THE PAPER

“MORPHOPHONEMIC”

The Lecturer:

SHOPIAH ANGGRAINI,S.Pd.M.Hum

by: SRI KESUMA NINGSIH

PROGRAM EDUCATION S-1 FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND EDUCATION

SCIENCE

AL-WASHLIYAH UNIVERSITY OF LABUHANBATUT.A 2019/2020

 PREFACE

We say thank you to Allah SWT. God Almighty, because of His grace we were able to
complete a Paper on "ENGLISH SYNTAX": The Notion Of Syntax"in a timely manner.

The author realizes that in making this paper thank you for the help and demands of
God Almighty and can not be separated from the help of various parties, for that on this
occasion the authors channel the greatest respect and gratitude to all those who have helped
in making this. paper.

The author realizes that in the process of writing this paper far from perfect both the
material and the way of writing. However, the author has tried with all the abilities and
knowledge possessed so that it can be resolved properly and therefore, the writer humbly
accepts input, suggestions and suggestions to perfect this paper.

Finally, the authors hope this paper can be useful for all readers.

Rantauprapat, 09 June 2020

Writer’s
 TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE……………………………………………………………………………................
.................................
TABLE OF
CONTENT………………………………………………………………...................................
........

CHAPTER
I………………………………………………………………………….....................................
............
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………................
..............................
A. Background..................................................................................................................
B. Formulation of the
problem………………………………………………………..................................
C. Purpose..............................................................................................................................

CHAPTER II
CONTENT………………………………………………………………...................................
..........................
1.DEFENITIONOF GRAMMATICAL AND GRAMMMATICAL ........................................

CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………..................
............................
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Phonology is the study of sound. Sound is the most important component in
phonology. Talking about words will mean a lot. Sometimes there are certain words that
are almost the same pronunciation, but have different meanings, such as “sick”
pronunciation and “six”. Owned have the meaning is different. The word “six” should be
pronounced with a crack or plosive, while ”six” should be pronounced flatly. This means
the word and changing the shape of the word itself very closely helps him with the sound
in pronunciation. In returning, the word in morphology is closely rejected by phonology.
This relationship is called morphophonemic.
Morphophonemics may be defined as analysis and classification of the phonological
factors which affect the pronunciation of morphemes or, correspondingly, the
morphological factors which affect the appearance of phonemes. In morphophonemics,
we basically study interaction between morphological and phonological processes and
how they these factors affect each other.

B. Formulation of the problem

1. What is the morhophonemic?
2. What is a morphonemic process?
3. What is a morphophonemic change?
4. What is a morphophonemic rules?

C. Purpose
1. To know what is the notion of syntax.
2. To know what is a morphophonemic process.
3. To know what is a morphophonemic change.
4. To know what is a morphophonemic rules.
 CHAPTER II
CONTENT

1.Definition
Morphophonemics may be defined as analysis and classification of the phonological
factors which affect the pronunciation of morphemes or, correspondingly, the morphological
factors which affect the appearance of phonemes. In morphophonemics, we basically study
interaction between morphological and phonological processes and how they these factors
affect each other. Morphophonemic change usually occurs at morpheme boundaries and it
involves sounds that are associated with separate phonemes. One very obvious example to
morphophonemics would be the use of indefinite in English language.
Morphophonemics is a branch of linguistics dealing with various kinds of
morphophonemic changes. Morphophonemic changes are phonemic changes when two or
more morphemes are combined into a single word.
    
2. Morphophonemics Process
Morphophonemic process is a process that combines words (morpheme), will change the
sound (pronunciation) and does not change its meaning. Sometimes, it changes the morpheme
phonemes. For example: the word "want". The basis of "want" is "want", or we also call it
free morpheme. Then the desired "ed" is morpheme or bound morpheme. The word people
are looking for has a different pronunciation for the "past" marker. Allomorph is part of the
morphophonemic process. Allomorph is a change in pronunciation and spelling when
combined with other morphemes. For example: bags, washing, sticks. The letter "s" in the
bag, will be pronounced as "z". The letter "s" in washes, will be pronounced as "iz", then the
letter "s" in sticks, will be pronounced as "s". "Z", "iz", "s" are allomorphs of "s".
In the morphophonemic process, there are morphemes that are represented in all events
by a single phonemic form: for example, salary, represented by / pei / in payments, paid,
paid, payers, recipients of payments, payments, etc., and in all the words "pay". If all English
morphemes are like this, then language morphophonics will be trivial. But there are
complications in English. So, in English, past morphemes are represented by paid suffixes.
Suffixes are words that are added at the end of words or other bases to make new words. For
example: the plural "-es" and "-s", as in "bus, bus", "bun, buns". In addition, there are
examples of morphemes that change, as in the plural "-f" is "-f", as in "leaves, leaves",
"wolves, wolves". Then the different pronunciation for the past marker is "-ed". In
morphology, it is known as inflectional morpheme which is related to morphophonemic
processes. That also tells us about morphemes that add phonemes but don't change their
meaning. For example: stamps become stamps and grapes become grapes.

3. Kinds of Morphophonemic Changes

   1).  Loss of phoneme

One or more phonemes that are present in the normal allomorph may be missing in
another allomorph.
 Examples:
{in-} -> /i-/ in irregular, illegal.
{-Z2} -> /-0/ in students’, pianists’.

   2). Addition of phoneme
One phoneme which is not present in the normal allomorph may be added to another
allomorph.
Examples:

 The phoneme /-n-/ is added to the normal form of {solemn} pronounced /solem/ in
solemnize.

 The phoneme /-g-/ is added to the normal form of {long} in {longer} and {longest}.

3). Consonant change

A consonant changes to another consonant. A very common type of consonant change is
voicing, a voiceless consonant changes to a voiced consonant.

Examples:
 The phoneme /-0/ is changed into /-th-/ in {paths}
 The phoneme /-s-/ is changed to /-z-/ in {resist}. 

4).  Assimilation: A phonemic change which takes place when two morphemes are combined  
results in neighbouring phonemes becoming more like each other

      Examples:
 The negative prefix {in-} becomes /im-/ in impossible, imbalance.
 The prefix {en-} becomes /em-/ in empower, embitter.

5). Dissimilation: The dissimilation takes place when two morphemes are combined results in
neighbouring phonemes becoming less like each other.

Examples:
 The negative prefix {in-} becomes /ig-/ in ignoble, ignominious

6). Synthesis: It is the fusion of two consonants into a single new phoneme.

Examples:
 /-t-/ + /-y-/ becomes /-e/ in nature
 /-s-/  + /-y-/ becomes /-s-/ in pressure

7). Change of syllabic vowel or diphthong

It is the substitution of another syllabic vowel or diphthong for the one which appears in
the normal allomorph.

Examples:
 /-e-/ à /-ou-/  in swell becomes swollen.
 /-iy-/  -> /-e-/  in please becomes pleasant.
 8). Stress shift: It usually happens when a certain affix is added  
      to a word.

Examples: 
 Syntax à syntactic
 Linguist à linguistic

9). Gradation: When the process of derivation involves a stress shift; it usually also involves
certain types of vowel change.
   
 Examples:
 instrument   à instrumental
 Refer             à reference

10). Suppletion: It is the occurance of an allomorph completely different in its phonemic

structure from the normal form.

Examples:
 ox + {-Z1} à  oxen
 Go + {-D1} à went.

4. Morphphonemic Rules
A morphophonemic rule has the form of a phonological rule, but is restricted to a particular
morphological environment.
Morphophonemic rules are sensitive to their environment, unlike phonological rules.
Whenever morphological information is required to specify the environment for
an allophonic rule, the rule is morphophonemic.
Examples: 

 The prefix /in-/ has the allomorphs [il] and [ir]

/in-/ + responsible irresponsible

/in-/ + logical illogical
 

The rules n G l / __l and n G r / __r are not phonological rules in English, however. If they
were, the prefixes /un-/ and /non-/ would also exhibit this regular pattern, but they do not.

/un-/ + responsive (*urresponsive) unresponsive

/un-/ + limited (*ullimited) unlimited
/non-/ + retroactive (*nor-retroactive) non-retroactive
/non-/ + lethal (*nol-lethal) non-lethal
 

Therefore, there must be a morphophonemic rule which determines the allomorphs [il] and
[ir] of the prefix /in-/.
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A.CONCLUSION
Morphophonemics is a branch of linguistics dealing with various kinds of
morphophonemic changes. Morphophonemic process is a process that combines words
(morpheme), will change the sound (pronunciation) and does not change its meaning.
Morphophonemic changes are phonemic changes when two or more morphemes are
combined into a single word.
Morphophonemic rules are sensitive to their environment, unlike phonological rules.
Whenever morphological information is required to specify the environment for
an allophonic rule, the rule is morphophonemic.
 REFERENCES

https://khairalblogstar.blogspot.com/2019/12/makalah-tentang-morphophonemics.html?m=1
http://ikanonipangestuti.blogspot.com/2014/07/unit-vi-morphophonemics.html
http://aridewi13.blogspot.com/2013/11/morphophonemic-proccess.html