Analysis of Statically Determinate

Structures
• Idealized Structure.
• Equations of Equilibrium.
• Stability and Determinacy of beams, trusses and rigid frames.
• Application of the equations of equilibrium.
Idealized Structure
An exact analysis of a structure can never be carried out, since
estimates always have to be made of the loadings and the strength of
the materials composing the structure. Furthermore, points of
application for the loadings must also be estimated. It is important,
therefore, that the structural engineer develop the ability to model or
idealize a structure so that he or she can perform a practical force
analysis of the members.
Idealized Structure
Support Connections. Structural members are joined together in various ways depending on
the intent of the designer. The three types of joints most often specified are the pin
connection, the roller support, and the fixed joint. A pin-connected joint and a roller support
allow some freedom for slight rotation, whereas a fixed joint allows no relative rotation
between the connected members and is consequently more expensive to fabricate.
Idealized Structure
Idealized Structure
Example:

When selecting a particular model for each support or joint, the engineer must be
aware of how the assumptions will affect the actual performance of the member and
whether the assumptions are reasonable for the structural design.
Idealized Structure
Example:

L S

L/2
L
S/2 S/2
S
Equations of Equilibrium
It may be recalled from statics that a structure or one of its members is in
equilibrium when it maintains a balance of force and moment. In general this requires that
the force and moment equations of equilibrium be satisfied along three independent axes,
namely,

∑ =0 ∑ =0
∑ =0 ∑ =0
∑ =0 ∑ =0

=0

=0

=0
Determinacy and Stability
Before starting the force analysis of a structure, it is necessary to establish the
determinacy and stability of the structure.
Determinacy. The equilibrium equations provide both the necessary and sufficient conditions
for equilibrium. When all the forces in a structure can be determined strictly from these
equations, the structure is referred to as statically determinate. Structures having more
unknown forces than available equilibrium equations are called statically indeterminate. As a
general rule, a structure can be identified as being either statically determinate or statically
indeterminate by drawing free-body diagrams of all its members, or selective parts of its
members, and then comparing the total number of unknown reactive force and moment
components with the total number of available equilibrium equations.
Determinacy and Stability of Beams

Support Reactions:
M
Rx Rx

Ry R Ry R
Hinge Support Roller Support Fixed Support Link or Strut
Two unknown One unknown Three unknown One unknown
elements Element Elements Element
Determinacy and Stability of Beams
A criterion may be establish for the stability and determinacy of beams.
Let:
r = number of reactions
C = total number of equations of condition
where: C = 1 for an internal hinge, C = 2 for an internal roller and C = 0 for beams
without internal connections.
C + 3 = total number of equilibrium equations
Simply Supported beam c = 0 Cantilever Beam

Propped Beam
Internal Hinge C = 1

Internal Roller C = 2

Crown Hinge
Determinacy and Stability of Beams
A. Unstable (r < c + 3)

r=2 r=2
c=0 c=0
2 < 3 , unstable 2 < 3 , unstable

B. Statically Determinate (r = c + 3)

r=3 r=3
c=0 c=0
r=c+3 r=c+3
3 = 3 , statically determinate 3 = 3 , statically determinate but unstable

C. Statically Indeterminate (r > c + 3)

r=4
c=0
4 > 3 , statically indeterminate to the 1st deg.
Determinacy and Stability of Trusses
Let:
b = number of bars
r = number of reactions
j = total number of joints
b + r = total number of unknown elements

A. Unstable (b + r < 2j) B. Determinate (b + r = 2j) C. Indeterminate (b + r > 2j)

5 10
2 3
2
1 7 1 8 13
5 1 4 3 6 11
8 9 7 12
3 4 5 6 4 9
2

b=5 b=9 b = 13
r=2 r=3 r=4
j=4 j=6 j=7
7 < 8 , Unstable 12 = 12 Statically 17 > 14 Statically
Determinate Indeterminate to the 3rd deg.
Determinacy and Stability of Rigid Frames
Let:
b = number of members
r = number of reactions
j = total number of joints
c = total number of equations of condition

A. Unstable (3b + r < 3j + c)

B. Determinate (3b + r = 3j + c)
C. Indeterminate (3b + r > 3j + c)
Application of the equation of Equilibrium
Example:
Determine the reactions of the beam shown.

=0 =0
=0
1
− 5 12 − (10)(12) = 0
2
= 120
60 kN
60 kN
=
( )
+
( )( ) = 60(4) + 60(6)
10 kN/m
5 kN/m
= 600 −
Rx
4m
Ma 6m

Ry 12m

r=3
c=0
3 = 0 + 3, statically determinate
Application of the equation of Equilibrium
Example:
The side of the building is subjected to a wind loading that creates a uniform normal
pressure of 15 kPa on the windward side and a suction pressure of 5 kPa on the leeward side.
Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pin connections A, B,
and C of the supporting gable arch.
Application of the equation of Equilibrium
F2y F3y

F2 F3
θ 1 = 60 3 = 180
θ
F2x F3x
2 = 60 4.24 = 254. 40
2 = 254.40 45° = 179.89
F1 2 = 254.40 45° = 179.89
F4
3 = 20 4.24 = 84.80
3 = 84.80 45° = 59.96
3 = 84.80 45° = 59.96
4 = 20(3) = 60
=0

1 1.5 + 2 4.5 + 2 1.5 + 3 4.5 − 3 4.5 + 4(1.5) − (6) = 0

180 1.5 + 179.89 4.5 + 179.89 1.5 + 59.96 4.5 − 59.96 4.5 + 60(1.5) − (6) = 0
= 239.89

=0

− − 2 + 3 + =0
= 119.96
Application of the equation of Equilibrium
F3y
F2y
F3
F2
=0
F3x
F2x
− 3 + 6 − 1 4.5 − 2 2.12 = 0
F4
F1 6 = 119.96 3 + 180 4.5 + 254.40 2.12
= 284.89

=0 =0

− − 2 + =0 + 4+ 3 − =0
−119.96 − 179.89 + =0 75 + 60 + 59.96 − =0
= 299.85 = 194.96

=0

− + 1+ 2 − =0
−284.89 + 180 + 179.89 − =0
= 75