak az utolsó birtokosra kerül. Ha a birtok
külön-külön értendő, akkor az ’s végződést minden birtokosnál ki kell tenni.
Ismétlés: a birtokos of
6 We left before the end of the film. Még a film vége előtt elmentünk.
további példák SB p. 135/of to show possession 1
Ha a birtokos nem személy, leggyakrabban az of elöljárót használjuk a birtokos szerkezet kifejezésére. Ilyenkor a
magyarral ellentétben a birtok kerül előre, és utána következik az of elöljáróval ellátott birtokos.
File Test 2
19 Is this ___?
Grammar A your daughter’s new car B the new car of your
daughter C your daughters new car
1 Circle A, B, or C to complete the sentences. 20 A Cruises are a great way to see the world.
1 We ___. B ___.
A every day go for a walk B go for a walk every A I’m agreeing B I’m agree C I agree
day C go every day for a walk
2 That’s ___. 2 Underline the correct word(s).
A a good John’s idea B a good idea John’s 1 The only good stationers / stationer’s closed down
C a good idea of John’s last year.
3 Where are your ___? 2 She prefers to grow all her own / she own
A shoes and socks B shoe’s and sock’s vegetables.
C shoes’ and socks’ 3 The book’s end / end of the book was very
4 When ___ in Singapore? Do you know? disappointing.
A he arrives B does he arrive C is he arrive 4 I can’t stand looking at other people’s / peoples’
5 ___ a visa to go to Australia? holiday photos.
A Are we needing B Need we C Do we need 5 It’s the our / our parents’ 30th anniversary this
6 Marta ___ late for work. Perhaps she’s ill. year.
A is never B never is C isn’t never 6 Lisa is a very good my friend / friend of mine.
7 Where’s that ___? 7 We went to Anna’s / Anna house for supper last
A son of I B son of mine C son of me night.
8 Our friends ___ this week. 8 What’s Charles’s / Charle’s surname? Can you
A are looking after our dog B they look after our remember?
dog C look our dog after 9 Is that your son’s new car / new car’s son?
9 We sat at the ___. 10 Are you going to Sarah and Mark’s / Sarah’s and
A bus front B bus’s front C front of the bus Mark’s party?
10 What time ___?
A leaves the flight B does the flight leave 3 Complete the sentences with the present simple or
C does leave the flight present continuous forms of the verbs in (brackets).
11 ___ away this weekend? 1 I have to go. My flight ________________ (board) right
A Is he going B Is he go C Does he going now.
12 Have you seen ___ new flat? It’s enormous. 2 Anna ________________ (not work) on Thursdays or
A Paul and Rachel’s B Paul’s and Rachel’s Fridays. She’s part-time.
C Paul’s and Rachel 3 Where ________________ (she / go) for her holiday this
13 ___ her business to become international. year?
A She’s wanting B She wants C She’s going want 4 He ________________ (not believe) a word she says.
14 Many small bakers sell ___ bread. 5 I’m writing an email and Pablo ________________
A they own B the own C their own (have) a rest at the moment.
15 ___ any sunscreen? 6 ________________ (you / prefer) sightseeing or
A Have you do B Do you have C Do have you relaxing on the beach?
16 My mother worked in ___ for many years. 7 We ________________ (shop) at the moment, before it
A chemist’s B a chemists C a chemist’s gets too busy.
17 Why don’t you ask ___ opinion? 8 According to the timetable, the train ________________
A James B Jame’s C James’s (arrive) at 6 p.m.
18 ___ about going to Namibia on safari next summer. 9 We ________________ (need) to take insect repellent.
A I think B I’m thinking C I thinking The mosquitoes are vicious.
11
10 You don’t look very happy. What ________________ 2 A Do you ever shop at ch________ st________?
(you / think) about? B Sometimes, but I prefer going to small local
shops.
Vocabulary 3 If you want to buy fresh meat, you should try that
b________ on the high street.
4 Complete the sentences. Write one word in each gap. 4 We got our new house through a local e________
They are all related to holidays. a________.
1 Most people book holidays online now. Not many 5 I bought some beautiful roses for my wife from
go to a t________ a________. that fl________ over there.
2 He didn’t use any sunscreen and got badly s________ 6 The h________ st________ at the end of our road sells
yesterday. good quality tools.
3 Where’s the i________ r________? The tent’s full of
mosquitoes. 6 Complete the sentences with the correct word(s).
4 I can’t clean my teeth! I remembered my 1 We had a fantastic holiday in South Africa. We ___
toothbrush but not the t________. all the main sights.
5 How long does it take you to p________ your bags? It saw watched looked
takes me hours. 2 A Where are you off to?
6 When I travel I always take an extra m________ B I’m going ___. See you later.
c________ for my camera. shops shopping to the shopping
7 Tom’s doing v________ work for his holiday this year. 3 Many town centres look depressing these days. A
He won’t get paid. lot of shops are ___ down.
8 We never go on p________ holidays. We prefer to opening finishing closing
organize everything ourselves. 4 Have you ever ___ windsurfing or waterskiing?
been on been been to
5 Complete the sentences. Write one word in each gap. 5 It’s typical. Shoe shops nearly always seem to be ___
They are all related to shops. my size!
1 The best place for fruit and vegetables is the out from out to out of
gr________ in the shopping centre. 6 At the end of a long hike, it’s a good idea to ___ a
massage.
do have take
A past simple igeidőt elbeszélésben használjuk az olyan egyszeri cselekvésekre, pl. Then I went home. ’És akkor
hazamentem.’, szokásos cselekvésekre, pl. They often beat him. ’Sokszor megverték (akkoriban).’, és állapotokra,
pl. As a child, I wanted to be a vet. ’Gyerekkoromban állatorvos akartam lenni.’, amelyek esetében megmondjuk, de
legalábbis tudjuk, mikor történtek. A lényegi elem az, hogy ezek a cselekvések vagy állapotok véget is értek,
amelyet a magyarban sokszor igekötők érzékeltetnek, pl. ’elment’, ’megnézte’ stb.
12
Past continuous
2 That month I was working on a project. Abban a hónapban épp egy projekten dolgoztam.
At 7 I was watching the news. Hétkor épp a híradót néztem.
She wasn’t working when I texted her. Épp nem dolgozott, amikor az sms-t küldtem neki.
Was he was watching TV while you were cooking? A tévét nézte, miközben főztél?
további példák SB p. 136/Revise 4–6
A past continuous igeidőt a létige was / were alakjaival mint segédigével és a jelentést hordozó ige -ing végződésű
alakjával képezzük.
A past continuous igeidőt használjuk a múltbeli ideiglenes állapotokra, pl. At that time he was living in a dormitory.
’Abban az időszakban épp egy kollégiumban lakott.’, valamint az egy időpontban éppen zajló cselekvésekre, vagyis
amelyek az elbeszélésben még nem értek véget, pl. I was walking in the street. ’Éppen az utcán sétáltam.’ A past
continuousnál gyakran kitesszük az időhatározót, vagy egy past simple-ben álló igével helyezzük párba, amely a zajló
cselekvés közben történik meg, és így meg is szakíthatja azt. Párhuzamosan folyó cselekvéseknél pedig két past
continuoust használunk.
used to
3 I used to wear glasses. Annak idején szemüveget hordtam.
We didn’t often use to meet our grandparents. Nem találkozunk gyakran a nagyszüleinkkel.
Did you use to live in a detached house? Annak idején egy családi házban laktál?
további példák SB p. 136/Revise 7–9
A used to kifejezést akkor használhatjuk, ha a régmúlt („annak idején”) állapotáról, pl. We didn’t use to be rich, but
now we’re fairly well-off. ’Annak idején nem voltunk gazdagok, de most elég jómódúak vagyunk.’
Használhatjuk továbbá a régmúlt szokásos cselekvéséhez, pl. My dad and me sometimes used to go fishing together.
’Annak idején néha elmentünk horgászni apuval.’ A used to helyett használhatunk egyszerűen past simple-t is, de
ekkor nem érződik az, hogy a régmúltról beszélünk, amelynek már vége.
Nem használhatjuk used to kifejezést akkor, ha a „mennyi ideig?” kérdésre felelő időhatározót használunk, pl. I
worked there for 5 years. ’Öt évig dolgoztam ott.’, vagy ha az állapot vagy szokás még mindig fennáll, pl. I’ve worked
here for 5 years. ’Öt éve dolgozom itt.’, My dad and me usually go fishing at weekends. ’Hétvégén általában horgászni
szoktunk apuval.’
3B Elöljárószavak (prepositions)
Ismétlés
Helyet és mozgást kifejező elöljárószavak (prepositions of place and movement)
1 I found my phone behind the sofa. A kanapé mögött találtam meg a telefonomat.
It jumped into the river and swam across it. Beleugrott a folyóba, és átúszta.
további példák SB p. 137/prepositions of place & prepositions of movement
A helyet és mozgást kifejező elöljárószavak egy főnév vagy egy főnévvel alkotott szerkezet előtt állnak, és ezeket
magyarul hol raggal, pl. in the city ’a városban’, hol névutóval, pl. over the armchair ’a fotel fölött’, hol pedig ezekkel
és egy igekötős ige kombinációjával fejezzük ki, pl. She ran out of the room. ’Kiszaladt a szobából.’
File Test 3
12 I think I saw a mouse run ___ that chair over there.
Grammar A between B under C in
13 If he didn’t know, why didn’t he ask ___ his teacher?
1 Circle A, B, or C to complete the sentences. A to B from C ––
1 My parents ___ lunch when I arrived yesterday so I 14 Anna and Maria always ___ really hard for their
joined them. exams.
A ate B were eating C used to eat A studied B were studying C used study
2 The man walked ___ those steps over there and 15 What were you worried ___?
disappeared. A round B from C about
A down B in C at 16 People ___ so much TV thirty years ago.
3 Where ___ to spend your holidays as a child? A didn’t watch B not watched
A did you use B used you C did you used C weren’t watched
4 You’ll find some money ___ my wallet over there. 17 I ___ up in a small village in the north of Scotland.
A next B between C inside A grew B growed C have grow
5 I ___ like my job, but now I think it’s quite 18 Sofia married ___ Juan two years ago.
interesting. A to B with C ––
A didn’t use to B did used to C didn’t used to 19 Miguel reminds me a lot ___ myself when I was his
6 A Excuse me. Do you know where a bank is? age.
B Yes. Go ___ this street and you’ll see one on the A from B of C to
left. 20 What was she doing when you ___ her yesterday?
A through B along C over A saw B were seeing C did see
7 When ___ the last time you went to a party?
A did be B was C used to be 2 Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.
8 We ___ in a small village for several years. 1 It was late when I finally arrived ________ Paris.
A used to live B live C use to live 2 I don’t know who’s responsible ________ updating
9 ___ a bicycle when she was a child? the website.
A Did ride she B Was she ride C Did she ride 3 We flew ________ the Andes on the way to Chile.
10 Are you any good ___ taking photos of people? 4 Does Carmela remind you ________ anyone?
A to B at C by 5 What are you waiting ________? Let’s go now.
11 The first time we ___ abroad was incredibly 6 The cups are ________ the first shelf over there.
exciting. 7 Their country is particularly famous ________ its
A were flying B are fly C flew food.
8 I opened my front door and my cat ran ________ me.
15
3 Choose the correct form of the verb. 5 Use fl________ if the light’s poor when you take a
1 What job were you wanting / did you want to have photo.
when you were younger? 6 Some people are standing on t________ of a tall
2 I met / was meeting some interesting people at building.
university. 7 Use the p________ setting to take photos of people.
3 He didn’t use to watch / wasn’t watching so much 8 You should z________ in when you are far from
TV a few years ago. something and want a close-up.
4 A What did you do / were you doing this time last 9 There’s a ruin in the b________ left-hand corner.
year? 10 In the f________ there’s a terrace with a table and
B I was travelling / travelled round India with chairs.
some friends.
5 Mike used to live / lived in Rome for three years. 5 Match the sentences with the correct word / phrase
6 A Were your children liking / Did your children use in the box. There is an extra word / phrase you do not
to like primary school? need.
B My son was fine, but my daughter used to hate early thirties mid-twenties pensioner late twenties
/ hated going at first. pre-teens baby early twenties toddler mid-fifties
7 How old were you when you started / were starting late thirties teenager
primary school?
8 We prepared / were preparing lunch when the 1 I went to work abroad when I was 32. ___
phone started ringing. 2 Our daughter refused to sleep until she was ten
9 They didn’t have / weren’t having so much money months old! ___
when we first met them. 3 I had my first child when I was 25 years old. ___
10 Where did you use to grow up / did you grow up? 4 Thomas is 12 and always wants to stay up late.
___
Vocabulary 5 Our 90-year-old neighbour has an extraordinary
memory. ___
4 Complete the sentences. Write one word in each gap. 6 My sister is 29, but she looks much younger. ___
They are all related to describing or taking photos. 7 I learned to drive when I was 17. ___
1 A photo can be o________ o________ f________ if you use 8 He became self-employed when he was 38. ___
the wrong setting. 9 My best friend’s 21st birthday party was fantastic.
2 There are some children standing i________ fr________ ___
of the temple. 10 Sam is 14 months old and is starting to walk. ___
3 A photo can be bl________ if you move when you
take it.
4 There are some mountains in the b________.
shall
3 Shall I open the door for you? Kinyissam neked az ajtót?
Shall we have anything for breakfast? Együnk valamit reggelire?
további példák SB p. 138/will / shall 5.2–4
A kérdés formájú felajánlások kifejezésére („megtegyem?”, „megtegyük?”) a shall modális segédigét használjuk
bare infinitive mellett. Ez a kifejezés javaslatok megfogalmazására is alkalmas. Múlt idejű közegben a should
modális segédigét használjuk.
be going to
4 Look! That car’s going to hit the tree! Nézd! Az a kocsi mindjárt nekimegy a fának!
további példák SB p. 138/going to 2
Ha a jóslást azon alapul, hogy valami bekövetkezése látható, használhatjuk a ’készül’ jelentésű be going
szerkezet és full infinitive összetételét, pl. The dog’s going to bite you. ’A kutya mindjárt megharap.’ (= Meg készül
harapni.)
5 We’re going to watch the match on TV tonight. Meg fogjuk nézni a meccset ma este.
további példák SB p. 138/going to 1
A be going to szerkezet használható tervek kifejezésére is, pl. I’m going to have a rest in the afternoon. ’Délután
pihenni fogok.’ (= Pihenni készülök.)
gonna
6 Everything’s gonna be all right. Minden rendben lesz.
A going to szerkezet elénk beszédben gyakran /ɡɒnə/ kiejtésű, amelyet dalszövegekben és egyéb informális
szövegekben gyakran a gonna szóval írnak át.
Ismétlés
Present continuous a jövő kifejezésére
7 I’m going to meet him tomorrow. Holnap készülök vele találkozni.
I’m meeting him tomorrow. Holnap találkozom vele.
további példák SB p. 138/present continuous
Ha nem pusztán egy tervről, hanem egy megszervezett programról beszélünk, a present continuous igeidőt
használhatjuk. Helyette a be going to szerkezet használata pusztán annyiban különbözik, hogy csak a terv van meg,
de megszervezésre (helyszín, időpont, részvevők stb.) még nem került sor.
A jövő idejű tagmondat helyett használhatunk felszólítást is, pl. If you don’t understand the text, read it again. ’Ha
nem érted a szöveget, olvasd el újra!’
2 Don’t come here again unless you come alone. Ne gyere ide megint, ha csak nem egyedül jössz!
You’ll fail unless you start studying now. Meg fogsz bukni, ha nem kezdesz el azonnal tanulni.
további példák SB p. 139/unless 1
Az if kötőszó és tagadás helyett bármely feltételes mondatban használható unless ’ha (csak) nem’, ’kivéve, ha’
kötőszó is. Ez után már nem állhat tagadás, mivel maga is tagadó értelmű.
wouldn’t be worried about the future unless we were unemployed. ’Nem aggódnánk a jövő miatt, ha nem lennénk
munkanélküliek.’ A két tagmondat sorrendje itt is felcserélhető.
5 If she was / were your friend, she wouldn’t hurt you. Ha a barátod lenne, nem bántana.
If I were you, I’d get rid of it. A helyedben megszabadulnék tőle.
további példák SB p. 139/second conditional 3
A second conditional if / unless kötőszóval bevezetett feltételes tagmondatában az összes was helyett használható
were alak, kivéve az if I were you ’ha a helyedben lennék’ kifejezést, amelyben a were egyenesen kötelező.
File Test 4
17 If they invite you for an interview, ___ there in
Grammar plenty of time.
A will get B would get C get
1 Circle A, B, or C to complete the sentences. 18 ___ your plate now, sir?
1 What will you do if they ___ you to work overtime A Am I taking B Will I take C Shall I take
again? 19 She ___ apply for a scholarship if she got a place on
A ask B ’ll ask C ’d ask a course.
2 Mum’s worried about the weather. She thinks ___ A ’ll be able B can C could
tomorrow. 20 The bin’s beginning to smell. ___ it out.
A it’s snowing B it’s going to snow C it snows A I’ll take B I’m going C I take
3 I won’t become a director ___ show more
leadership qualities. 2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
A unless I don’t B if I’ll C unless I verb in (brackets).
4 We’d enjoy the course more if we ___ less work to 1 If they ________________ (offer) her a part-time job,
do. would she accept it?
A would have B had C will have 2 You ________________ (have to) get good marks in
5 What ___ when she finishes school? Has she your exams if you want to study Law.
decided? 3 He ________________ (help) me if he had enough time,
A is going to do she B is she going do but he’s too busy right now.
C is she going to do 4 They’d offer me the job if I ________________ (have)
6 You ___ update your CV if you apply for that job. It’s the right experience.
essential. 5 I ________________ (make) an appointment to see the
A might B must C can doctor if I feel worse tomorrow.
7 If they offer you an internship, ___ it? 6 If you want to earn some money, ________________
A do you take B will you take C are you taking (not become) an intern.
8 Maria’s ill so she ___ round for dinner this Saturday. 7 He ________________ (be able to) finish the report
A isn’t coming B doesn’t come unless he stays at work late.
C is going to come 8 If you ________________ (tell) her the truth, she would
9 A Let’s go out for something to eat. probably understand.
B OK. Where ___? 9 Students ________________ (not need) to get a holiday
A we going to go B shall we go job if they had more money.
C will we going to 10 ________________ (phone) us tomorrow if you feel like
10 We ___ our new boss tomorrow morning. going out.
A are meeting B go to meeting C going meet
11 If I ___ badly in my exam, I’ll just take it again next 3 Complete the sentences with the correct word(s).
term. 1 A Is that your phone?
A ’ll do B ’d do C do B Yes, I ___ answer it.
12 A Is that the post arriving? ’m going go to ’ll
B Yes. ___ it for you. 2 ___ you with your bags? They look heavy.
A I’m get B I’m going C I’ll get Am I helping Shall I help Do I help
13 You’d get a better job if you ___ more qualifications. 3 A What are you planning to do with your old
A had B will have C would have mobile phones?
14 I’m sure Alex ___ a first-class degree. He knows B We ___ to take them to a charity shop.
everything! ’ll ’re going shall
A will get B is getting C shall get 4 The weather forecast says it ___ tomorrow.
15 He wouldn’t do unpaid work unless it ___ for a very isn’t going to rain isn’t raining won’t be rain
good cause. 5 I ___ Helen this weekend. We organized it ages ago.
A wasn’t B was C would be visit ’ll visit ’m visiting
16 A Don’t put plastic bottles in the rubbish. We can 6 Who do you think ___ the job?
recycle them. will get is getting shall get
B Oh, sorry. I promise I ___ it again. 7 My daughter says she ___ a PhD after her Master’s
A ’m not going to do B won’t do C ’m not doing degree.
doing ’s going to do does
20
8 I’m really sorry. I promise I ___ your birthday again. 5 Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.
won’t forget don’t forget ’m not forgetting 1 I didn’t ___ enough lectures so I failed the exam.
9 A Tony’s made an appointment to see the dentist. go assist attend
B When ___? 2 You need to have at least two good ___ when
will he go is he going does he go looking for a job.
10 A It’s so hot in here. experience references graduates
B I ___ the air conditioning, if you like. 3 My son’s IT ___ weren’t good enough so he didn’t
turn on ’m turning on ’ll turn on get the job.
knowledge skills faculties
Vocabulary 4 Newspapers are no longer the best place to look
for job ___.
4 Complete the sentences. Write one word in each gap. vacancies applications qualifications
1 Food is often safe to eat after its s________-b________ 5 I couldn’t have finished my PhD without the ___. It
date. helped pay the fees.
2 How many t________ of ice cream did you say you permit thesis grant
bought? 6 Writing an excellent covering ___ can help to get
3 Another word for a refuse collector is d________. you an interview.
4 I always r________ bags for food shopping. CV letter form
5 Fruit and tomatoes are often sold in polystyrene 7 She has a first degree and a Master’s degree, so her
tr________. ___ are pretty good.
6 All non-recyclable waste is taken to a l________ qualifications references CVs
s________. 8 The company gave him a permanent job after he
7 Recyclable waste like c________ boxes is collected completed the ___ period.
once a week. trial tried trying
8 My children rarely put l________ back on jars 9 The university I went to was on a ___ outside the
properly. town.
9 I’ll t________ out the rubbish. You did it yesterday. course campus college
10 After swimming, it’s sensible to r________ sunscreen. 10 We have fascinating discussions with our professor
during ___.
lectures tutorials interns
Nyomatékosításra („már”, „még”) használhatjuk az already (kijelentésben), illetve a yet (tagadásban és kérdésben)
határozószavakat is, pl. Have you phoned him yet? ’Felhívtad már?’, I haven’t phoned him yet. ’Még nem hívtam fel.’,
I’ve already phoned him. ’Már felhívtam.’
already
3 Have you already finished revising? Máris befejezted az ismétlést?
Az already kérdésben is használható ’máris’ értelemben.
Ismétlés
4 How long have you been ill? Mióta vagy beteg?
She’s been unemployed since she got divorced. Azóta munkanélküli, hogy elvált.
további példák SB p. 140/5
A present perfectet használjuk a nem-cselekvést jelentő igékre, ha a mondatban egy „mióta?” kérdésre felelő
időhatározó található. Ilyenkor a how long kérdőszó ’mióta?’ értelmű, és az időtartamok kifejezéséhez a for
elöljárószót használjuk, pl. I’ve been ill for a couple of days. ’Pár napja beteg vagyok.’ A kezdő időpont kifejezésére a
since szócskát használjuk, időpontoknál elöljárószóként, pl. I’ve been ill since last Thursday. ’Múlt csütörtök óta
beteg vagyok.’, történéseknél kötőszóként, pl. I’ve been ill since she left me. ’Beteg vagyok, mióta elhagyott.’ A kezdő
időpontot megjelölő történés kifejezéséhez past simple-t használunk.
recently és all
5 I’ve sold my old PC recently. Nemrég eladtam a régi gépemet.
I haven’t seen him recently. Mostanában nem láttam / látom.
She’s wanted this job all her life. Egész életében ezt az állást akarta.
Peter’s been under the weather all day. Peter egész nap nyomott hangulatban volt / van.
A recently / lately ’nemrég’, ’mostanában’ jelentésű időhatározószó perfect idejűséget vonz, hasonlóképpen az all és
egy időtartamot jelentő szó összetételéhez. Ezeket magyarra értelemszerűen fordíthatjuk múlt vagy jelen idővel.
¤
1 Complete the dialogues with the present perfect or past simple form of the verbs in (brackets).
1 A When ______________________________ (you / start) 5 A When ______________________________ (you / start)
working here? learning the piano?
B Only a few weeks ago. B Three years ago.
A ______________________________ (you / meet) A ______________________________ (you / play) in
anyone in the office? any concerts?
B Well, I ______________________________ (not see) B No, I’m not good enough yet.
the director yet! 6 A ______________________________ (you / ever / go)
2 A ______________________________ (you / have) to the States?
breakfast? B Yes, three times. What about you?
B Not yet. A We ______________________________ (just / come)
A What time ______________________________ (you back from Florida.
/ get up)? 7 A ______________________________ (you / enjoy) the
B Only ten minutes ago. concert on Saturday?
3 A How long ______________________________ (you B We ______________________________ (not go)
/ know) Alex? because our daughter __________ (be) ill.
B For about ten years. A Oh no! Is she OK now?
A Where ______________________________ (you B Yes, she ____________________ (be) much better
/ meet)? since the weekend.
B At university. 8 A ______________________________ (you / ever / live)
4 A Do you want a coffee? abroad?
B No, thanks. I ______________________________ B Yes, I ____________________ (teach) in Italy for a
(already / have) three cups this morning. few years. Now I teach in London.
A ______________________________ (you / ever / think) A How long ____________________ (you / be) a
about cutting down? teacher?
B Since 2009.
22
recently és all
2 He hasn’t been feeling well lately. Mostanában nem érzi jól magát.
I’ve been trying to get in touch with her all day. Egész nap próbálom elérni.
további példák SB p. 141/1 & 3.3
A recently / lately, valamint az all és egy időtartamot jelentő szó összetétele is present perfect continuousszal áll, ha
az ideiglenes állapotokról vagy éppen zajló cselekvésekről van szó, pl. I’ve buying a lot of clothes recently.
’Mostanában sok ruhát vásárolok.’ (= Ruhavásárlással vagyok elfoglalva.) Ha a dolog megtörténtét hangsúlyozzuk,
23
present perfect simple-t használunk, pl. I’ve bought a lot of clothes recently. ’Mostanában vettem egy csomó ruhát.’
(= Most van egy csomó ruhám.)
Ismétlés
3 I’m out of breath because I’ve been running. Ki vagyok fulladva, mert futottam.
további példák SB p. 141/2
A present perfect continuoust használjuk akkor is, ha egy olyan cselekvést akarunk leírni, amely az imént még
zajlott, de most éppen nem, pl. I’ve been painting a kitchen. ’A konyhát festettem.’ (= Az előbb konyhafestéssel
voltam elfoglalva.) Itt is, ha a dolog megtörténtét hangsúlyozzuk, present perfect simple-t használunk, pl. I’ve painted
the kitchen. ’Kifestettem a konyhát.’ (= A konyhafestés készen van.)
1 Complete the sentences with the present perfect simple or present perfect continuous form of the verbs in
¤
(brackets). Add since or for if necessary.
1 I ______________________________ (wait) for the 7 Prices in the countryside
gardener since 11.00. ______________________________ (increase) lately.
2 Max ______________________________ (find) a house in 8 We ______________________________ (sleep) better
the country. ________ we moved to the country.
3 I’m tired and thirsty – I 9 ______________________________ (it / rain) all day?
______________________________ (jog). 10 My wife ______________________________ (tell) me to
4 More and more people get out of London ________ years.
______________________________ (move) to villages 11 I ______________________________ (read) the book three
recently. times now and I still enjoy it.
5 Farmers ______________________________ (complain) 12 They ______________________________ (not do) much in
about the floods ________ years. the garden this summer, unfortunately.
6 I ______________________________ (listen) to the
‘Archers’ soap opera twice.
¤
2 Complete the dialogues with the present continuous or present perfect continuous form of the verbs in (brackets).
1 A Sorry I’m late! ______________________________ 5 A You look well!
(you / wait) long? B Yes, I ______________________________ (do) a lot
B Yes, I ______________________________ (stand) of exercise at the moment.
here for nearly 20 minutes! 6 A How long ______________________________ (you
2 A And how long ______________________________ / sunbathe)?
(you / stay), madam? B Not long.
B Two nights. I ______________________________ 7 A Is Mike still in his room?
(leave) on Friday. B Yes, he ______________________________ (play)
3 A Why are you so dirty? computer games all afternoon.
B We ______________________________ (help) Dad in 8 A Is that the TV I can hear?
the garden. B Yes, Mum. I ______________________________ (do)
4 A It looks beautiful outside. my homework all afternoon, and now I
B Yes, it ______________________________ (snow) ______________________________ (watch) the
since we got up this morning. news.
File Test 5
9 A How long ___?
Grammar B All day. I started at 8 this morning and it’s
almost 9 p.m. now!
1 Circle A, B, or C to complete the sentences. A have you studied B did you study
1 A Sorry, I’m late. C have you been studying
B It’s OK. ___ my favourite soap. 10 Can I call you later? We ___ watching this film on TV
A I watched B I’ve watched yet.
C I’ve been watching A haven’t been finishing B haven’t finished
2 I ___ Juan for years. He’s one of my best friends. C don’t finish
A knew B have known C have been knowing 11 You’ve ___ missed Karen. She left two minutes ago.
3 A You look as if you’ve lost a lot of weight. A just B ever C yet
B Yes, ___ three times a week for the last few 12 This weather’s absolutely awful. It ___ for days.
months. A ’s rained B rains C ’s been raining
A I ran B I’ve been running C I’ve run 13 A Where’s Mike?
4 We’ve been to Australia, but ___ to New Zealand. B I think ___ for lunch.
A we’ve never been B we’ve been never A he’s been B he’s gone C he goes
C we never have been 14 I ___ my driving test! Now I can drive by myself.
5 What ___ lately? A ’ve passed B ’ve been passing C was passing
A did you do B have you been doing 15 You’ll love Chicago. ___ there before?
C you have done A Did you ever go B Have you ever been
6 My sisters ___ me twice since March. C Have you ever been going
A have visited B visit C have been visiting 16 The children are hungry. They haven’t had their
7 Where are they? We’ve been here ___ 8 o’clock. lunch ___.
A for B since C by A yet B already C just
8 ___ the air-conditioning yet? When’s he going to do 17 That was the worst programme I’ve ___.
it? A ever saw B ever been seeing C ever seen
A Doesn’t he fix B Hasn’t he been fixing 18 We’ve had the same TV ___ five years now.
C Hasn’t he fixed A for B from C since
25
19 A Karen looks very tired. 9 A Have you had your motorbike long?
B Yes, ___ long hours recently. B No, I’ve ___ bought it.
A she’s worked B she works just still yet
C she’s been working 10 ___? There’s been an accident.
20 They’ve been here ___. When are they leaving? Do you hear Have you been hearing Have you
A for all morning B all morning heard
C since all morning
Vocabulary
2 Complete the sentences with the correct perfect form
of the verb in (brackets). 4 Complete the sentences. Write one word in each gap.
1 Look! You ________________ (break) the TV stand. They are all related to the country.
2 I ________________ (dig) in the garden all morning. I’ll 1 I love autumn when the l________ on the trees turn
finish soon. red and yellow.
3 How long ________________ (you / have) your 2 We worked hard last weekend replacing the old
computer? f________ around the garden.
4 He ________________ (not go) to Rome. He’s in Milan. 3 The ground turned to m________ after the heavy
5 Your parents ________________ (visit) us three times rain.
this year so far. 4 We sat on top of a cl________ overlooking the sea for
6 We’re looking for a new TV, but we ________________ hours.
(not find) one we like yet. 5 The children watched the sheep and their tiny
7 How long ________________________ (Tessa / learn) l________ in the fields.
Russian? 6 Fruit like strawberries usually become r________ in
8 We ________________ (not be) to the cinema for about summer in England.
three years. 7 Make sure you close the g________ after you, or the
9 Lola’s covered in mud. What ________________________ cows will get out.
(she / do)? 8 We often see fish in the str________ at the bottom of
10 That was the best documentary I ________________ our garden.
(ever / see).
5 Complete the sentences. Write one word in each gap.
3 Complete the sentences with the correct word(s). 1 There was nothing to watch, so he turned ________
1 A Have you ___ to South Africa? the TV and read a book.
B Yes, I went there with my family ten years ago. 2 I can’t hear what they’re saying. Can you turn the
been gone went TV ________?
2 They’ve known each other ___ they were at school. 3 This film’s boring. Let’s switch ________ to another
from for since channel instead.
3 My boss ___ yesterday and he’ll be away until next 4 The programme you wanted to see starts soon. I’ll
week. turn the TV ________.
has left left has been leaving 5 Do you know which channel the football is ________?
4 This film ___ for hours now. We need a faster
connection. 6 Complete the sentences. Write one word in each gap.
has been downloading has downloaded is They are all related to television.
downloading 1 Did you see that new s________ last night? It was
5 Do you like re-reading books you’ve ___ read? hilarious!
yet never already 2 Where’s the r________ c________? Do you have it?
6 We ___ in this traffic jam for over half an hour now. 3 They like watching interviews with famous people
’ve sat ’ve been sitting ’re sitting on ch________ sh________.
7 Emma’s worked in this department ___ nearly three 4 I hate it when c________ interrupt a good
years. programme every ten minutes.
since for during 5 A What’s the weather going to be like tomorrow?
8 They ___ strawberries at the moment. Can you call B I don’t know. Watch the f________.
back later? 6 The story in a lot of p________ dramas can be
’ve been picking ’re picking pick historically inaccurate.
7 My children have seen all the old Walt Disney
c________.
26
mustn’t
2 We mustn’t talk during classes. Nem szabad / Tilos megszólalnunk az órákon.
további példák SB p. 142/prohibition
A must not (mustn’t) jelentése ’nem szabad’, ’tilos’. Vö. must ’amit mindenképpen meg kell tenni’ ↔ mustn’t ’amit
semmiképpen nem szabad megtenni’. A mustn’tnak sincs múlt vagy más idejű alternatívája.
have to
3 I didn’t have to work yesterday. Tegnap nem kellett dolgoznom.
Tomorrow I’ll have to phone this number. Holnap fel kell majd hívnom ezt a számot.
további példák SB p. 142/obligation 1 & no obligation 1
A have to kifejezés jelentése szintén ’kell’, továbbá ’muszáj’, ’kötelező’. Ez tulajdonképpen a have ige – amelyet
present simple-be és más igeidőkbe tehetünk, és a többi igével megegyező módon kezelünk – és egy full infinitive
összetétele. Alkalmas arra is, hogy tagadással a ’nem kell’, ’nem muszáj’ vagy ’nem kötelező’ jelentéseket kifejezzük,
illetve a megfelelő alakokkal múlt- vagy jövőbeli kötelezettséget fejezzünk ki, ezzel pótolva a must hiányosságait.
A must és have to jelentése között általában az a különbség, hogy míg a must belső igényt jelent, úgy a have to
kötelezettségre utal, pl. I must go now. ’Most mennem kell.’ (= Úgy érzem, késő van, így ideje indulnom.) ↔ I have to
go now. ’Most muszáj mennem.’ (= Nem feltétlenül szeretnék indulni, de muszáj.) Az Egyesült Államokban inkább a
have to használatos minden esetre.
have got to
5 You’ve got to know that. Tudnod kell.
további példa SB p. 142/have got to
A have to kifejezés helyett főleg köznyelvben használatos a have got to kifejezés is, amely formailag a get ige
present perfect alakjából és az ige full infinitive-jéből tevődik össze, tehát itt a have egy segédige.
Ismétlés: should
7 I should lose some weight. Kicsit fogynom kellene.
We shouldn’t go out so often. Nem kellene annyit buliznunk.
In Japan you shouldn’t blow your nose in public. Japánban ne fújd az orrod nyilvánosan.
további példák SB p. 142/advice 1
A should / should not (shouldn’t) segédigét akkor használjuk, ha tanácsot akarunk adni, illetve azt akarjuk
kifejezni, mit helyes vagy nem helyes tenni. Szokásos fordítása ’kellene / kéne’, de esetenként magyarosabb
fordítást ad a felszólító mód használata.
ought to
8 We ought to say goodbye soon. Hamarosan el kellene köszönnünk. / Illene hamarosan
elköszönnünk.
további példák SB p. 142/advice 2
Az ought to / ought not to (oughtn’t to) segédige a should alternatívája, amelyet fordíthatunk az ’illene’ kifejezéssel
is. Használata kissé ódivatú.
could
2 I could read at the age of 5. Öt éves koromban tudtam olvasni.
We couldn’t say anything. Nem mondhattunk semmit.
You could do it even better. Jobban is meg tudnád csinálni.
He could also phone her. Fel is hívhatná a lányt.
Could you help me with this? Tudnál ebben segíteni?
további példák SB p. 143/ability 2.2 & 4
A could / could not (couldn’t) a can múlt idejét (’tudott’, ’-hatott / -hetett’), illetve feltételes módját (’tudna’, ’-hatna
/ -hetne’) pótolja.
be able to
3 She hadn’t been able to cook until she got married. Nem tudott főzni, amíg férjhez nem ment.
They were not able to attend the event. Nem állt módjukban megjelenni az eseményen.
további példák SB p. 143/ability 3
A be able to kifejezés az able ’képes’ melléknévből áll, amely a többi melléknévhez hasonlóan egy full infinitive–et
vonz. Elsősorban azokban az esetekben használjuk, amikor egy olyan igeidőre vagy –formára lenne szükségünk,
amelyet a can vagy could nem tud kifejezni (perfect idejűség, infinitive, gerund stb.), viszont használhatjuk present
vagy past simple-ben a can vagy could helyett formális megnyilatkozásokban (’módjában áll’, ’lehetősége nyílik rá’
stb.)
managed to / failed to
5 He managed to get out alive. Sikerült élve kijutnia.
She failed to turn up on time. Nem sikerült időre megérkeznie.
A was / were able to helyett ’sikerült’ értelemben használhatjuk a managed to szerkezetet, amely a manage ige past
simple formájának és egy full infinitive-nek az összetétele. Ellentéte az ugyanilyen felépítésű failed to ’nem sikerült’.
A cannot (can’t) segédigét ’nem -hat / -het’, ’biztos, hogy nem’ értelemben használhatjuk következtetésre is.
Értelembeli ellentéte a ’kell, ’biztos, hogy’ jelentésű must.
File Test 6
6 You ___ touch anything electrical with wet hands.
Grammar A needn’t B mustn’t C don’t have to
7 Adam hates not ___ to drive. He’d love to have a car.
1 Circle A, B, or C to complete the sentences. A be able B can C being able
1 You ___ put pictures on walls with Sellotape™. The 8 You could ask that shop assistant. She might ___ to
paint will come off. help.
A oughtn’t B mustn’t C couldn’t A can B be able C should
2 What would you like to ___ do better? 9 I ___ ring for a taxi. Dan took me to the airport.
A be able to B being able C can A shouldn’t B didn’t have to C mustn’t
3 Our old sofa is still very comfortable. We ___ get a 10 There isn’t much paint left. We ___ buy some more.
new one. A should B mustn’t C ought
A mustn’t B needn’t C oughtn’t 11 You’ve dropped your phone again. You really ___ be
4 We’ll ___ save a lot of money if we wait for the more careful.
winter sales. A couldn’t B mustn’t C ought to
A be able B able to C be able to 12 Ben left home late, but he ___ get to the interview in
5 I ___ swim well when I was four years old. time.
A could B must C can A managed to B could C was able
30
13 My wife has plenty of clothes. She ___ buy a new 5 Did they really ___ cut down that beautiful tree? It
coat. was fine!
A doesn’t need to B should C must must need to
14 The bank ___ be closed. It’s only 2 p.m. 6 We ___ leave late if we want to get the train.
A might can B can’t C must mustn’t don’t have to
15 You ___ have a rest. You look really tired. 7 She ___ to take the jumper back to the shop. The
A mustn’t B ought C should size was wrong.
16 Our friends ___ visit us last weekend as we were had must
still decorating. 8 Mark ___ to eat less fast food. It’s very bad for him.
A can’t B couldn’t C weren’t able should ought
17 ___ try this shirt on in a medium, please? 9 I live on my own, so I often ___ do small repairs
A Could I B Am I able C Can I to myself.
18 I’m tired of my old kitchen. Do you think I ___ get a have to need
new one? 10 Sue’s just decorated her flat. She ___ to do it again
A ought B ought to C should to for a long time.
19 Helen lives in Munich and ___ speak German won’t need mustn’t
fluently.
A can to B can C could Vocabulary
20 ___ leave already? It’s still really early.
A Need we to B Have we to C Must we 4 Complete the sentences. Write one word in each gap.
They are all related to restaurants.
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of can, 1 The food was great, but the s________ wasn’t good.
could, be able to, or managed to. The waiter was too slow.
1 Stefan ________________ play chess brilliantly when he 2 You shouldn’t take things out one at a time. Carry
was eight. them on a tr________.
2 After a long wait, the journalist ________________ 3 A Which dish would you r________?
speak to the director. B The fish is particularly good today, sir.
3 I’m afraid you ________________ see the doctor today. 4 You can put more soup in those b________ – they’re
She’s fully booked. big enough.
4 Don’t you think ________________ to buy everything 5 Could we have a j________ of water – enough for four
online these days is brilliant? people, please?
5 ________________ I borrow your phone to make a 6 A I’d open the wine, but I can’t find the c________.
quick call? I’ve left mine at home. B It’s over there – next to the other bottle.
6 Elena’s credit card was out of date, so she 7 They brought us our coffee, but didn’t give us
________________ use it on holiday. t_____spoons for the sugar.
7 I’m not sure I ________________ finish my report today. 8 I need a n________ to wipe my hands. Waiter?
8 That ________________ be the real price! It’s usually
much cheaper. 5 Match the words to make phrases.
9 Ask at the information desk. They should 1 pour ___ A the bill
________________ help you. 2 ask for ___ B shelves
3 needle ___ C a drink
10 We ________________ to get to the bank before it
4 put up ___ D something back
closed. It was too late. 5 send ___ E and thread
3 Complete the sentences with the correct word(s). 6 Complete the sentences. Write one word in each gap.
1 Great! We don’t ___ to get up early tomorrow. It’s a They are all related to DIY and repairs.
holiday. 1 It took us ages to choose the new t________ for the
have must bathroom walls.
2 ___ I buy a new drill? This one’s very old now. 2 If you want shelves to stay up for a long time, use
Ought Should scr________, not glue.
3 You really ___ visit Denmark if you like good design. 3 Don’t use b________ in digital radios as they don’t
have must last long.
4 There are lots of nails in the toolbox. We ___ get any 4 The cold t________ is dripping. I think it needs a new
more. washer.
haven’t needn’t
31
5 What’s happened to the door h________? It keeps 7 A I bought some nails so we can hang the pictures
sticking. now.
6 I’ve hated going up l________ ever since I fell off one B Yes, but where’s the h________? It isn’t with the
last year. other tools.
7A Phrasal verbs
Ismétlés
1. típus – phrasal verbs bővítmény nélkül
1 She grew up in the Lone Star State. Texasban nőtt fel.
további példák SB p. 144/Type 1
A phrasal verb kifejezés azokat az összetett igéket takarja, amelyek egy igei részből, valamint egy partikulából
(particle) állnak, pl. grow up: az igei rész a grow, a partikula az up, és ezek magyar igekötős igékhez hasonlóan
együtt mást jelentenek, mint az eredeti ige. Ezek 1. típusának semmilyen bővítménye nincs, és a partikula mindig
közvetlenül az igei rész után áll.
A full infinitive fejezi ki a célhatározót is, amelyet a magyarban rendszerint ’hogy’ kötőszóval bevezetett
célhatározói mellékmondattal adunk vissza. Természetesen a full infinitive csak akkor használható, ha a két
tagmondat alanya megegyezik, pl. I’ve brought you some chocolate to cheer you up a little. ’Hoztam neked egy kis
csokit, hogy felvidítsalak.’ (= Én hoztam a csokit abból a célból, hogy én vidítsalak fel.) nem I’ve brought you some
chocolate to be a bit more cheerful.
Az ide tartozó igék többségének jellegzetessége, hogy az ige és az általa vonzott gerund nem két külön cselekvést
jelent, hanem együttesen jelentenek egy cselekvést, pl. I’ve just practiced playing the piano. ’Épp most gyakoroltam a
zongorázást.’ (= A zongorázást gyakoroltam, nem pedig külön gyakoroltam és zongoráztam.) Jellemzően ide
tartoznak az érzelmi viszonyulást jelentő igék, pl. I like cooking. ’Szeretek főzni.’ (= Szeretettel viszonyulok a
főzéshez.), a kezdés, folytatás és befejezés igéi, pl. She started crying. ’Elkezdett sírni.’ (= Elkezdte a sírást.), valamint
ide tartozik a spend ige is, amelynél az ige és a gerund közé egy tárgy is kerül, pl. We spent the evening watching a
film. ’Azzal töltöttük az estét, hogy megnéztünk egy filmet.’ (= Filmnézéssel töltöttük az estét.) Ügyeljünk arra, hogy
tükörfordításként ne használjuk with elöljárót!
Vannak olyan igék is, amelyeknél az ige és a gerund két különálló cselekvést jelent, viszont ebben az esetben a
gerund a korábbi, megtörtént cselekvést jelöli, pl. I regret not studying more at university when I had the opportunity.
’Sajnálom, hogy nem tanultam többet az egyetemen, amikor ott volt rá a lehetőségem.’ (= Először nem tanultam,
azután ezt a nem-tanulást sajnálom.)
A magyar anyanyelvű számára szokatlan módon a suggest ige is gerundöt vonz, pl. She suggested finding a good
restaurant. ’Azt javasolta, hogy keressünk egy jó éttermet.’ (= Keresésre tett javaslatot.)
34
A full infinitive-et vonzó igék nagy részének az a jellegzetessége, hogy az ige olyan cselekvést jelent, amely mellett
egy később esedékes másik cselekvést várunk, és ez utóbbi fejezi ki a full infinitive, pl. She agreed to date with me.
’Beleegyezett abba, hogy randizik velem.’ (= Először beleegyezett, aztán randiztunk – vagy nem.) You offered to give
me a lift! ’Megígérted, hogy elviszel kocsival!’ (= Megígérted, aztán elvittél – vagy mégsem.) Tulajdonképpen ez
látható a be going to szerkezetben is, amely a present continuousban álló go ’készül’ igéből és a hozzá kapcsolódó full
infinitive-ből áll.
Egyes igék, mint a pretend ’tettet’, ’színlel’, ’úgy tesz, mintha’ vagy a seem ’tűnik’, szintén full infinitive-vel állnak,
pl. She seemed to work too much. Úgy tűnt, hogy túl sokat dolgozik.’
Full infinitive szerepel a have, need, managed, failed és used igék ismert szerkezeteiben is, valamint az ought modális
segédige mellett.
Bare infinitive-et használunk a let ’megenged’, ’hagy’ ige után, és ugyanez áll a make után, ha annak jelentése
’előidézi valakinél azt, hogy valamit megtegyen’. Ez utóbbit magyarra változatosan fordíthatjuk, többek között
műveltető ’-tat / -tet’ képzővel is.
¤
3 Underline the correct form.
1 Laura didn’t enjoy having / to have acupuncture. 9 I can’t to see / see you tonight.
2 The lion managed escaping / to escape from the 10 Sarah called the health centre making / to make
zoo. an appointment with the doctor.
3 Do you want going out / to go out tonight? 11 He checked the number on the screen before
4 Do you think you can to work out / work out the answering / answer the phone.
answer? 12 I think that driving / to drive in the rush hour
5 It’s a secret. I’ve promised not telling / not to tell can be quite stressful.
anyone. 13 Tom offered taking / to take me to the airport.
6 You must to arrive / arrive on time for the 14 It’s impossible opening / to open this jar. Can you
interview. try?
7 I don’t mind staying / to stay in this evening. 15 My parents make us to tidy / tidy our rooms before
8 My boss doesn’t let me to make / make personal we go to bed.
phone calls at work.
4 Rewrite the sentences to mean the same thing using the words in (brackets).
1 I’m going to buy a scooter. (decide) 6 George’s thinking of taking the exam in June.
I’ve ___________________________________________. (planning)
2 Pedro plays chess very well. (good at) George ____________________________the exam in June.
Pedro is ______________________________________________ 7 I get angry when I get cold calls. (hate)
jokes. I _______________________________________________ cold
3 Ann thinks she won’t be home before midnight. calls.
(expect) 8 Joe’s ambition is to play for Barça one day.
Ann __________________________________ home before (hope)
midnight. Joe _____________________________ for Barça one day.
4 It’s important to bring your dictionary 9 Hugh left and didn’t say goodbye to anyone.
tomorrow. (must) (without)
You __________________________ your dictionary Hugh left ___________________________ goodbye to
tomorrow. anyone.
5 Could you help me for a minute? (mind) 10 I’ll possibly see you at the weekend. (may)
Would you mind ____________________ help me for a I ______________________________________________ at
minute? the weekend.
¤
5 Complete the sentences in the stories with the correct form of the verbs.
stay sleep pay find to persuade them 10________________ their minds, and at
Last summer I went to Venice. The train arrived after first they refused 11________________, but in the end they
midnight, so I decided 1________________ in the station. But allowed him 12________________ on a later flight with his
a policeman said I wasn’t allowed 2________________ there skis.
overnight, and told me 3________________ a hotel. I ended
up 4________________ 120 euros for an expensive room. not change eat not expect have say
The other day I went to a restaurant where I normally
not take turn off not have ring really enjoy 13________________. I was looking forward to
I went to a concert last week, and I forgot 14________________ a steak, but it was completely
5________________ my mobile. It rang during the concert, overcooked. The waitress kept on 15________________ it was
and it went on ________________ for about 15 seconds – I OK, but at last she agreed 16________________ me for it. I
6
couldn’t find it in my bag. It was very embarrassing. My told her 17________________ a tip!
husband made me promise 7________________ my phone to
concerts anymore, but it’s really hard because I hate give up study do go out get
8________________ it with me! When I left university I got a job, but my best friend
wanted 18________________ another degree. I said she might
listen check in go change 19________________ tired of being a student, but she didn’t
My brother was going skiing last month, but at the listen to me. She didn’t have much money so she
airport they wouldn’t let him 9________________ his skis couldn’t afford 20________________ very much. After three
because it was a low-cost flight. He spent an hour trying months, she decided 21________________ 22________________
and look for a job!
36
File Test 7
7 Our parents made ___ hard when we were
Grammar teenagers.
A us to study B we study C us study
1 Circle A, B, or C to complete the sentences. 8 ___ my guitar for an hour every evening always
1 Please ___ on his first day at school. helps me relax.
A look after your brother B look your brother A Playing B Play C To play
after C your brother look after 9 We’re looking forward ___ on holiday. It’s only two
2 The police told me ___ over there. weeks away now.
A to not park B park not C not to park A to go B to going C go
3 My sister borrowed some money but she hasn’t ___ 10 It was too hot to wear his jacket so Dan took ___.
yet. A off B off it C it off
A paid back me B paid to me back 11 A What happened to their website? It was so
C paid me back good.
4 We need ___ to the supermarket. There isn’t B They ___.
anything in the fridge. A closed down it B it closed down
A going B to go C go C closed it down
5 I don’t really get ___. He’s too selfish. 12 My neighbours ___. They’ll be back next week.
A on with Sam B on Sam with C with Sam on A went away yesterday B went yesterday away
6 It’s very difficult ___ your handwriting. C yesterday went away
A to reading B to read C read
37
13 They love ___ to their relatives in Australia on 3 I can’t imagine ________________ (not talk) to each
Skype. other every day.
A talk B talking C to talking 4 You should stop ________________ (eat) so much fast
14 She can’t still be asleep – it’s late. ___! food. It’s unhealthy!
A Wake up her B Wake up she C Wake her up 5 We tried ________________ (get) tickets for the concert
15 Be careful ___ in the sun for too long. but it was too late.
A not to lie B to not lie C not lie 6 My father told me ________________ (not play) my
16 They want ___ to their New Year’s Eve party. videogame, but I did it anyway.
A us go B we go C us to go 7 How good are you at ________________ (remember)
17 I spend about three hours a day ___ emails at work. names? I’m terrible.
A to write B writing C write 8 Our teacher made them ________________ (stay) late at
18 Do you feel like ___ anything special this weekend? the end of lesson.
A doing B to do C do 9 I never feel like ________________ (go) out during the
19 Did you ___ before you left? week.
A pick up them B pick them up C up them pick
20 We’re trying ___ money for a new car. Vocabulary
A to saving B save C to save
5 Choose the correct answer. They are all related to
2 Complete the second sentence so that it means the cash machines.
same as the first. 1 If you want to know how much money is in your
1 Their manager said they could go home early. account, you check your ___.
Their manager let ________________ home early. balance deposit cash
2 He doesn’t help me with my maths homework any 2 When a machine isn’t working, you see ‘___ service’.
more. up with out of off with
He’s given up ________________ with my maths 3 If you want a paper record of what you did, press
homework. ‘print ___’.
3 He said he would call Sara tomorrow. receive recipe receipt
He agreed ________________ Sara tomorrow. 4 If you make a mistake and need to start again,
4 My husband thinks I should take more time off press ‘___’.
work. finish withdraw cancel
My husband wants me ________________ more time off 5 The letters PIN stand for ‘___ Identification
work. Number’.
Person’s Private Personal
3 Underline the correct words.
1 I can’t find my purse. I’ve been looking for it 6 Complete the phrasal verbs in the correct form.
/ looking it for all morning. 1 Would you like to c________ round for dinner on
2 Claire decided to set off early / set early off to avoid Saturday?
the traffic. 2 Diana left her laptop in a taxi, but amazingly she
3 John’s busy at the moment. Can you back call him g________ it back.
/ call him back later? 3 The children k________ on arguing, so I took the
4 I don’t get my neighbour on with / get on with my game away.
neighbour. 4 My son has decided to c________ out the repairs to
5 The main course had a strange taste, so we sent it his house himself.
back / sent back it. 5 These painkillers are very good at t________ pain
6 When are you going to your clothes put away / put away.
away your clothes? 6 Don’t g________ up so easily. You should try harder.
7 Please turn off / off turn your phone. I can’t 7 The car br________ down again yesterday, so I’m
concentrate. going to buy a new one.
8 I lent you £100 last week. When are you going to
4 Complete the sentences with the gerund or infinitive p________ me back?
form of the verb in (brackets).
1 It’s much more difficult ________________ (buy) tickets 7 Cross out the odd one.
for football matches now. 1 spectators audience opponents
2 Petrol’s so expensive. We can’t afford 2 performance final whistle matinee
________________ (have) two cars any more. 3 fans half time interval
38
2 Did you have this fixed by a plumber? Ezt egy vízvezeték-szerelővel javíttattad meg?
Ha mindenképpen ki akarjuk tenni, kivel végeztettük el a dolgot, akkor jelezhetjük by elöljárószó segítségével.
Ha nem tudjuk, nem akarjuk megmondani, vagy nem lényeges, hogy ki a végrehajtó, használhatjuk a passzív
(szenvedő) szerkezetet, pl. The morning news was watched. ’Megnézték a reggeli híradót.’ (= A reggeli híradó meg
lett nézve. / †A reggeli híradó megnézetett.) Ezekben a passzív mondatokban az alany a cselekvés végpontja (itt a
híradó), az állítmány pedig a be létige odaillő formája (itt az elbeszélésre használt past simple), amelyet a jelentést
hordozó ige 3. alakja követ. A be ilyenkor cselekvést is jelenthet, tehát állhat continuous aspektusban is, pl. The room
is being painted. ’A szobát éppen festik.’ (= A szoba éppen festés alatt áll.)
Formailag ez a szerkezet megfelel a magyar köznyelvben használt, de csúnyának tartott „meg lett csinálva”
szerkezetnek. Ezek a passzív mondatok mindig visszavezethetők egy aktív mondatra, pl. The room is being painted.
← Somebody is painting the room. ’Valaki festi a szobát.’ Tulajdonképpen arról van szó, hogy a cselekvés végpontja az
aktív mondatban tárgy, míg a passzív mondatban alany. Ebből az is következik, hogy tárgyatlan mondatot nem lehet
passzívvá alakítani.
A magyarban a passzív szerkezetet fordíthatjuk „meg lett csinálva” szerkezettel, ’-ul / -ül’ vagy ’-(t)atik / -(t)etik’
képzős szenvedő igékkel, de leggyakrabban egy általános „ők” alannyal ellátott cselekvő mondattal.
the Millennium Experience, 6________________ (hold) in the architecture from mediaeval Europe, and the collection
15________________ (contain) about 2,000 works of art.
Dome, and it 7________________ (visit) by 6.5 million
people. In 2005 the Dome 8________________ (redevelop) as Between 1934 and 1938 parts of five churches in Spain
an entertainment venue, with restaurants, clubs, and and France
16________________ (transport) across the
bars, and the building 9________________ (rename). Since Atlantic. Then these ________________ (rebuild) brick by
17
then it 10________________ (use) for concerts and sporting brick. The museum website has information and maps
events, including basketball and gymnastics at the 2012 which can
18________________ (download). Entrance
19________________ (cost) a recommended $25 for adults.
London Olympics. New events 11________________ (plan) all
40
For group visits of more than ten people you 20________________ (need) to make an advance reservation.
Passzív mondatok tárggyal
3 The company offered Ralph a job. A cég felajánlott egy állást Ralphnak.
Ralph was offered a job. Ralphnak felajánlottak egy állást.
The company offered a job to Ralph. A cég felajánlott egy állást Ralphnak.
A job was offered to Ralph. Egy állást ajánlottak fel Ralphnak.
A „duplatárgyas” igék esetében az aktív mondat indirekt tárgyából lesz a passzív mondat alanya, vagyis a magyar
részeshatározóra állítjuk fel a passzív mondatot. Az így képződő passzív mondatnak megmarad a saját tárgya, pl. He
was given some money. ’Adtak neki egy kis pénzt.’ (= Kapott egy kis pénzt.) Claire’s sister was sent a message ’Claire
húgának küldtek neki egy üzenetet.’ (= Claire húga kapott egy üzenetet.)
Ha a „duplatárgyas” megoldás helyett a tárgy + részeshatározó változatot választjuk, akkor a passzív mondatot a
szokásos módon alkotjuk meg.
2 Rewrite the sentences to mean the same thing using the words in (brackets).
1 His father is teaching her Russian. 6 Everybody advised me to give up smoking.
She _________________________________. I _______________________________________________.
2 The boss gave the employees some good news. 7 They’ve asked Marty to work for the company.
The employees ___________________________________. Marty _____________________________________________.
3 The owner has offered the staff a company trip. 8 Some people sent us information about the new
The staff ___________________________________________. IT threats.
4 His friends promised him their support. We __________________________________________________
He _________________________________________. _____________.
5 They sent the mother the baby clothes she 9 They asked the neighbours to mow the lawn.
ordered. The neighbours ________________________________.
The mother ______________________________________ 10 The workers brought John a couple of tools.
_______________. John ___________________________________________.
File Test 8
13 Do you like the new bathroom? I ___ myself – with
Grammar my own two hands.
A had it done B would do it C did it
1 Circle A, B, or C to complete the sentences. 14 How often does the Golden Gate Bridge need ___
1 Where did you ___? repainted?
A have cut your hair B have your hair cut A being B to be C having
C your hair have cut 15 My handbag ___ stolen!
2 We couldn’t go in the gallery because it ___. A had B was been C has been
A was renovating B had renovated 16 William Shakespeare will never ___.
C was being renovated A be forgotten B have been forgot
3 I love ___ out for a meal. It makes a nice change. C be forgetting
A being taken B be took C to being take 17 It’s a good idea to have your passport photo ___
4 A lot of cars are ___ in Germany every year. professionally.
A produce B producing C produced A take B took C taken
5 A When did you say the school ___ built? 18 Josh did very well in the interview and he ___ the
B Next year. job immediately.
A was B is C will be A was being offered B was offered C offered
6 Our favourite village in Cornwall ___ by tourism. 19 I ___ a pay rise, but they didn’t give me one.
A has been spoilt B has being spoilt C had spoilt A promised B promised myself
7 Sophie is going ___ a special prize for her hard work C had been promised
at school. 20 Water ___ hydrogen and oxygen.
A to have given B to be given C be give A is made up of B makes up C has made up
8 Notes from A Small Island was written ___ Bill
Bryson. 2 Complete the second sentence so that it means the
A of B from C by same as the first.
9 I had ___ a local company. Their rates were very 1 Local farmers find items from the war here.
reasonable. Items from the war ________________________ here by
A my house decorated by B decorated my house local farmers.
by C my house decorated from 2 More people will probably visit the museum this
10 Don’t take the car into the city centre this week. year.
The high street ___. The museum ________________________ by more people
A has resurfaced B is resurfaced this year.
C is being resurfaced 3 You have to switch off your phone inside the
11 ___ on the Abbey’s website. library.
A The opening times can found Phones ________________________ inside the library.
B You can find the opening times 4 They were restoring some paintings at the time we
C The opening times you can find went.
12 ___ your hearing tested? Perhaps you should. Some paintings ________________________ at the time
A Have you ever had B Had you ever we went.
C Have you ever
42
5 Do you like people asking you personal questions? 10 Sam / changed / tomorrow / is / the / locks
Do you like ________________________ personal / having
questions? Sam ______________________________________
6 They have discovered new information about __________________________________________.
Stonehenge.
New information about Stonehenge Vocabulary
________________________.
7 A helmet should be worn when cycling. 4 Complete the sentences. Write one word in each gap.
You ________________________ a helmet when cycling. They are all related to keeping fit, hair, and beauty
8 People regard Shakespeare as a genius. treatments.
Shakespeare ________________________ as a genius. 1 Treat yourself to a m________ – your hands will look
9 Companies oughtn’t to call people in the evenings. good afterwards.
People ________________________ by companies in the 2 Brian uses his r________ machine every day to
evenings. strengthen his arm muscles.
10 It’s impossible to learn to drive in a week. 3 Of course Tracey’s tan is f________. She never goes
You ________________________ to drive in a week. out in the sun.
4 My feet felt like new after the p________. It was
3 Put the words in the correct order to make sentences. worth the money.
1 Would / painted / you / to / portrait / have / your 5 Have a good str________. That’s it – put your arms
/ like and legs out straight.
Would ____________________________________ 6 Ellie was bored with her hair colour, so she had it
__________________________________________? d________ pink!
2 Our / have / need / to / cleaned / their / windows 7 My teenage son’s fr________ is so long that he can’t
/ neighbours see where he’s going.
Our ______________________________________ 8 W________ is the best way to get rid of hair on your
__________________________________________. legs.
3 She / repaired / her / to / have / roof / had 9 Sara had her hair p________ up when she got
She _______________________________________ married, and looked very elegant.
__________________________________________. 10 When my sister was small, her long hair was
4 I’m / to / my / professionally / photo / taken always in pl________.
/ going / have 11 If you don’t want to run in the streets, use a
I’m _______________________________________ cr________-tr________ in a gym.
__________________________________________. 12 Your p________ isn’t straight. Where’s your comb?
5 We’ll / our / soon / boiler / replaced / have 13 I asked the hairdresser for a tr________, but she cut
We’ll ______________________________________ off too much.
__________________________________________. 14 Ben has strong arms and can do 50 pr________-
6 My / car / has / garage / serviced / at / her / that u________.
/ mother
My _______________________________________ 5 Complete the sentences. Write one word in each gap.
__________________________________________. They are all related to history and war.
7 I’ve / friend / by / flat / decorated / a / my / had 1 A country with a king or a queen is a m________.
I’ve _______________________________________ 2 A c________ war is a war between groups of people
__________________________________________. in the same country.
8 Why / cut / her / your / did / have / hair 3 A fight between soldiers on different sides is a
/ daughter b________.
Why ______________________________________ 4 An attempt by many people to change a
__________________________________________? government, often using violence, is a r________.
9 They / shopping / have / always / their / delivered 5 The ruler of a country is also known as the l________.
They ______________________________________ 6 A large gun on wheels is a c________.
__________________________________________.
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A past felé történő átalakításra egyáltalán nem kerül sor, ha a felvezető ige nem past időségű, pl. ‘I’ll help you.’
’Majd segítek.’ > He always says he’ll help me, even though he won’t. ’Mindig azt mondja, hogy segít, pedig nem.’, ha a
kijelentés még mindig aktuális, pl. A What did she say? B She said she’ll come round soon. ’–Mit mondott? –Azt
mondta, mindjárt átjön.’, vagy ha a kijelentés a közlő személyétől és a közlés tényétől teljesen független,
pl. And the history teacher said that was the beginning of the Cold War. ’És a történelemtanár azt mondta, ez volt a
hidegháború kezdete.’
A kérdőszóval bevezetett kiegészítendő kérdések esetében a kérdőszó fogja betölteni a kötőszó szerepét, pl. ‘Why
are you asking?’ ’Miért kérdezed?’ > She wanted to know why I was asking. ’Tudni akarta, (hogy (vajon)) miért
kérdezem.’, míg a kérdőszó nélküli, eldöntendő kérdéseket az if ’-e’ vagy whether ’hogy vajon …-e’ kötőszóval
kapcsoljuk, pl. ‘Do you live near hear?’ ’A közelben laksz?’ > The man asked me if / whether I lived near there. ’A férfi
megkérdezett, (hogy (vajon)) a közelben lakom-e.’
A say ’mond’ után nem áll ott, ki volt az üzenet címzettje, a tell ’elmond valakinek’ után viszont minden esetben. Az
ask ’kérdez (valakitől)’ után az üzenet címzettje kitehető, de nem kötelező.
A past perfectet használjuk akkor, ha az elbeszélésben kilépünk az elbeszélés idővonalából, és egy korábban
történt eseményre utalunk, pl. I entered the game, although I’d been told not to. ’Beszálltam a játékba, holott
megmondták nekem (= korábban, mint ahol most a történetben tartok), hogy ne tegyem.’
third conditional
3 If I’d seen you, I’d have said hello. Ha láttalak volna, köszöntem volna.
He wouldn’t have left if he hadn’t been so tired. Nem ment volna el, ha nem lett volna olyan fáradt.
további példák SB p. 149/in third conditionals
A third conditionalt, amelyet magyarul a feltételes mód múlt idejével adunk vissza („ha ez történt volna, az történt
volna”, úgy fejezzük ki, hogy az if / unless kötőszóval felvezetett feltételes tagmondatban past perfect áll, míg a
főmondati részben would have + 3. alak. A would helyett használhatunk could vagy might modális segédigét is, és a
tagmondatok sorrendje is szabadon választható. Vigyázat, mind a would, mind a had rövidíthető ’d formában, de a
would után bare infinitive (itt have), míg a had után 3. alak áll!
¤
1 Complete the sentences with the past simple or past perfect form of the verb in (brackets).
1 She told me her parents ________________ (be) 9 If we ________________ (buy) our tickets sooner, they’d
married for 40 years. have been cheaper.
2 I thought we were going to miss the train, but 10 We ________________ (see) our friends every weekend
luckily it ________________ (not leave). when we lived in Glasgow.
3 If I ________________ (have) some money, I’d lend you 11 How long _______________________ (you / know) him
some. when he proposed to you?
4 Nobody answered the phone because the office 12 She said she ________________ (not eat) meat for over
________________ (just / close) for the day. three years.
5 I ________________ (drop) my phone yesterday, but I 13 I’d have gone home if you ____________________ (not
think it’s OK. turn up).
6 We would’ve been late for the wedding if we 14 I’d only get married if I ________________ (meet)
________________ (not take) a taxi. someone I really liked.
7 Where is he? He ________________ (not say) he’d be 15 She told me she ________________ (lose) her phone
late. twice before.
8 He said he ________________ (already / have)
breakfast.
2 Put the verbs in (brackets) in the right past tense (simple, continuous, or perfect).
It was 8.30, and Andrew 1________________ (sit) in a café 6________________ (not see) each other for eight years now.
waiting for Lucy to arrive. He 2________ (be) tired, He wondered if she 7________________ (change) much. Eight
because he 3________________ (work) until late the night years before she 8________________ (be) attractive, but not
before. He 4________________ (feel) nervous too. He really beautiful.
5________________ (not be) sure if she would recognize him
He 9________________ (look) at his watch again. Half an She 16________________ (wear) a long coat and
hour 10________________ (passed) since he 11________________ 17________________ (look) round the other tables, obviously
(sit) down. She 12________ (promise) to be there at about looking for him. He 18________________ (stand) up and
8.00, but she 13_____________________ (never / be) a very 19________________ (walk) towards her. A minute later their
File Test 9
4 ‘I think you’ve already paid.’ She said she ___
Grammar already paid.
A thought I’d B thought I having
1 Circle A, B, or C to complete the sentences. C thinks to have
1 ‘Don’t forget to go to the bank.’ She told ___ to go to 5 If I ___ remember their number, I would’ve phoned.
the bank. A could’ve B ’d been able to C can
A me not to forget B not forget C I don’t forget 6 ‘See you tomorrow.’ They said they’d see us ___.
2 ‘You’ll feel better soon.’ The doctor told Tom ___ A the next day B tomorrow day C next day
better soon. 7 If I ___ seen the news, I wouldn’t have known.
A he feels B he’d felt C he’d feel A hadn’t B haven’t C wouldn’t have
3 Maria said they ___ for five years.
A ’ve married B ’d marry C ’d been married
48
8 ‘Can you close the door?’ My boss told me ___ the 4 Donna asked him why he hadn’t finished his report
door. the week before.
A to close B close C closing ‘__________________________________________________________
9 I ran to the post office, but it ___. __________________________’
A did already close B already closed 5 She asked me if I’d bought the food for the camping
C had already closed trip.
10 ‘She has a terrible memory.’ You said she ___ a ‘__________________________________________________________
terrible memory. __________________________’
A was having B had had C had
11 ‘We don’t want to come here again.’ Tess said they 3 Complete the sentences using reported speech.
didn’t want to go ___ again. 1 ‘Steve’s already visited Australia twice.’
A here B there C to there I said
12 What job ___ if you hadn’t decided to be a teacher? ___________________________________________________________
A did you do B you would do _____________________.
C would you have done 2 ‘How long has Mary been working here?’
13 ‘I ___ my handbag.’ She said she couldn’t find her Carlos asked
handbag. ___________________________________________________________
A can’t found B not can find C can’t find _______________.
14 He played badly because he ___ feeling unwell. 3 ‘I don’t want to work for another company.’
A have been B had been C may be She said
15 She ___ have passed the exam if she hadn’t studied ___________________________________________________________
so hard. __________________.
A wouldn’t B didn’t C can’t 4 ‘Don’t forget to send the application form.’
16 ‘What ___ at university?’ He asked me what I’d He told me
studied at university. ___________________________________________________________
A are you studying B do you study ________________.
C did you study 5 ‘We’re flying to London tomorrow.’
17 I would have invited you if you ___ you wanted to Robert said
come. ___________________________________________________________
A had said B would said C had have said ________________.
18 They couldn’t see the play because all the tickets
4 Complete the third conditional sentences with the
___.
correct form of the verbs in (brackets).
A are selling B had been sold C would be sold
1 You ________________ (arrive) in time if you
19 ‘I might go next week.’ Tom said he ___ next week.
________________ (leave) an hour ago.
A might go B might have gone C might gone
2 They ________________ (not meet) if he ________________
20 We ___ our visit to the gallery because we hadn’t
(catch)a later flight.
been there before.
3 If my wife ________________ (not remind) me, I
A had enjoyed B enjoyed C have enjoyed
________________ (forget)my son’s birthday.
2 Write the sentences using direct speech. 4 We ________________ (go) to the party if they
1 She told me they had to leave before 8.30. ________________ (invite) us, but they didn’t!
‘__________________________________________________________ 5 If I ________________ (know) what would happen, I
__________________________’ ________________ (not tell) that joke.
2 He said Oliver had lived there for nearly three
5 Complete the sentences with the past simple or the
years.
past perfect form of the verbs in (brackets).
‘__________________________________________________________
__________________________’ 1 They ________________ (sell) our seats, so we
3 He said he’d never forget the first time he met ________________ (not can) get on the flight!
Linda. 2 You ________________ (tell) us your parents
‘__________________________________________________________ ________________ (decide) to go on a world tour.
__________________________’ 3 He ________________ (ask) me if I ________________ (be)
married long.
4 I still ________________ (not pack) my case when the
taxi ________________ (turn up).
49
5 He ________________ (ring) her number, but she 7 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
________________ (switch off) her phone. Use each word once.
memory unforgettable forgetful memorial memoirs
Vocabulary memorize forget memorable
1 We visited the ___ for the soldiers who had died in
6 Complete the text. Write one word in each gap. They
World War II.
are all related to weddings.
2 You mustn’t ___ you have a doctor’s appointment in
Last year, Tina, my oldest sister, got married after being
1e________ to Philip for many years. It was a day we won’t
the morning.
3 Our trip to the Bahamas was a ___ holiday for many
forget because we thought she’d lost her nerve. The
2c________ was supposed to start at 11 a.m. The
reasons.
3gr________ arrived in good time, so did all the 4g________,
4 It was fascinating to read my great-grandfather’s
___.
but by 11.30 there was still no sign of the 5br________.
5 My mother’s becoming very ___. She keeps going
Apparently, her 6w________ 7dr________ had been slightly
out without her keys.
torn by one of the 8p________boys when he stepped on it
6 Not many people are able to ___ long lists of facts
just as she was about to leave. Tina’s two 9br________
accurately.
helped to sew it up, and after another half hour, she
7 I used to have an excellent ___ but now I sometimes
arrived at the church, much to everyone’s relief. The
10r________ afterwards was a huge success, especially the
get confused.
11sp________ made by the 12b________ man.
8 Going to your wedding was an ___ experience.
A do főigeként
4 We’re doing business in Austria. Ausztriában üzletelünk.
további példák SB p. 150/do 1
50
A do ’végez’, ’csinál’ ige gyakran szerepel főigeként önállóan vagy kifejezésekben, pl. I do the cleaning every
Saturday. ’Minden szombaton takarítok.’
A have főigeként sokszor előfordul kifejezésekben is, pl. We’re having breakfast. ’Épp reggelizünk.’ Ezek a kifejezések
többnyire cselekvést fejeznek ki, és ilyenkor a have állhat continuous aspektusban, szemben a ’birtokol’ jelentéssel,
amely nem-cselekvés.
A have got ’birtokol’, ’van neki’ kifejezés formailag a get ige present perfect formája, így ilyenkor a have a segédige. Ez
a szerkezet csak jelenben használatos, a múltban a főigeként használt have áll helyette, pl. We had a lot of time. ’Volt
egy csomó időnk.’ nem We’d got a lot of time.
¤
1 Complete the dialogue with the correct form(s) of be, do, or have. Use contractions where possible.
A Hey Steve! A Great! I 4______________ a lot of research at the
B Hi Nadia! I called this morning but you 1__________ moment, but I 5______________ a good time too. I
there. 6__________ made lots of friends here.
B Three years? That 10__________ a long time. A Yes, and 17__________ I tell you that Pete wants to
A True. But I 11__________ found a great place to live. take me to Paris next weekend?
It’s a beautiful old cottage – it 12__________ built in B No, you 18__________. Shouldn’t you 19__________
the 16th century! We want to 13__________ it studying? 20__________ you sure that you
redecorated before we move in. 21__________ enough time to go off travelling?
B We? Who 14__________ you sharing it with? A Oh, come on! It 22__________ take really long to get
A With Sara and Pete, two friends of mine. Sara there on the train.
15__________ know Pete yet, but I’m sure they’ll get B It sounds as if you 23______________ lots of fun
on. We 16______________ a housewarming party things. So, tell me more about Pete…
next month! A Wow, look at the time! I 24__________ to go now!
B A party? Great. Talk to you soon, and 25__________ worry about
me! Bye!
File Test 10
20 What job ___ to do after she finishes university?
Grammar A she is going B is going she C is she going
1 Circle A, B, or C to complete the sentences. 2 Choose the correct form of the verb.
1 I ___ have my car repaired because the garage was 1 ___ your old friends from school?
still closed. Do you still see Are you still see
A wasn’t B didn’t C hadn’t Have you still seeing
2 ___ Anna’s flight take off on time? 2 This is the first time ___ here in ten years.
A Was B Had C Did had we been we’ve been we’re being
3 We didn’t go on holiday last year because we ___ 3 ___ to contact them before you left?
house. Do you try Were you tried Had you tried
A would just moved B have just moved 4 A What ___?
C had just moved B He’s a lawyer.
4 James and Sara ___ living in New York for very long. does your brother does your brother do
A don’t B haven’t been C haven’t does do your brother
5 ___ long hours all week. It’s time for a rest. 5 I was too tired so I ___ to the cinema after all.
A We’ve been working B We work didn’t go haven’t gone wasn’t go
C We’d been working 6 How many countries do you think ___ visited?
6 I knew we ___ met before. I recognized your name. you have you are do you
A had B were C did 7 My cousin ___ her hair dyed different colours. It
7 Jorge said he ___ me sooner if he’d known. looks extraordinary.
A would tell B will tell C would have told has had will have has done
8 How many brothers and sisters ___ you have? 8 We ___ get more petrol as the tank’s still half full.
A are B do C have haven’t to aren’t having don’t have to
9 I’m going to Brazil for six months, so I ___ learn 9 More e-books than printed books ___ in the future.
some Portuguese. are producing have produced will be produced
A have need B am needing to C need to 10 I ___ working for this company for about three
10 ___ Paul ever been to Mexico on holiday? years now.
A Has B Does C Is am have been was
11 I rang the police when I saw the man they ___ for.
A had looking B have been looked 3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
C were looking verb in (brackets).
12 Why ___ he going home? It’s early. 1 Jane ________________ (learn) Arabic since last year,
A does B is C has and ________________ (speak) it quite well now.
13 Where ___ live when you were a child? 2 I ________________ (think) you ________________ (not
A did you use to B you used to C did you used to ought) to tell them until tomorrow.
14 Please tell him ___ back when I’ve finished cooking. 3 We ________________ (leave) early yesterday, but we
A I call B I’ll call C I’m going call ________________ (not manage) to catch the last train.
15 Why ___ ‘colour’ spelt with a ‘u’ in American 4 Dad ________________ (teach) me how to drive when I
English? ________________ (be) 17 next year.
A hasn’t B isn’t C doesn’t 5 They ________________ (tell) us the tickets
16 Etian ___ to represent his country in this year’s ________________ (already / sell) out.
championships. 6 I ________________ (not can) go on the walk yesterday
A had chose B has been chosen C has chose because I ________________ (work) all day.
17 All the staff ___ to stay late at the office yesterday 7 You ________________ (do) better in the exam last
evening. week if you ________________ (study) harder.
A have B would have C had 8 My husband ________________ (promise) he
18 I ___ a new watch for my birthday, but I got a laptop ________________ (pick) me up after work.
instead. 9 The boss ________________ (send) me the files so I
A was promised B promised C promised me ________________ (can work) at home.
19 Marta ___ walking to work when she fell and hurt 10 ________________ (you / decide) yet which parts of the
her knee. US you ________________ (visit) next summer?
A had B did C was
54