205 Notes 2005

University of Waterloo
Department of Civil Engineering
CIV E 205 – Mechanics of Solids II
Instructor: Tarek Hegazi
Room: CPH 2373 G, Ext. 2174

Email: tarek@uwaterloo.ca
Course Web: www.civil.uwaterloo.ca/tarek/205-2005.html
Course Notes
University of Waterloo
Civil Engineering
CIV. E. 205 – MECHANICS OF SOLIDS II

Instructor: Dr. Tarek Hegazy, Ext: 2174, CPH – 2373G, E-mail: tarek@uwaterloo.ca
Lectures: MWF 9:30 - CPH 3385
Course Site: http://www.civil.uwaterloo.ca/tarek/205-2005.html
Teaching Ahmed Refaie, x: 2344, Office: CPH 1326C, arefai@sympatico.ca

Assistants: Ahmed Elhakeem X: 3869, Office: CPH 3384A , hakm73@yahoo.com
Important Note: http://www.eng.uwaterloo.ca/~ugoffice/course_responsibilities.html
Textbook: - Hibbeler, 2005 “Mechanics of Materials,” 6th Edition, Prentice Hall.

- Course Notes – Download
What is Covered:
- Introduction & Review
- Analysis of Stress
- Analysis of Strain
- Stress-Strain Relations
- Strain Energy
- Theories of Failure
- Deflection of Beams
- Energy Methods
- Principle of Virtual Work
- Influence Lines
- Reciprocal Theorem
- Buckling of Columns
- Special Beam Problems (Optional)
Marking:
Tutorial Exercises: 10% Handed in at the end of tutorials
4 Quizzes @ 10%: 40% Held on dates announced in class
Final Examination: 50%
Bridge Competition: Bonus
Notes:
- Each week, a number of suggested problems will be given to serve as background study
for the quizzes. Solutions are not to be handed in.
- Teaching Assistants will provide one-to-one help and will prepare you for quizzes.
- Course notes, solutions to suggested problems, and solutions to quizzes will be posted
on the course web site.
© Dr. Tarek Hegazy 1 Mechanics of Materials II

Mechanics of Materials
Objectives:
- Solve Problems in a structured systematic manner;
- Study the behavior of bodies that are considered
deformable under different loading conditions; &
- Analyze and design various machines / systems
1. Basic Concepts
a) Equilibrium of a system subjected to Forces

(i.e., Resultant of all forces on the system = 0)
Three Equilibrium Conditions:
1. ∑ X+ components of all forces = 0

2. +∑ Y components of all forces = 0
3. ∑ M (moment at any point) = 0
+
Example: In the following system of parallel forces, determine the reactions Ra, Rb
3 2 1
a b
1.5 2.5 2 1.5
Ra Rb
Analytically:
∑ Y components of all forces = 0 => Ra + Rb – 6 = 0 => Ra + Rb = 6
∑ M (moment at any point) = 0 => Ma = Rb x =0

+ + or, Rb x 7.5 = 18.5 or Rb = 2.47 t
Then, Ra + 2.47 = 6 or Ra = 3.53 t
b) Types of Supports
Supports exert reactions in the direction in which they restrain movement.
Roller
Support
(restricts in one Rubber
direction only and
allows rotation)
Hinged or Pinned
Support (restricts in two
ways and allows rotation)

Fixed Support
(restricts in two directions
and also restricts rotation)
Force in
Intermediate Pin or Hinge direction of
(Gives one extra condition) Gives extra condition
member
∑ M Right = 0
∑ M Left = 0
Examples:
_____________ _______ _______________ _______ __________ ___________
c) Structural Representation of Real Systems

c) Stability & Determinacy of Structures
- A stable structure can resist a general force immediately at the moment of applying the force.
Unstable Stable
Does not return to original shape if load is released
- A statically determinate structure is when the reactions can be determined using equilibrium equations.
1. Beams: if r < c + 3 Unstable
r = unknown support reactions. if r = c + 3 Statically determinate
c = additional conditions if r > c + 3 Statically Indeterminate
r = 3 (two at hinge + one at roller)

c = 2 (two intermediate hinges), then,
r < c + 3 Unstable
r = 5 (four at hinges + one at roller)

c = 2 (two intermediate hinges), then,
r = c + 3 Stable & Statically Determinate
r = _______
c = _______
r = _______, then____________________
r = 4 (three at fixed end + one at roller)

c = 0, then
r > c + 3 Stable & Statically Indeterminate
2. Frames:
j = No. of joints
m = No. of membrs if 3m + r < 3j + c Unstable
r = unknown support reactions if 3m + r = 3j + c Statically determinate
c = special conditions if 3m + r > 3j + c Statically Indeterminate
j = 3; m = 2; c = 0; r = 3 j = __; m = __; c = __; r = __

Then, Then,
Stable & Statically determinate 3m + r =___ , 3j + 2 =___, or
________________________
3. Trusses:
j = No. of joints if m + r < 2j Unstable
m = No. of membrs if m + r = 2j Statically determinate
r = unknown support reactions if m + r > 2j Statically Indeterminate
j = __; m = __; r = __
Then, j = 8; m = 12; r = 3
m + r = ___, 2j = ___, or Then,
________________________ m + 3 = 15 < 2j, or Unstable

2. Analysis of Forces
Forces and their effects at different points:
Concentrated Load Distributed Load Rotation (Couple)
M
P
W t/m
P1
L
Effect of a load on
another point = L M = P1 . L
parallel to its axis WxL
P P1
b a ∑ Ma = 0
L +
P P
b a ∑ Ma = 0 Effect of
+ loads
P
b M=PxL a ∑ Ma = 0
+
Forces:
V M T
M
P
Shear = Force In the Bending Moment = Normal Force =

Torsion = Couple in
X-Section Plane Couple Normal to Plane Perpendicular to X-Section
the X-Section Plane
Example:
Calculate reactions without applying equilibrium equations
P P
M = P.L /2
L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2

Example: Determine the forces at section BC
M = 150x5
150 lb 150 lb
150 lb
750 lb.in
2” 2”
2”
2” 2”
2” C 5” 5”
5” 5” 5” 5”
B
750 lb. in
150 lb
750 lb.in
Example: Determine the forces at section A

z
8”
Note: When the structural system is:__________, then

x 10” the free end is a good starting point for the analysis.
A
800 lb
800 lb T=800x14 Mx=800x10

y
14”
A 500 lb
Mz=500x14 10”
500 lb
A
800 lb
T=800x14
Equilibrium equations for each segment: 500 lb

Mz=500x14
∑Mx=0, ∑My=0, ∑Mz=0

∑Fx=0, ∑Fy=0, ∑Fz=0 800 lb
14”
500 lb
Example: Determine the forces at section HK

3. Internal Loadings on Beams & Frames
Sign convention + ive
for internal forces (N.F., S.F., & B.M.)
3.1 Analytical Approach:
Stability & Determinacy – Reactions – Axis – Sections – Signs – N, V, & M Equations – Draw Diagrams
Equilibrium Conditions:
∑ X Components of all forces = 0
+
+
∑ Y Components of all forces = 0
∑ M At any point = 0
+
Extra condition at intermediate Pin:
∑ M right side only = 0 = ∑ M left side only
+ +
Analysis of Shear & Moment Equations:
F.B.D.: Between load changes, make a cut and put 3 (equal & opposite)
internal forces on each side.
P
Segment 1 Segment 2
M M
X X
Xa
V Cut V
Ya Yb
Apply Equilibrium Equations to this Apply Equilibrium Equations to this

segment alone segment alone
Example: Calculate the Reactions

10 t
4t 8t
3
4
Ma a 6t
a Xa
1m 1m 1m
2m 1m
Ya
Step 1: Cantilever beam is stable and statically determinate

Step 2: Looking at the system as a whole (right figure) and applying Equilibrium equations,
∑X = 0, then Xa – 6 = 0, or Xa = 6 t
+
+
∑Y = 0, then Ya – 4 – 8 = 0 , or Ya = 12 t
∑ Ma = 0, then Ma – 4 x 1 – 8 x 3 = 0 , or Ma = 28 m.t. Check OK

+

+ ive
Examples: Calculate and draw the S.F.D. and the B.M.D.
Solved examples 6-1 to 6-6
Note on simple beam with distributed load:

Example: Calculate the Reactions 3t
2t/m
Step 1: m = 5; r = 4; j = 6; c = 1 c
3m + 4 = 19 = 3j + 1 then, 4m
Frame is stable and statically determinate 6m
Step 2: Looking at the system as a whole b

and applying Equilibrium equations, 2m
a
Xb
Yb
Xa
Ya
∑ Mb = 0, then 3 x 11 + 2 x 8 x 7 + 2 x Xa – 9 x Ya = 0
2m 2m 4m 3m
+
∑ Mc left only = 0 = 3 x 4 + Xa x 6 – Ya x 2 + 2 t/m x 4 x 2 = 0
+
Solving both equations, we get Ya = 16.28 t , and Xa = 0.76 t , then
+
∑Y = 0, then Ya + Yb - 3 - 16 = 0 , or Yb = 2.72t
∑ X = 0, then Xa - Xb = 0 then Xb = 0.76 t Check OK
+
Example: Calculate the Reactions 2t/m

4t
2m
∑ Mb = 0 =
+ = . Yb
4m
∑ Ma = 0 =
+ = . 4m 12 m 4m
Ya
+
∑Y =0= . = 0 or Ya = 36 - Yb
Solving these equations, we find
Yb = 20 t ; Ya = 16 t ; Xa = Xb = 0 Check OK
Example: Calculate the Reactions

50 t
∑ Mb = 0 =
+ = 50x5 - 4 Ya =0 , or Ya = 62.5 t d
1m
+ c
∑ Y = 0 = Ya + Yb - 50 = 0 or Yb = -12.5 t
∑ Mc right side only = 0 = 4 Yb - 3 Xb or Xb = - 50/3 t 3m

+
∑ X = 0 = Xa - Xb = 0 or Xa = -50/3 t Check OK
+ Xa Xb
1m 4m
Ya Yb

3.2 Graphical Approach:
Stability & Determinacy - Reactions – N, V, & M Relations – Draw Diagrams
Examples on Page 12
Rules:
1- Shear curve is one degree above load curve
2- Moment curve is one degree above shear curve
3- Moment is maximum at point with shear = 0
4- Between any two points: (look at table)
- Area under load = difference in shear
- Area under shear = difference in moment
- Slope of shear curve = - (load trend)
- Slope of moment curve = shear trend
Solved examples 6-7 to 6-13

+ ive
Examples: Calculate and draw the S.F.D. and the B.M.D.
From point a to point b:
- Load curve =
a b
- Shear curve =
- Moment curve =
- Area under load = = difference in shear =
- Area of shear =
= difference in moment =
- Shear at point of max. Moment =
- Max. moment can be calculated from shear diagram =

=
- Slope of shear curve =
- Slope of moment curve =
From point a to point b:

a b
- Load curve =
- Shear curve =
- Moment curve =
- Area under load =
= difference in shear =
- Area of shear =
= difference in moment =
- Shear at point of max. Moment =
- Max. moment can be calculated from shear diagram =

=
- Slope of shear curve =
- Slope of moment curve =

+ ive
Examples: For the problems in page 8, draw the N.F.D., S.F.D., & the B.M.D.
50 t
2t/m
d
1m 4t
c 2
0
3m 20
4
50/3 50/3 4m 0 12 m 4m
1m 4m 16
62.5 12.5

4. Stresses due to Forces
Internal Forces:
Normal Moment Shear Torsion
M V T
M
P
Normal Force = Bending Moment = Shear = Force In the

Torsion = Couple in
Perpendicular to X-Section Couple Normal to Plane X-Section Plane
the X-Section Plane
Stresses - τ
A’
Q = A’ . Y’
In narrow rectangular beams,

τmax = 1.5 V / A

Example: Determine the maximum normal stress due to bending.
Example: Determine the maximum normal stress to the left and to the right of point D. The beam has a section
modulus of 126 in3.
Example: Page 8 of notes - Determine the internal stresses at points B & C

150 lb
2”
150 lb
2” C
5” 5” 750 lb.in
I = 4 x 103 / 12 ; σB = - 150 / A + 750 x 5 / I = +7.5 psi ; σC = - 150 / A - 750 x 5 / I = -15.0 psi

Example:
Calculate normal stresses at section d

and also at the section just below c.
First, we get the reactions.
C
B
Example: Determine the internal stresses at points A, B, C, & D VQ / It
= 0.5 MPa
D
C
V = 3 KN
B T.c / J
T = 3 KN = 15.3 MPa
My = 10.5 KN.m
D
C
B A
My = 10.5 lb .in M. x / I = 107 MPa

D
C
A B

Example:
Page 8 of notes
Example: The timber used in the beam below has an allowable stresses of 1800 psi (normal)
and 120 psi (shear). Determine the minimum required depth d of the beam.
From the S.F.D. and the B.M.D., maximum values of:

Moment = 7.3 Kip.ft = 90 Kip.in; Shear = 3 Kips
Design based on allowable Normal stress:
Check Shear stress:
>120
(unacceptable)
Redesign based on allowable shear stress:
Solved Problems 6-14 to 6-20, 7-1 to 7-3, 8-4 to 8-6

5. Transformation of Stresses
- Member under tension only (P) in one direction, i.e., a normal stress. But, let’s consider an inclined plane.
σθ = (P Cos θ) / (A / Cos θ) or
Very important conclusions:
σθ = σx Cos2 θ
- Under tension only, shear is automatically present at various planes. τθ = ½ σx Sin 2θ
- The plane of maximum shear is when Sin 2θ = max or when θ = 45.
- Maximum shear = σx /2 = P / 2A
- It is important to study stress transformation and shear failure.
- Member under two dimensional stresses. Positive Signes

y
σy
τxy
σx x
Questions: y'
Is this the maximum stress? If not, then x'
What is the value of max. normal stress & its orientation? and σy’ τx’y’
What is the value of maximum shear stress & its orientation? σx’ θ
x
General Equations:
75 MPa
Example: 60 MPa
For the given state of stress, determine the normal and shearing
stresses after an element has been rotated 40 degrees counter-clockwise. 30 MPa
σx = +30 MPa ; σy = -75 MPa ; τxy = +60 MPa ; θ = + 40 y'

x'
90.7 41.3
Applying the above equations, we get:
σx’ = +45.7 MPa ; σy’ = -90.7 MPa ; τx’y’ = -41.3 MPa 45.7 40
x
Solved Examples 9-2 to 9-6

Important Observations:
1. σx + σy = σx’ + σy’ = Constant

Sum of normal stress is constant (90 degrees apart) for any orientation.
2. The plane in which shear stress τx’y’ = 0 is when:
=0
or tan 2θ = 2 τxy / (σx - σy) or at θ1 , θ2 having 90 degrees apart. These are called principal planes.
3. σx’ becomes maximum when dσx’ / dθ = 0, or when differentiating the following equation:
we get, tan 2 θp = 2 τxy / (σx - σy) or, exactly at the principal planes, which has shear stress = 0.
The value of the principal normal stresses are:
σ max, min = σx + σy (σx -2 σy)

2
± + τ2xy
2
4. Since σx + σy = constant, then, at the principal planes, σx is maximum but σy is minimum.
5. τx’y’ is maximum when planes, dτ / dθ = 0, or when:
tan 2 θs = - (σx - σy) / 2 τxy and the value of maximum shear stress τxy is:
τx’y’ (σx - σy)

2
max = + τ2xy
2
6. Similar to single stress situation, maximum is when dτ / dθ = 0, or when: θ = .
Example:
Check rule 1 for the example in previous page.
In the general equations, even if the original τxy on the element = 0, then still the shear at any plane (τx’y’)has
a value as a function of normal stresses.

Example: Determine the maximum normal and shear stresses at point H.
Forces at the section:
Stresses at Point H:
Principal stresses:
Example: Determine the maximum normal and shear stresses at points H & K.

Example: Determine the maximum normal and shear stresses at points H & K.

Circular representation of plane stresses (Mohr’s Circle): y
Step 1: Given a state of stress, with σx and σy having 90 degrees apart. σy

τxy
Step 2: Let’s plot the σx and σy on a horizontal line σx x
Notice, the 90 degrees are now 180 apart.
θ σ
0 σy σx
Step 3: Let’s plot the σx and σy on a horizontal line then τxy vertically at points 1 and 2 using signs.
σy
Y( ? , ? ) τxy
? Y X
τxy σx
? σx σ
0 σy ? ? τxy
?
τ X( ? , ? )
Step 4: Draw a circle from the center to pass by points 1 and 2. Determine σmax , σmin , θp , τmax , θs
?
σy
τxy
Y X
Y σx
σx σ
0
? σy ? ?

Example: 75 MPa
For the given state of stress, determine the normal and shearing
stresses after an element has been rotated 40 degrees counter-clockwise. 60 MPa
30 MPa
Y
(-75,60) X’
75
80o
σ 60
θ2 30
Y
-75 θ1 X 30
Y’ X (30, -60)
From the figure:
Average stress = Center of circle = (30 – 75)/2 = -22.5 , R = sqrt (52.52 + 602) = 79.7
tan θ1 = 60 / 52.5, then θ1 = 48.8 o
and θ2 = 80 - θ1 = 31.2o
Then, points X’ and Y’ have the following coordinates:
σx’ = -22.5 + R cos θ2 = -22.5 + 79.9 * 0.855 = +45.7 MPa
σy’ = -22.5 – R cos θ2 = -90.7 MPa ; τx’y’ = R sin θ2 = -41.3 MPa
Principal stress values:

σmax, σmin = Average ± R = -22.5 ± 79.7 = 57.2, - 102.2
Example:
For the given state of stress, determine: a) principal planes; and b) principal stresses. 60 MPa
Analytically: σx = -40 MPa; σy = +60 MPa ; τxy = +25 MPa 25 MPa
tan 2θp = 2 τxy / (σx - σy) = 2 x 25 / (-40 -60) = -0.5
40 MPa
or at θp1 = -13.28; θp2 = 76.7
65.9
σmax, σmin = Average ± R = σx + σy ± (σx -2 σy) + τ2xy

2
= 10 ± 55.9 MPa
2
x
Graphically: Two points X & Y 13.28
45.9
Center =
R = Y
(60,25)
σmax, σmin = Average ± R
Y 2θ σ 60
65.9
13.28 25
Y X 40
X
(-40, -25)
45.9

Example:
You have a Mohr circle of stress as shown below for two
separate points. Draw the stresses on each element and A (50, ? )
its orientation from principal planes.
R=? σ
40 100 160
A (50, y ) B ( ? , -40 )
R = 60
y σ B’ (100-X , 40 )
40 x = 50 2θ 160
100
A’ (150, -y )
y= R = 60
40
σ
Y = sqrt (602 – 502) = 33.2 x 160
40 100 2θ
Tan 2θ = y / 50 or 2θ = 33.6o
Y
50
Y
100-X
Y
B (100 + X, -40 )
16.8 40
150 41.8 X = sqrt (602 – 402) = 44.7

100+X Tan 2θ = 40 / X or 2θ = 83.6o
Special Cases:
1. Case of pure tension

A member under one directional stress σx = P / A and σy = 0
Let’s use Mohr’s circle.
τmax
From Mohr’s circle, maximum shear
Y X σx
τmax = σx / 2 = P/ 2A
Maximum shear is at 45 degrees. y'
Y X x'
0 σx τmax
σy’
σx’ 45
2. Case of pure torsion

A member under only torsional stress,
with σx = 0 and σy = 0, Let’s draw Mohr’s circle.
τxy Y
Y X
σ
0 σmax
As seen, torsional stress creates normal
Stresses which are maximum at 45 degrees.

Graphical representation of principal planes:
Properties of a circle: an angle 2θ at the center of the circle, corresponds to an angle θ at the circumference.
θ θ = 90
Special case
2θ 2θ = 180
Y (5,20)
5
20
Y X 30 30 σ
+ 5 2θ p
X
(30, -20)
Plane of principal Plane of maximum

normal stress shear stress
Y
Y σmin = -6.1
σmax = 41.1 30
30 5
5 2θ p 2θs
5
20
θp X
30 θs
17.5
X
23.6
17.5

3-Dimensional stress systems: (Absolute maximum shear stress)
Assume σ1 > σ2 > σ3 are principal normal stresses ( no shear), then let’s draw Mohr’s circle.
τmax
σ2
σ1 σ3 σ2 σ1 σ
σ3
Note : Even if σ3 = 0, 3-D stress analysis becomes essential.
Case 1: both σ1 and σ2 are positive Case 2: both σ1 and σ2 are negative
Then, τmax = σ1 / 2 Then, τmax = σ2 / 2
τmax τmax
σ2 σ1 σ2 σ1
Case 3: σ1 and σ2 have opposite signs

Then, τmax = (σ1 - σ1) / 2
τmax
σ2 σ1
Examples

6. Transformation of Plain Strain
- A structure should be designed so that its material and cross sectional dimensions can resist the maximum
normal and shear stresses imposed on it. Equally important also that the structure does not deform much
under the load, i.e., the ability to resist strains is crucial to the serviceability of structures.
- Normal Strain (due to axial load + bending moment) and Shear Strain (due to transverse shear + torsion).
Normal Strain Shear Strain
=
+ +
Strain = ε = Unitless = ∆L / L Positive Signs

(elongation and angle)
Questions:
Is this the maximum strain? If not, then
What is the value of maximum normal strain and the plane in which it exists? and
What is the value of maximum shear strain and the plane in which it exists?
- General equations for strains on a plane at angle θ for a member under two dimensional strain. Notice that all
equations look the same as those of stress transformation, except that τxy is resembled by :
General Equations: Given the three constants , , then,
Normal strain at any angle θ:
Shear strain at any angle θ:
Principal (Normal) Strain:
Orientation: Max. Value:
Shear strain at this plane: Zero
Maximum Shear Strain:
Orientation: Max. Value:
Normal strain at this plane:
Solved Problems 10-1 to 10-8

- Strains before and after transformation:
Positive Strains Negative Strains
Positive Strains at positive angle θ at negative angle θ
at θ = 0
‘’
‘’
‘
‘ θ
Important Observations:
1. εx + εy = εx’ + εy’ = Constant (90 degrees apart) for any orientation.
2. The plane in which shear strain γx’y’ / 2 = 0 is when:
=0
or tan 2θ = γxy / (εx - εy) or at θ1 , θ2 having 90 degrees apart. These are called principal planes.
3. εx’ becomes maximum when dεx’ / dθ = 0, or when differentiating the following equation:
we get, tan 2 θp = γxy / (εx - εy) or, exactly at the principal planes, which has shear strain = 0.
4. γx’y’ is maximum when dγ / dθ = 0, or when: tan 2 θs = - (εx - εy) / γxy

5. Similar to single stress situation θs = 45o from θp.
6. Mohr’s circle of strain:

γ/2
(εy, γ/2)
Y
Y
ε
2θ p
+ X
X
(εx, - γ/2)
εmin ? , εmax ? , γmax ? , θp ? , θs?

Example:
Given εx’ = -200 x10-6, εy’ = 1000 x10-6, γxy = 900 x10-6. Find the strains associated with x’y’ axes inclined at 30
degrees clockwise. Find principal strains and the maximum shear strain along with the orientation of elements.
Y
Solution
+
First, we sketch the element with the given strains, as follows. X
Then, we define two points X and Y to draw Mohr’s circle. Shorter in X

Longer in Y
γ/2 x10-6 +ive shear strain.
R = Sqrt (60^2 + 450^2) = 750

Y (1000, 450)
Principal Strains:
R=750
450 εmax , εmin = 400 ± 750 = 1150 x10-6 , -350 x10
-6
-200 600 ε x10-6 γx’y’ at principal planes = 0

2θ p 400 1000 2θp= tan (450 / 600) = 36.8
-1 o
Max Shear Strains:

X γmax / 2 = R = 750 x10-6
(-200, -450) εx’ = εy’ at Max shear plane = 400 x10
-6
2θs = 36.8 + 90 = 126.8

o o
γ/2 x10-6
α = 60 - 36.8 = 23.2 Y
X’
Then R=750
( , )
εx’ = 400 - R Cos α = 400 – 750 x Cos 23.2 = -290 x10-6
α ε x10-6
γx’/ 2 = R Sin α = 750 Sin 23.2 = 295 x10-6 o
36.8 400 α
εy’ = 400 + R Cos α = 400 + 750 x Cos 23.2 = 1090 x10-6 R=750
Y’
γy’/ 2 = -R Sin α = -750 Sin 23.2 = -295 x10-6 X ( , )
At 30 o Clockwise At Principal Planes At Maximum Shear Plane
Y’ Y’
+
+ + ++
θ=30o θp=18.4o θs=18.4+ 45o

X’
X’
Shorter in X’ Shorter in X’ Longer in X’
Longer in Y’ Longer in Y’ Longer in Y’
-ive shear strain (clockwise rotation) No Shear strain -ive shear strain
Absolute maximum shear strain
Assume ε1 > ε2 > ε3 are principal normal strains (no shear), then let’s draw Mohr’s circle.
γ/2 γmax/2 Note: Even if ε3 = 0, 3-D analysis is essential.

Case 1: both ε1 and ε2 are positive
Then, γmax/2 = ε1 / 2
γmax/2
ε3 ε2 ε1 ε γ/2
ε2 ε1
γmax/2 = (εmax - εmin) / 2
Case 2: both ε1 and ε2 are negative Case 3: ε1 and ε2 have opposite signs
Then, γmax/2 = ε2 / 2 Then, γmax/2 = (ε1 - ε2) / 2
γmax/2 γ/2 γmax/2

γ/2
ε2 ε1 ε2 ε1
Solved Examples: 10-1 to 10-7

Strain Measurements Using Strain Rosettes:
- 45o strain rosette versus 60o strain rosette

- Cemented on surface
- Its electrical resistance changes when wires are stretched
or compressed with the material being studied
- Resistance changes are measured and interpreted
as changes in deformation
- Three values to get the state of strain at the point Readings: εa, εb, εc Readings: εa, εb, εc
At: θa=0, θb=45, θc=90 At: θa=0, θb=60, θc=120
Unknowns: εx, εy, γxy εx, εy, γxy
- Automated condition assessment of bridges
Unknowns:
- Check the strains on older structures
Applying into the general equation: Applying into the general equation:
εx = εa εx = εa
εy = εc εy = (2εb + 2εc - εa) / 3
or γxy= 2εb – (εa + εc) γxy= 2(εb – εc) / Sqrt(3)
εx’ = εx cos2 θ + εy Sin2 θ + γxy cos θ . Sin θ
Substitute into either equation 3 times using εa, εb, εc to get the unknowns εx, εy, γxy at the measurement point.
Example:
b
a
Using the strain rosette shown, the measured values at each stain gauge is as follows:
εa = 8 x 10-4 , εb = -6 x 10-4, εc = -4 x 10-4 c
Determine the principal strains at the point.
Solution Using Equations:

γ/2 x10-4
θa = 90, θb = 135, θc = 180
A
Applying into the general strain transformation equation:
R=10
εa = 8 x 10-4 = εx cos2 90 + εy Sin2 90 + γxy cos 90 . Sin 90 16/2
εb = -6 x 10-4 = εx cos2 135 + εy Sin2 135 + γxy cos 135 . Sin 135 -4 ε x10-4
εc = -4 x 10-4 = εx cos2 180 + εy Sin2 180 + γxy cos 180 . Sin 180 2 8
16/2
Then:
εy = εa = 8 x 10-4 ; C
εx = εc = -4 x 10-4 ; γxy /2 = 16 x 10-4
Using Mohr’s circle, we determine principal strains: ε1 = 12 x 10-4 ; ε2 = -8 x 10-4
γ/2 x10-4
A
Solution Using Only Mohr’s Circle:
Directions (a) and (c) are 90 degrees apart B

This means that the center of the circle is the R R
2θp d=?
Average strain = (εa + εc) / 2 = (8 x 10 - 4 x 10 ) /2 = 2 x 10
-4 -4 -4
8 2θp ε x10-4
-6 2 6 8
From the two triangles shown, d = _____,
2 2
Then, R = Sqrt( d + 6 ) = _________
As such,
ε1 = 2 + R = 12 x 10-4 ; ε2 = 2 – R = -8 x 10-4 C

Example:
Solution:
Strategy: We draw a Mohr’s circle for strain and on it will find the strains at the
orientations of the strain gauges (45o apart).
+
X
Longer in X
? Shorter in Y
+ive shear strain.
?
?

7. Relationship between Stress & Strain
- A stress in one direction causes elongation in its direction and shortening in the other two depending on the
material’s Poisson’s ratio (ν).
Generalized Hooke’s law
εx = σx / E εx = - ν. σy / E εx =
εy = - ν. σx / E εy = σy / E εy =
εz = - ν. σx / E εz = - ν. σy / E εz =
- Assumptions: (1) τ has not correlation with εx and εy; (2) σx and σy have no relation with γxy ; (3) principal strains
occur in directions parallel to principal stresses.
-General Equations:
E.εx = σx - ν (σy + σz); G. γxy = τxy
E.εy = σy - ν (σx + σz); G. γyz = τyz
E.εz = σz - ν (σx + σy); G. γzx = τzx
- Relationship between E, ν , G:
Let’s consider the case of pure torsion, i.e., σx = 0 and σy = 0, Let’s draw Mohr’s circles
for both stress and strains.
τ γxy/2
Y Y
σ ε
0 σmax 0 εmax
X X
Principal stresses are: σ1 = τxy ; σ2 = - τxy Principal strains are: ε1 = γxy/2 ; ε2 = - γxy/2
Now, let’s apply Hook’s Equation, as follows:
E.ε1 = σ1 - ν (σ2) ; then

E.ε1 = E. γxy/2 = τxy - ν (- τxy) = τxy . (1 + ν) = G. γxy . (1 + ν)
Then , Bulk Modulus

G = E / 2 (1 + ν) K = E / 3 (1 - 2 ν)
Note: Since most engineering materials has ν = 1/3, then G = 3/8 E and K = E
Example:
Notice the difference between Mohr’s circles for stress & strain
Example:
Example:
Example:

Example:
Example: Match each one of the following Mohr’s circle for stress with a Mohr’s circle for strain. Explain.
Example:
A 60 degree strain rosette is put at point A. The strain guage readings are:
εa = 60x10-6 εb = 135x10-6 εc = 264x10
-6
a) Determine the Principal strains at point A and their directions.

b) If the bracket is made of steel for which E = 200 GPa and ν = 0.3,
determine the Principal stresses at point A.
Solution:
Approach: from strain rosette readings, we get strains at the point, then calculate principal strains
and finally convert these principal strains into principal stresses.

a) First, we determine the normal and shear strains at point A from rosette readings.
Accordingly,
Second, we determine principal strains using Mohr’s circle.

-6
Center of circle = average normal strain = (60 + 246) / 2 = 153x10
-6 -6
Accordingly, Principal strains = 153 ± R = 272 x10 ; 33 x10
b) Using Hooke’s law with σ3 = 0
Another Solution:
Approach: from strain rosette readings, we get strains at the point, then we convert them into stresses
and finally calculate principal stresses.
First, we calculate strains at point A, same as above. Then,
Now, we convert these strains to stresses:

We now can use Mohr’s circle for stress to determine Principal stresses:
Example
Solution Approach: Since we are given the forces, let’s calculate the
Stresses at point P, then, convert these stresses into strains.
Forces on Section at P. Forces at end of beam.
Stresses at Point P: Normal stresses

Shear Stresses
Strains at Point P:
Example:
Forces at section of Point A: Stresses at point A:
Strains at point A:

Mohr’s circle of Strain:
Strain Gauge Readings:
Solved Problems 10-9 to 10-11

8. Theories of Failure
Ductile Material All theories deal with Brittle Material

(Yield Failure) PRINCIPAL STRESSES (Fracture Failure)
- Max. normal stress (Rankin’s Theory)

- Max. shear stress (Tresca Criterion)
- Max. Energy of Distortion (Von Mises Criterion)
- Other: Max. principal strain (St. Venant)
Max. normal stress (Rankin’s Theory)
σ2 Failure when: | σ1| > σy / F.S. or

Principal stresses | σ2| > σy / F.S.
where F.S. > 1
σ1
σ2
σy
A state of plane stress σ1

Is safe inside the square -σy σy
And unsafe outside
(assume tension = compression) -σy
Max. shear stress (Tresca Criterion)
A specimen under tension

reached maximum stress
σy, then, the maximum shear
that the material can resist
is σy /2 from Mohr’s
Circle.
Then, failure is when

τ > σy / (2 * F.S.)
Absolute
max. shear
(3-D analysis)
= | σmax – σmin| /2

Energy of Distortion (Von Mises Criterion)
To be safe, Ud on element < Ud yield U = ½ σ.ε
For the 3-D stress Case:
1 [(σ1 – σ2)2 + (σ2 – σ3)2 + (σ3 – σ1)2 ] < 2 σ2yield

12G 12G
or Simply,
(σ1 – σ2)2 + (σ2 – σ3)2 + (σ3 – σ1)2 < 2 σ2yield
For the 2-D stress Case: (σ3 = 0)
(σ12 – σ1 σ2 + σ22) < σ2yield
Other: Max. principal strain (St. Venant) Rarely used
Using Hooke’s law E εmax = σ1 – ν (σ2 + σ3) < σyield
Fracture of Brittle Materials
Brittle materials are relatively weak in Tension.
Failure criterion is Maximum Principal Tensile Stress.
Under Tensile force, failure is due to tension.
Under Torsion, failure is still due to tension at an angle.
Element is safe when:
Example: Twist of a piece of chalk.

Example: A steel shaft (45 mm in diameter) is exposed to a tensile yield strength = σyield = 250 MPa.
Determine P at which yield occurs using Von Mises and Tresca critera.
Solution
1) Principal Stresses
T = 1.7 KN.m
σx = P / A = P /π (0.0225)2
τxy = T.c / J = 1.7 x (0.0225) / ½ π (0.0225)4 = 95.01 P?
Mohr's circle:
95.01
Center = σx / 2 σx
R = [(σx/2) 2 + τxy2] ½
σ1 = σx / 2 + R; σ2 = σx / 2 - R
2) Using Von Mises
σ12 + σ1σ2 + σ22 = σ yield 2
(σx / 2 + R)2 + (σx / 2 + R) (σx / 2 - R) + (σx / 2 - R)2 = σyield2
(σx/2)2 + 3 R2 = σyield2 , substituting with R,

X
σx2 + 3 τxy2 = σ yield 2 , substituting with σx & τxy,
[P /π (0.0225)2] 2 + 3 x (95.01) 2 = σ yield 2 = 2502
then, P = 299.3 KN
3) Using TRESCA
σ1 and σ2 have opposite signs, then
τmax (3-D) = |σ1 - σ2 | / 2 , which reaches failure of τyield = σyield / 2
|(σx/2 + R) - (σx/2 - R)| / 2 = σ yield / 2
then, R = σ yield / 2 , substituting with R and squaring both sides,
(σx/2)2 + τxy2 = (σ yield / 2) 2 , substituting with σx & τxy,
[P /2 π (0.0225)2] 2 + (95.01) 2 = 1252
then, P = 258.4 KN
Notice the force P under TRESCA (focuses on Shear) is smaller than Von Mises

Deflection of Beams and Shafts
Beams and shafts deflect under load. For serviceability, we need to make sure deflection is within allowable
values. Also, the shape of the beam under the load (elastic curve) needs to be studied.
Terminology:
- EI = Flexture rigidity or Bending Stiffness

- R = Radius of Curvature
- 1/R = Curvature υ
- Hookes Law: 1/R = M / EI dθ
R
R
- The elastic curve: y
ds
Rdθ = ds ≅ dx
or θ θ+dθ
1/R = dθ/dx
ds dυ
θ
dx
Also, dυ/dx = tan θ ≅ θ
Differentiating both sides, then d2υ/dx2 = dθ/dx
Accordingly, 1 = M = dθ = d2υ
R EI dx dx2
Notes:
- Integration of (M/EI) determines the slope of the elastic curve:
- Double integration of M/EI determines the deflection:
- Recall relationships between load, shear, and bending moment. Now, we can expand it to:
EI d2υ/dx2 = M(x); EI d3υ/dx3 = V(x); EI d4υ/dx4 = -W(x)
Determining the integration constants C1 and C2:
Substituting at points of known

deflection and/or slope, we can
determine the constants of
integration.

Shape of Elastic Curve: inflection point at location where moment=0
Calculating Slope & Displacement by Integration:
Step-by-Step
∑ X = 0, +
1. Get beam reactions: ∑ Y = 0,∑ M= 0
+ +
2. Get equation of B.M. at each beam segment with change in load or shape
3. Integrate the moment once to get the slope
4. Integrate the moment a second time to get the deflection (elastic curve)
5. Substitute at points of special conditions (boundary conditions) to get the constants C1 & C2
6. Rewrite the slope and deflection equations using the constants
7. Put slope = 0 to determine the location (x) that has maximum deflection
Example:
For the part AB, determine the equation of the elastic curve and maximum deflection if:
P
I = 301x106 mm4, E=200 GPa, P=250 KN, a = 1.2 m, L = 5 m.
Ya L Yb a

Solution
1. Reactions:
P
∑Ma =0
+ Yb . L - P . (L + a) = 0
or Yb = P (1 + a/L)
+
∑ Y = 0 , then Ya + Yb – P = 0 or P.a/L P(1 +a/L)
Ya = - P. a/L
2. Bending moment equations:

Mx P
Mx
Fx
Fx
x x = 0 to a
0 to L V
P.a/L V
Mx = - P. x
Mx = - P.a.x / L
3. Integrate the moment to get the slope: 8. Applying same steps at the free end:
= - P.a.x2 / 2L + C1 = - P.x2 /2 + C3 …(3)
4. Integrate a second time to get the (elastic curve)
= - P.a.x3 / 6L + C1. x + C2 = - P.x3 / 6 + C3. x + C4 ….(4)
5. Substitute at points of known conditions

Slope at B right = Slope at B Left
at support A: [x = 0 . y = 0]
then, C2 = 0 Slope left = using equation (1), x=L
also, at support B: [x = L , y = 0] = -P.a.L/2 + P.a.L/6

then, 0 = - P a L3 / 6L + C1. L
or C1 = P.a.L/6 Slope right = using eq. (3), x=a
6. Final equations: = -P.a2 /2 + C3
= - P.a.x2 / 2L + P.a.L /6 ……(1) we get C3
= - P.a.x3 / 6L + P.a.L.x /6 ...…(2)

Also, at B: [x = a , y = 0]
7. Put slope = 0 at maximum deflection
Using Equ. (4), we get C4
0 = - P.a.x2 / 2L + P.a.L /6 get x = 0.577L
Using this value in equation (2), we get
Max deflection = 8 mm Up.
Solved problems 12-1 to 12-4

Calculating Slope & Displacement by Moment Area Method:
1st Moment Area Theorem:
Recall M = dθ
EI dx
Then, XB
θB/A = M dx
EI
XA
change in area under
slope M/EI diagram
2nd Moment Area Theorem:
tBA = (vertical distance from B on

elastic curve to tangent at A)
= Moment of the area under

M/EI around point B. dB
XB
= dB . M dx
EI
XA
Note: tAB = tBA
Case 1: Cantilever
Notice that tangent at point A is horizontal.
-Deflection at any point: _____________
-Slope at any point: θA = ___

XB
θB/A = M dx = θB - θA = θB
EI
XA
Case 2: Symmetric Loading – Option 1
Deflection is max at mid beam (C). At this point θC = __

∆d
-Deflection at any point: _____________ A B
d tBC
-Slope at any point:
C tdc
Xd θC = __
θB/A = M dx = θD - θC = θD ∆C = __
EI
XC

Case 3: Unsymmetrical Loading – Option 2
L1 L2
-Deflection at any point: ∆d + tDA = tBA . L1/(L1+L2) A

∆d B
d
-Slope at any point to the right:
Xd tBA
tDA
θD/A = M dx = θD - θA with θA being negative = |θD| + |θA|
EI
Xa
tBA / (L1+L2)
A
L1 L2
θD
∆d
A B
θA θA
d
tBA -Slope at any point to the left:

tDA
A θA
Xd θD
θD/A = M dx = θD - θA , both negative = |θA| - |θD|
EI
Xa
tBA / (L1+L2)
Case 4: Over-Hanging Beam
L1
tCB
θB = A B
tAB / L1 heavy load ∆c
θB C
= (∆c + |tCB| ) / L2 L2
tAB
Then, ∆c = |θB . L2| - |tCB|
∆ tCA
tBA
∆ = tBA . (L1+L2)/L1 A θA B C
L1 L2 ∆c
Then, ∆c = |tCA| - | ∆ | heavy load

Case 5: Unsymmetrical Loading – Point of Max. Deflection
x =?
θB = tAB / L A B
tBC
XB
tBA C
θB/C = M dx = θB - θC = θB = tAB / L
EI θC = 0
XC ∆C = max
We get x, then ∆C = max = tBC
Note: Equivalence in Bending Moment Diagrams
-b
a
= =
a
+ive
-ive
-b
-a
Method of Superposition:
- Using Standard tables for various beam conditions and types of loads (Appendix C)
- Adding up deflections caused by individual loads
Solved Problems: 12-7 to 12-15

Example: Determine θC and ∆A
150lb L1 300lb
600
C D
A B
D
4” 24” 6”
250 lb 400 lb -1800
600 tDC =1/EI [ + (600 x 24 /2) . 2/3 . 24
- (1800 x 24 /2) . 1/3 . 24 ]
M/EI
θC = tDC / 24
-1800 = ( |∆A| + | tAC | ) / 4
tDC 600
∆A
θC A
tAC = 1/EI [600. 4/2 . 2/3 . 4]
tAC
Example: Determine θA and ∆D
A B
D θA = tBA / L
wL/6 wL/3
= Moment of M/EI @ B / L
3rd = [w.L2 /6EI . L/2 . L/3 - w. L2/6EI . L/4 . L/5] / L
degree
= 7 w.L3 / 360EI wL2/12

B.M.D.
wL2/6 Also, ∆d + tDA = tBA / 2

=
Then
∆d = | tBA / 2| - | tDA | L/2 -wL2/48

3rd
degree
2
= 7 w.L3/720EI
L/5 -wL /6
∆d - [1/2 .w.L2 /12EI .L/2 .L/6 - ¼ . wL2/48EI. L/10]
A B
θA d = 5 w.L4 / 768EI
tDA tBA

Using Deflection Calculations to Solve Statically Indeterminate Beams
P
= +
P
RB ?
∆1 + ∆2 =0
______ statically
indeterminate P
MA ?
= +
θ1 + θ2 =0
First, we reduce the beam to a statically determinate, then
We compensate for the change in the deflection behavior.
Example: 12 Kips Determine the reactions, then draw the S.F.D. & the B.M.D.
3 Kip/ft
C
A
B
6 ft 6 ft 12 ft
=
12 Kips
3 Kip/ft
∆1 ∆1
A B C
tAC tBC
+
RB
∆2
∆2 = - RB L3 / 48 EI
∆1 + ∆2 =0

Example:
Solution:

Energy Methods
- For a structural element under load and deformation, External Work Ue = Internal Strain Energy Ui.
- External work Ue is a function of the load P and deflection ∆.

(deflection is at same point and direction of load)
Ue = ½ P. ∆
- Also, the Internal strain energy in the structure Ui

is a function of the stress σ and strain ε in the element,
summed over the volume of the structure.
σ
2
Ui = ½ σ . ε . V = σ .V
2E
Strain Energy
per unit volume ε
Normal Shear
L
2 2
Ui = σ . dV and Ui = τ . dV V= dV = dA dx
v
2E v 2G v A 0
L
when A is constant, V=A dx
Observe the units. 0
Strain Energy calculations for different loading conditions are shown in next page.
Determining Deflections Using Conservation of Energy

Single External load
Deflection in the direction of load: Ue = Ui
Ue = ½ P. ∆ & Ui =
Ue = ½ Mo . θ & Ui
Ue = ½ P. ∆ & Ui
Limitations: Applies to single load only. Also, in case 2, only solpe is calculated not deflection.
Also, how to get deflection at a point at which no direct load is applied.

Strain Energy Calculations
Axial L
2 2
Load Ui = σ . dV = N dA dx
2
2E v 2EA A 0
Example: Truss with varying axial loads on individual members.

Normal (Cross section area A is constant, then V = A . L)
Stress
L
2 2
Bending Ui = σ /2E dV or Ui = M . y 2
dA dx
Moment v 2 E I2 A 0
σ = M.y =I
I
L
Ui = M2 dx
2EI
0
L
2
Pure Ui = ½ τ . γ . dV = τ /2G A. dx
Shear
v 0
τ = V.Q
I.t
L
Shear
Stress Ui = fs V2 dx where, fs = 6/5 - rectangular section
2GA
0
L
Torsion 2
Ui = ½ τ . γ dV = τ /2G . dA . dx
v A 0
τ = T.c
J
L
Ui = T2 dx
2GJ
0

Example: Determine the strain energy due to both shear and bending moment in the following cantilever.
The cross section is a square of length a, with EI being constant.
w
Example: Determine deflection at C, neglect shear strain energy.

C
. EI
2EI
L/2 L/2

Principle of Virtual Work
Conservation of Virtual Work

Work-Energy method is not able to determine ∆?
the deflection at a point at which no direct load exists.
Solution: Put a virtual load of 1.0 at the desired point of a virtual system. Then apply the principal of
conservation of virtual work, as follows:
Real Beam Virtual Beam 1.0
∆?
External Virual WorK = Internal Virtual Energy
½ Virtual load x Real displacement = ½ Virtual Stress x Real Strain x Volume

L
1.0 x ∆ = σ V . εR . V = σV . σR . dA dx
E A 0
L L
= n N A dx = n N dx Axial
A AE 0 0 AE Load
L
+ m M dx Bending
0 EI
L
+ fs v V dx Shear
0 GA
L
+ t T dx Torsion
0 GJ
Examples: Real 1.0

Virtual
1. Determine slope at desired point
Real
2. Determine horizontal Virtual 1.0
deflection at desired point
N n
M m
V v
T t

Example: Determine the deflection at mid span. w
w
Example: Get deflection at A A
.
L/2 L/2

Example on Virtual Work - determine the vertical deflection at point A.
3 t/m
Determine the horizontal deflection at point A.

2 KN / m
Calculate: E
The horizontal displacement at point B.
Vertical displacement at point C.
3m
Slopes at points A, C, and D.
Relative displacement between points E and F. 4 KN / m
4 KN
C
F
EI = Constant D
4m
A B
2m 4m 4m 2m

Suggested Problems
Calculate the vertical deflection at point d.

EI = 20,000 m2.t
Calculate:
- The horizontal displacement at point b,
- The vertical displacement at point g
- The slope at point f
EI = 20,000 m2.t
For the shown frame calculate:
- The vertical deflection at point c

- The horizontal deflection at point d
EI = 15,000 m2.t
For the second problem, assume support B is hinged. In this case, draw the S.F.D. and the B.M.D. for the
frame.

Important Use of the Virtual Work method: SOLVING statically indeterminate structures
w
C
A
B
L/2 L/2
Reduced w
System
∆1
+
∆1 + RB ∆2 = 0
Compensation
∆2
RB . 1.0
Also,
w
L/2 L/2
Reduced w
System
θ1
θ1 + M A θ2 = 0 +
Compensation
1.0
θ2
MA .
Examples:

Calculating Deflections Using Castigliano’s Theorem
- Put an external load at the position of required deflection: external load (Q) either horizontal or
vertical to get horizontal or vertical deflection; or an external moment to get slope.
- Deformation = first derivative of the Strain Energy with respect to the applied load.
∆ = dU / dQ , & substituting Q = 0
L L
2
= δ N dx = N δ N dx Axial Load (Trusses)
δQ 2EA 0
EA δQ
0
L
L
= δ M2 dx = M δ M dx Bending Moment
δQ 2EI 0 E I δQ
0
L
L
= δ fs V2 dx = fs V δ V dx Shear
δQ 2GA 0 G A δQ
0
L L
2
= δ T dx = T δT dx Torsion
δQ 0 2GJ 0 G J δQ
Example:
Determine the horizontal deflection at point B. Cross-section area= 12 in2

6
E= 30.10 psi. AB = 48 in and BC = 36 in.
Solved Examples

Example
Example:

Buckling of Columns
- Slender columns under elastic compression buckle when the load exceeds a critical value.
- Buckling causes column instability.
- Short stocky columns do not buckle.
- W need to study the relation between P, ∆, and shape of buckled column.

P P
- Analysis (Euler 1707 – 1783):
υ υ
M
P
M + P. υ = 0
Recall, M = d2υ
EI dx2
Then, d2υ + P. υ = 0
dx2 EI
Equation of Elastic Curve: υ

υ = C1 Sin [(P/EI)0.5. x] + C2 Cos [(P/EI)0.5. x]
υ= 0 at x = L υ= 0 at x = 0
or when, Sin [(P/EI)0.5. L] = 0 C2 = 0
or when, (P/EI)0.5. L = π, 2π, ….

Analysis:
Maximum axial load

before buckling:
P/A should be
within allowable Smaller of the
stresses. two directions
x & y.
Put, r = I/A = radius of gyration
OR
(L/r)2
Note that L/r is the “Slenderness Ratio”

used to classify columns as long, intermediate, or short.
Effect of Column Supports:

; =
Solved Examples

205 Notes 2005

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

205 Notes 2005

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

University of Waterloo

Department of Civil Engineering

CIV E 205 – Mechanics of Solids II

Instructor: Tarek Hegazi

Room: CPH 2373 G, Ext. 2174

Course Web: www.civil.uwaterloo.ca/tarek/205-2005.html

CIV. E. 205 – MECHANICS OF SOLIDS II

Lectures: MWF 9:30 - CPH 3385

Course Site: http://www.civil.uwaterloo.ca/tarek/205-2005.html

Teaching Ahmed Refaie, x: 2344, Office: CPH 1326C, arefai@sympatico.ca

Important Note: http://www.eng.uwaterloo.ca/~ugoffice/course_responsibilities.html

Textbook: - Hibbeler, 2005 “Mechanics of Materials,” 6th Edition, Prentice Hall.

© Dr. Tarek Hegazy 1 Mechanics of Materials II

a) Equilibrium of a system subjected to Forces

1. ∑ X+ components of all forces = 0

1.5 2.5 2 1.5

∑ M (moment at any point) = 0 => Ma = Rb x =0

Then, Ra + 2.47 = 6 or Ra = 3.53 t

© Dr. Tarek Hegazy 1 Mechanics of Materials II

_____________ _______ _______________ _______ __________ ___________

c) Structural Representation of Real Systems

© Dr. Tarek Hegazy 2 Mechanics of Materials II

r = 3 (two at hinge + one at roller)

r = 5 (four at hinges + one at roller)

r = 4 (three at fixed end + one at roller)

j = 3; m = 2; c = 0; r = 3 j = __; m = __; c = __; r = __

© Dr. Tarek Hegazy 3 Mechanics of Materials II

Forces and their effects at different points:

Concentrated Load Distributed Load Rotation (Couple)

Shear = Force In the Bending Moment = Normal Force =

Calculate reactions without applying equilibrium equations

L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2

© Dr. Tarek Hegazy 4 Mechanics of Materials II

Example: Determine the forces at section A

Note: When the structural system is:__________, then

800 lb T=800x14 Mx=800x10

Equilibrium equations for each segment: 500 lb

∑Mx=0, ∑My=0, ∑Mz=0

© Dr. Tarek Hegazy 5 Mechanics of Materials II

3.1 Analytical Approach:

Apply Equilibrium Equations to this Apply Equilibrium Equations to this

Example: Calculate the Reactions

Step 1: Cantilever beam is stable and statically determinate

∑ Ma = 0, then Ma – 4 x 1 – 8 x 3 = 0 , or Ma = 28 m.t. Check OK

© Dr. Tarek Hegazy 6 Mechanics of Materials II

Solved examples 6-1 to 6-6

Note on simple beam with distributed load:

© Dr. Tarek Hegazy 7 Mechanics of Materials II

Step 2: Looking at the system as a whole b

Example: Calculate the Reactions 2t/m

Solving these equations, we find

Example: Calculate the Reactions

∑ Mc right side only = 0 = 4 Yb - 3 Xb or Xb = - 50/3 t 3m

© Dr. Tarek Hegazy 8 Mechanics of Materials II

Stability & Determinacy - Reactions – N, V, & M Relations – Draw Diagrams

1- Shear curve is one degree above load curve

2- Moment curve is one degree above shear curve

3- Moment is maximum at point with shear = 0

4- Between any two points: (look at table)

- Area under load = difference in shear

- Area under shear = difference in moment

- Slope of shear curve = - (load trend)

- Slope of moment curve = shear trend

_________ _ _________ _ ___

j = 3; m = 2; c = 0; r = 3 j = ; m = ; c = ; r =