THE PAPER

ENGLISH SYNTAX

“WORD FORMATION & WORD FORMATION PROCESS”

The Lecturer:

SHOPIAH ANGGRAINI,S.Pd.M.Hum

by: SRI KESUMA NINGSIH

PROGRAM EDUCATION S-1 FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND EDUCATION

SCIENCE

AL-WASHLIYAH UNIVERSITY OF LABUHANBATU T.A 2019/2020

 PREFACE

With the grace of God Almighty, the paper is finished by taking the title Six Processes

of Word Formation is a significant part in the process of morphology. This paper shows the
meaning of six processes and some examples of its use in English.
This paper is addressed to us, to know more about the Six Processes Of Word
Formation. Six Processes of  Word Formation that have a distinctive characters.
Thank you to those who helped research and sources to collect the contents of this
paper. This paper will not achieve its present form without their help.

Rantau prapat, 5 April 2020

Writer’s

TABLE OF CONTENT
PREFACE........................................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENT...................................................................................................
CHAPTER I :
INTRODUCTION
A. Background................................................................................................................
B. Formulation of the problem........................................................................................
C. Purpose.......................................................................................................................

CHAPTER II
CONTENT
A. CLIPPING..................................................................................................................
B. ACRONYMY............................................................................................................
C. BLENDING...............................................................................................................
D. BACK-FORMATION...............................................................................................
E. FOLK ETYMOLOGY……………………………………………………………...
F. ANTONOMASIA…………………………………………………………………..

CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. SCONCLUSION........................................................................................................
REFERENCES................................................................................................................

CHAPTER I
 INTRODUCTION
A. Background
The word as part of a language has important rules in forming a language. People always
use it to make sentences, but they don't know where exactly those millions of words come
from. People as language users sometimes don't think about how a language is formed. There
are millions of words now used by people. Everyone gets more and more new words unless
they know how it happened. The meaning of the new word form is influenced by the process
of word formation. This process is usually called the word formation process.
B. Formation of words is the creation of new words. The word formation is sometimes
contrasted with a semantic change, which is a change in the meaning of a single word.
The process of word formation is a way of forming new words or terms from the use
of old words. The process consists of clipping, blending, acronyms, reshaping, folk
etymology, and antonomasia.
C. Change or create new words. Of course there are many word formation processes that
don't cause controversy and are very similar in most languages.

D. Formulation of the problem

1. What is word formation?
2. What is word formation process?
3. What are the word formation processes?

E. Purpose
1. To know what is word formation
2. To know what is word formation process
3. To find out what the word formation process is
 CHAPTER II
CONTENT

1.SIX PROCESSES OF WORD FORMATION

A. CLIPPING
Clipping is the process of forming words which consists of reducing words into one part
(Marchand: 1969). Clippings are also known as "shortenings." Clippings mainly consist of
the following types:
1. Clipping again
2. Front clipping
3. Middle clipping
4. Complex clippings

A. Clipping again
Back clipping or apocopation is the most common type, where the initial is maintained.
Original documents that are not stapled can be simple or combined. Examples are:
advertisements (advertisements), cable (cablegram), doc (doctors), exams (exams), gas
(gasoline), mathematics (mathematics), memos (memorandums), gym (gymnastics,
gymnasiums) mutt (muttonhead), pubs (public house), pop (popular concert), trad (traditional
jazz), fax (facsimile).
b. Front Clipping
The forward cut or aphaeresis maintains the final part. Examples are: telephone (telephone),
university (university), launch (parachute), coon (racoon), gator (crocodile), pike (turnpike).

c. Middle scrapbook
In the middle clipping or syncope, the middle part of the word is retained. Examples are: flu
(influenza), tec (detective), polly (apollinaris), jam (pajamas), shrinking (head-shrinker).

d. Complex clipping
The truncated form is also used in compounds. One part of the original compound most often
remains intact. Examples are: cablegram (cable telegram), op art (optical art), org-man (male
organization), linocut (linoleum cut). Sometimes the two halves of the compound are
truncated as in Navicert (Certificate of Navigation). In this case, it is difficult to know
whether the resulting formation should be treated as clippings or as a mixture, because the
border between the two types is not always clear. With this bodbiz criteria, Chicom,
Comsymp, Intelsat, midcult, pro-am, sci-fi, and sitcom are all compounds made from
clippings. According to Marchand (1969), clippings were not coined as words belonging to
the standard vocabulary of a language. They originate as special group terms such as school,
army, police, medical profession, etc., In an intimacy environment where instructions are
sufficient to show the whole. As an example, in school slang comes from exams,
mathematics, lab, and spec (ulation), tick (et = credit) comes from the exchange slang, while
veterinarians (eran), stamp (tain), is the army slang.

B.ACRONYMY
Acronyms and initializations are abbreviations, such as NATO, laser, and IBM, which are
formed using the initial letter of a word or part of a word in a phrase or name. Acronyms and
initializations are usually pronounced in different ways from the complete form they use: as
individual letter names (as in IBM), as words (as in NATO), or as a combination (as in
IUPAC). Another term, alphabetism, is sometimes used to describe abbreviations that are
pronounced as letter names.
Example:
Pronounced as a word, containing only the initial letters:
 FNMA: (Fannie Mae) Federal National Mortgage Association
o laser: amplification of light by stimulated emission of radiation
pronounced as a word, containing non-initial letters:
Amphetamine: Alpha-methyl-phenethylamine
 Gestapo: Geheime Staatspolizei ("secret state police")
pronounced only as the name of the letter
 BBC: British Broadcasting Company
 DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
shortcuts put in the name
 3M: (three em) originally the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company
 E³: (e three) Electronic Entertainment Exhibition
recursive abbreviation, where the abbreviation itself is an extension of an initial (mainly
enjoyed by the open-source community)
 GNU: GNU's Not Unix!
  HURD: HIRD of the Unix-Replacing Daemon, where "HIRD" stands for "HURD of
Interfaces Representing Depth"
pseudo-acronyms are used because, when spoken as intended, they resemble the sounds of
other words:
 ICQ: "I'm looking for you"
 CQR: "secure", the anchor brand
multi-layered acronym:
 GTK +: GIMP Tool Kit, e.g. GNU Image Manipulation Program Kit Toolkit, e.g.
GNU is not a Unix Image Manipulation Program Kit
 VHDL: VHSIC Hardware Description Language, i.e. Very High Speed Integrated
Circuits Hardware Description Language.

C. BLENDING
Mixed is a word formed from the parts of two other words. These parts are sometimes, but
not always, morphemes.
Mixtures differ from the word portmanteau in portmanteau which refers strictly to a mixture
of two function words, similar to contraction. Most mixtures are formed by one of the
following methods:
1. The beginning of one word is added to the other end. For example, brunch is a combination
of breakfast and lunch. This is the most common mixing method.
2. The beginning of the two words combined. For example, cyborgs are a combination of
cybernetics and organisms.
3. One complete word combined with part of another word. For example, estimated numbers
are a combination of guessing and estimating.
4. Two words are mixed around a common sound sequence. For example, the word
Californication, from a song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers, is a blend of California and
fornication.
When two words are combined together, the result is considered compound rather than
mixed. For example, bagpipes are compounds, not mixtures,
D. Re-establishment
Back-formation refers to the process of creating new lexemes (more precisely, "new words")
by eliminating the true or supposed affixes. The resulting neologisms are called reshaping.
Back-formation is short words made from longer words, so back-formation can be seen as a
sub-type of clipping.
For example, the rise of nouns is borrowed from Latin, and the rise of verbs then changes
form hundreds of years later from that by removing the suffix -ion. This revival segment
becomes ion + awakening is possible because English has many examples of Latin words that
have verb pairs and verbs + -ion - in this pair the suffix -ion is added to the verb form to
make nouns (such as insert / insert, project / projections, etc.)
Many words come into English with this route: Pease used to be a mass noun but was
reinterpreted as plural, which refers to the formation of peas in the back. Noun statistics is
also a reform of the field of study statistics. In England, the verb burgle began to be used in
the 19th century as a burglar reform (which can be compared to the North American verb
split formed by suffixation).

D.BACK-FORMATION
Folk etymology is a linguistic phenomenon where by borrowed or archaic phrases are
reinterpreted according to analogy with other common words or phrases in the language.
Etymology refers to the origin of words. For example, the etymology of etymology can be
traced through Old English and Latin to the Greek roots etymo, meaning ‘true’, and logos,
meaning ‘word’.
female (Old French femelle, diminutive of femme "woman"), by assimilation with male (Old
French masle, from Latin masculus).
penthouse from pentice, borrowed from Anglo-Norman pentiz "attached building" (ultimately
from Latin appendicium "appendage"). Note that pentice continues as a technical term in
English.
causeway was modified from obsolete causey (French causée) to assimilate it with way.
bridegroom from Old English bryd-guma "bride-man", after the Old English word guma
"man" (cognate with Latin homo) fell out of use.
hangnail from Middle English agnail (Old English angnægl, cognate with anguish and anger).

E. ANTONOMASIA
Antonomasia means the formation of a common noun, verb, or an adjective from the name of
a person or a place. This trophy is of the same nature as metonymy, although it can't be said
to exhibit the idea more vividly. It consists in putting in place of a proper name, another
notion which may be either in apposition to it or predicated of it. Its principal use is to avoid
the repetition of the same name, and the too frequent use of the pronoun. The most frequent
forms of it are, naming a person from his parentage or country; as, Achilles is called Pelides;
Napoleon Bonaparte, the Corsican: or naming him from some of his deeds; as, instead of
Scipio, the destroyer of Carthage; instead of Wellington, the hero of Waterloo. In making use
of this trope such designs should be selected as well known, or can be easily understood from
the connection, and free from ambiguity — that is, not equally applicable to other well-
known persons. "

CHAPTER III
CLOSING

A. CONCLUSION
In this paper different word formation processes were explained including blending,
clipping, acronymy, backformation, folk etymology, and antonomasia.
Clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of words to one of
its parts.
Acronymy is the process whereby a word is formed from the initials or beginning
segments of a succession of words.
Blending is the fusion of two words into one, usually the first parts of the one word with
the last part of another.
Back-formations are shortened words created from longer words, thus back-formations
may be viewed as a sub-type of clipping.
 Folk etymology is a linguistic phenomenon where by borrowed or archaic phrases are
reinterpreted according to analogy with other common words or phrases in the language.
Antonomasia means the formation of a common noun, verb, or an adjective from the
name of a person or a place.

REFERENCES

Haspelmath, M. (2003). Morphology. London: MacMillan Press LTD.

Plag, I. (2003). Word-Formation in English. UK: Cambridge University Press. Hans
Katamba, F. (2005). English words. London: Ruotledge.
Bloomfield, L. (1962). Language. London: Oxford press.
Wikipedia.com