CHAPTER

10
Cause – Effect
Paragraph
Subtopics:-

10.1 Identify the transition signals for cause- effect paragraph

10.2 Construct topic sentences, supporting sentences &
concluding sentences using cause – effect in a paragraph.
10.3 Write an outline of cause- effect paragraphs

10.1 Identify the transition signals for cause- effect paragraph (Mengenal pasti isyarat peralihan untuk
perenggan sebab-akibat)

Just a certain transition signals show time order and logical division, certain words andphrases
signal cause/ effect relationships. And probably know many of them already.
Cuma isyarat peralihan tertentu menunjukkan susunan masa dan pembahagian logik, kata-kata dan frasa tertentu
menunjukkan hubungan sebab / akibat. Dan mungkin sudah mengetahui banyak dari mereka.

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 Below are the transition signals for cause-effect paragraph with some example of
sentences.

For Untuk Bison were indispensable to the Native American tribes, for this one
animal provided them with nearly everything they needed for
survival. Bison sangat diperlukan oleh suku asli Amerika, untuk yang satu ini
haiwan menyediakan hampir semua yang mereka perlukan untuk bertahan
hidup
Because / since /as Bison were indispensable to the Native American tribes
Kerana / sejak / sebagai
because/ since / as this one animal provided them with nearly
everything they needed for survival. Bison sangat diperlukan oleh suku asli
Amerika kerana / sejak / kerana haiwan ini memberi mereka hampir
semua yang mereka perlukan untuk bertahan hidup.
to result from/ to be The bison’s near extinction resulted from/ was resulted of loss of
the result habitat and overhunting. Kepunahan hampir bison itu disebabkan / hilang akibat
of untuk menghasilkan kehilangan habitat dan pemburuan berlebihan.
dari / menjadi hasilnya
daripada

Due to/ The bison’s near extinction due to/ because of of loss of habitat and
because of Disebabkan
oleh/disebabkan Overhunting Bison hampir pupus kerana / kerana kehilangan habitat dan
pemburuan berlebihan
The effect of /the One effect of / consequence of westward expansion was the
consequence Of destruction of habitat for the bison Salah satu kesan / akibat pengembangan barat
Kesan / akibatnya adalah pemusnahan habitat bison

daripada
As a result of/as a The areas in which bison could roam freely shrank as a result of/ as a
consequence Of consequence of the westward expansion of the 1800s. Kawasan di mana
Akibat / akibatnya bison dapat berkeliaran bebas menyusut sebagai akibat dari / sebagai akibat
pengembangan ke arah barat pada tahun 1800-an.
daripada

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10.2 Construct topic sentences, supporting sentences & concluding sentences using
cause – effect in a paragraph. Membina ayat topik, ayat sokongan & ayat penutup
menggunakan sebab - akibat dalam perenggan.

Cause/effect paragraphs generally follow basic paragraph format. That is, they begin with
a topic sentence and this sentence is followed by specific supporting details. For example,
if the topic sentence introduces an effect, the supporting sentences all describe causes.
Here is an example:
Perenggan sebab / akibat umumnya mengikuti format perenggan asas. Maksudnya, mereka bermula
dengan ayat topik dan ayat ini diikuti dengan perincian sokongan khusus. Sebagai contoh, jika ayat topik
memperkenalkan kesan, semua ayat yang menyokong menjelaskan sebabnya.

(Topic sentences)In recent decades, cities have grown so large that now about
50% of the Earth's population lives in urban areas. There are several reasons for
this occurrence. (Supporting sentences) First, the increasing industrialization of
the nineteenth century resulted in the creation of many factory jobs, which tended
to be located in cities. These jobs, with their promise of a better material life,
attracted many people from rural areas. Second, there were many schools
established to educate the children of the new factory laborers. The promise of a
better education persuaded manyfamilies to leave farming communities and
move to the cities. (Concluding sentences)Finally, as the cities grew, people
established places of leisure, entertainment, and culture, such as sports stadiums,
theaters, and museums .For many people, these facilities made city life appear
more interesting than life on the farm, and therefore drew them away from rural
communities . (Kalimat topik) Dalam beberapa dekad kebelakangan ini, bandar-bandar telah
berkembang begitu besar sehingga sekarang sekitar 50% populasi Bumi tinggal di kawasan bandar. Terdapat
beberapa sebab berlakunya kejadian ini. (Kalimat yang menyokong) Pertama, perindustrian yang meningkat
pada abad kesembilan belas mengakibatkan banyak pekerjaan di kilang, yang cenderung terletak di bandar.
Pekerjaan ini, dengan janji mereka untuk kehidupan material yang lebih baik, menarik banyak orang dari
luar bandar. Kedua, terdapat banyak sekolah yang didirikan untuk mendidik anak-anak pekerja kilang baru.
Janji pendidikan yang lebih baik meyakinkan banyak keluarga untuk meninggalkan komuniti pertanian dan
berpindah ke bandar. (Kalimat penutup) Akhirnya, ketika kota-kota berkembang, orang mendirikan tempat-
tempat riadah, hiburan, dan budaya, seperti stadium sukan, teater, dan muzium. Bagi banyak orang,
kemudahan ini menjadikan kehidupan di bandar kelihatan lebih menarik daripada kehidupan di ladang, dan
oleh itu menariknya dari masyarakat luar bandar.

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 Notice how each supporting sentence is a cause that explains the effect mentioned in the
topic sentence. In the chart below are the main ideas of the above paragraph, to help you
understand the relationships better: Perhatikan bagaimana setiap ayat pendukung adalah sebab
yang menjelaskan kesan yang disebutkan dalam ayat topik. Dalam carta di bawah adalah idea utama
perenggan di atas, untuk membantu anda memahami hubungan dengan lebih baik:

EFFECT CAUSES

(Topic Sentence) (Supporting Sentences)

 Cities have grown very large.

[There are several reasons for  Factory jobs attracted people.
this.]
 (Cities have grown very  Better schools attracted families to move
large.) to the city.
 Places of leisure, entertainment, and
 (Cities have grown very
culture made city life appear more
large.)
interesting.
• Bandar telah berkembang dengan sangat besar. [Ada beberapa sebab untuk ini.]
• (Bandar telah berkembang sangat besar.)
• (Bandar telah berkembang sangat besar.)

• Pekerjaan kilang menarik orang.

• Sekolah yang lebih baik menarik keluarga berpindah ke bandar.
• Tempat bersantai, hiburan, dan budaya menjadikan kehidupan kota kelihatan lebih menarik.

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 10.3 Write an outline of cause-effect paragraphs

As said above, every paragraph or essay will have an outline. The same goes with cause-
effect paragraph. Below are some of the outlines for cause – effect paragraph.
Seperti yang dinyatakan di atas, setiap perenggan atau karangan akan mempunyai garis besar. Perkara
yang sama berlaku dengan perenggan sebab-akibat. Berikut adalah beberapa garis besar untuk sebab-
akibat.

A B C

Introduction Introduction Introduction

1st cause Effects 1st cause
Transition paragraph Transition paragraph 2nd cause
2nd cause 1st cause 3rd cause
3rd cause 2nd cause Transition paragraph
4th cause 3rd cause 1st effect
Effects Conclusion 2nd effect
Conclusion Conclusion

Review question

1. Choose two from the topics below and write two essays that discusses it in terms of
cause and effect. You may use either of the outlines given to you above. The topics
that you have chosen must be in your interest.
Topics suggestions

i. Education –
 Effects of reducing class size
 Tutoring programs for college students
 High school dropouts
ii. Social issues
 Homelessness
 Rising divorce rate
 Refugees
i. Pendidikan -
• Kesan pengurangan saiz kelas
• Program bimbingan untuk pelajar kolej
• Pemecatan sekolah menengah
ii. Masalah sosial
• kehilangan tempat tinggal
• Kenaikan kadar perceraian
• Pelarian
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