Morphophonemic

Arranged To Fulfill Course Assignments of Phonology

Arranged by Group 10

Aam Aminaturrizki 1911040001

Maharani 1911040125

Ridho Muhammad Septiano 1811040172

Sheila Ananda Putri 1911040485

Class 5 A

Lecturer: M. Ridho Kholid, S. S, M. Pd.

ENGLISH EDUCATION MAJOR

EDUCATION AND TEACHER TRAINING FACULTY

RADEN INTAN ISLAMIC STATE UNIVERSITY OF LAMPUNG

2021
 PREFACE

Praise to Allah SWT for providing us convenience so that we can finish this paper on
time. Without The help, of course we won’t finish this paper on time. Shalawat and Salam we
send to our Prophet Muhammad SAW who brought us from the darkness in to the brightness.

The authors give thanks to Allah SWT because The blessings of healthy favors, both in
the form of physical health and mind, so the author is able to complete the writing for Language
Testing task entitled “Morphophonemic”.

The authors certainly realize that this paper is far from perfect and there are still many
mistakes and deficiencies. For this reason, the authors expect criticism and suggestions from
readers for this paper, so this paper later will become a better paper later. Then if there are many
mistakes in this paper the author apologizes for that. Thus, the authors hope this paper can be
useful. Thanks.

Bandar Lampung, November 15th 2021

Group 10

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover ........................................................................................................................................ i
Preface ............... ..................................................................................................................... ii

Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. iii

Chapter I Introduction
A. Background ...................................................................................................... 1
B. Formulation of Problem ................................................................................... 2
C. Writing Purposes .............................................................................................. 2

Chapter II Discussion
A. Morphophonemic ............................................................................................ 3
B. Morphophonemic rules .................................................................................... 4
C. Plural formation................................................................................................ 8
D. The formation of present and past participle of verbs ...................................... 9

Chapter III Conclusion

Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 13

References

iii
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Phonology is the study of the sound system of languages. It is a huge area of
language theory and it is difficult to do more on a general language course than have an
outline knowledge of what it includes. In an exam, you may be asked to comment on a
text that you are seeing for the first time in terms of various language descriptions, of
which phonology may be one. At one extreme, phonology is concerned with anatomy and
physiology - the organs of speech and how we learn to use them. At another extreme,
phonology shades into socio-linguistics as we consider social attitudes to features of
sound such as accent and intonation. And part of the subject is concerned with finding
objective standard ways of recording speech, and representing this symbolically.

Phonology is the knowledge that learns about sounds. Sound is the most
important component in phonology. The sound pronunciation of a word will greatly
influence. Sometimes there are certain words that are almost the same as their
pronunciation, but have different times, such as the pronunciation of Sick and Six. Both
have the meaning that has all over the similarity in pronunciation. The word six must be
spoken with a clothing or plosive, while Six is spoken flatly. This means that the word
and change in the form of the word itself is very closely related to the sound in
pronunciation. In relation, the word in morphology is closely related to phonology. The
connection between the two is called morphophonemic. Changes in Phonology will
change when a word undergo changes, such as Verb1 Form BeamVerb2, gets a prefix,
Infix or Suffix, etc. The sound change is to distinguish the shape of the word whether
verb1, verb2, plural or not, or the way the pronunciation is correct. In this paper, we will
discuss more about morphophonemic.

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B. Formulation of Problems
1. What does morphophonemic mean?
2. What are the morphophonemics rules?
3. What does plural formation mean?
4. What is the formation of present and past participle of verbs?

C. Writing Purpose
1. To know the meaning of morphophonemic.
2. To know the morphophonemic rules.
3. To know the meaning of plural formation.
4. To know the formation of present and past participle of verbs.

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 CHAPTER II
DISSCUSSION

A. Morphophonemic
Morphophonemics, in linguistics, study of the relationship between morphology
and phonology. Morphophonemic involves an investigation of the phonological
variations within morphemes, usually marking different grammatical functions; e.g., the
vowel changes in “sleep” and “slept,” “bind” and “bound,” “vain” and “vanity,” and the
consonant alternations in “knife” and “knives,” “loaf” and “loaves.”
Morphophonemic emerged as a separate discipline in the late 1920’s, but its
origins are associated with J. A. Baudouin de Courtenay, who demonstrated the
interaction of phonetics and grammar in sound alternations and advanced the hypothesis
that the phoneme was “the mobile component of a morpheme and the sign of a particular
morphological category.”
N. S. Trubetskoi, the founder of morphophonemic, formulated the discipline’s
three main tasks: to establish the distinguishing phonological features of morphemes of
different classes (for example, inflexions, as distinct from roots or suffixes); to formulate
rules for transforming morphemes in morphemic combinations; and to create a theory of
morphological sound alternation. Since morphophonemic includes the study of
regularities in the occurrence of variant morphs of a single morpheme regularities
dependent on a morpheme’s phonemic composition and, at the same time, its
morphological environment some scholars place morphophonemic under phonology
(representatives of transformational and generative grammars), other scholars place it
under morphology (the French linguistic school), and still others regard it as the
connecting link between phonology and grammar.
Morphophonemic characteristics are considered to include those that are related to
the alterations of the morphemes when they are arranged in words (for example, in
Russian, between glukhoi “secluded,” and glush’ , “backwoods,” and dikii, “wild,” and
dich’ “wild game”). Morphophonemic characteristics may include alternations, the
overlap and truncation of morphemes, stress shifts, and so on. Recognizing them is
important for describing the morphological structure of a word, for determining the
specific nature of the grammatical structure of a language (especially in constructing
paradigms and word-formation series), and for comparing languages according to their
typology.

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B. Morphophonemic Rules
Morphophonemic rules or morphological changes, called SANDHI in more
traditional terms, are changes which occur in the phonological content or morphemes so
that they can adapt to different grammatical functions or categories. Furthermore,
sometimes it is necessary for a root of a word to change so that we could obtain a
different part of speech or grammatical form.

1. Morphophonemic rules affecting the affix

a. Assimilation
Assimilation is such a morphemic change in which the last consonant of the
prefixal morpheme undergoes assimilation of sorts, changes into a phoneme
identical with the starting phoneme of the word root. More or less, this is a case of
loss of phonemes. This is called complete.
- IN + LITERATE → ILLITERATE
- IN + MORTAL → IMMORTAL
- IN + REGULAR → IRREGULAR

This is most often caused by the tendency to facilitate the pronunciation of the
two morphemes in the combination, by trying to use phonemes which are related
or similar according to the criterion of the place of articulation. If the last prefixal
phoneme changes completely and is identified with initial in the root, it
practically merges with it and disappears in pronunciation.

There is also partial assimilation when the last prefixal phoneme is not
completely merged, but changed into another from the set of phonemes articulated
on the same place of articulation. Bilabial plosives have the greatest strength for
assimilating other phonemes onto bilabials. Examples:

- EN + BELLISH → EMBELLISH
- IN + BALANCE → IMBALANCE
- IN + POSSIBLE → IMPOSSIBLE

b. Dissimilation
A process quite opposite to assimilation, as the name itself indicates. With this
stage, two phonemes form two different morphemes, most often of the last of
prefix and the first of the root are dissimilated in such a way that they are no

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 longer the same phoneme, but the first one changed into a different one. The
reason for that is easier morpheme identification. The difference may be in the
place of articulation, or another sound quality. This is not frequently present
change. Example:
- IN + NOBLE = INNOBLE → IGNOBLE
- IN + NOMINY = INNOMINY → IGNOMINY

c. Synthesis
This morphemic change is also known as palatalisation. It refers to the process of
combining of fusing two different consonants into a single one, different from the
other two. This common phenomenon occurs when two morphemes meet each
other in derivate, and the final consonant of one, velar or alveolar by the place of
formation, and the initial of the other, the sound /j/ most often, get combined into
a palatal sound. Examples:
- ACT + ION = ACTION /ˈæk.ʃən/
- EXPOSE+URE = EXPOSURE /ɪkˈspoʊʒɚ/
- MOIST+URE = MOISTURE /ˈmɔɪstʃə/

2. Morphemic rules affecting the base

a. Voicing
Voicing refers to the change of the phonemic content of the base when an affix is
to be attached. The final consonant of the basic is changed to match the consonant
nature of the initial phoneme in the affix. This normally occurs when the noun
plural suffix for regular plural formation is to be added to a nominal base. The
voiced /z/ exerts a strong voicing influence on the final labiodental and interdental
fricative consonants that end certain nouns. In this case, the voiceless consonants
/f/ and /θ/ assume the form of their voiced counterparts /v/ and /ð/
- Calf → calves; knife→ knives; leaf→leaves; thief → thieves; wife→ wives.
- Baths /baːθs/ or /ba:ðs/
- This morphemic rule does not apply consistently, as many exceptions would
ascertain, such as chiefs, beliefs, etc. nor does it occur in similar

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 morphological and phonological circumtances, such as the case of genitive
case markation – wife’s, thief’s, etc.

b. Loss of phonemes
With this change on or more than one phoneme is dropped from the original
morpheme and its phonological content is altered. When we say ‘original’, we
mean the most usual allomorph of a particular morpheme, the ‘default allomorph’,
so to speak.
- Aristocrat + -acy → Aristocracy
- Enemy + ity → Enmity
- Meter + ic → Metric

c. Addition of the phonemes

As opposed to the previous one, this change involves adding another phoneme to
the phonological content of the morpheme. This is not a very customary change in
English, and usually occurs with so called ‘silent’ letters in writing which
represent no phonemes in the root. This is to prove, once again that in
morphology it is the phonemic content of morphemes that matters and not the
orthographic one.
- Bomb → Bombastic
- Long → Longer
- Solemn → Solemnize

d. Simple consonant change

Simple consonant change means that the last or final consonant in a morpheme
undergoes a change of sorts when a suffix is to be added. This is quite frequent
phenomenon in English, particularly when it comes to deriving adjectives from
verbs.
- Despise → Despicable
- Electric → Electricity
- Extinct → Extinguish

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e. Gradation
Gradation is the complex change in the sense that it involves two
processes occurring one after the other. It is the case that after adding certain
derivational suffixes, the main stress of the word shifts from the first syllable
onward and is observed on another syllable, usually the second. This actually
brings about the weakening of the vowel in the first syllable, so that it reduces to a
half sound of /ə/. Apparently, the syllabic vowel has changed in quality and we
call this occurrence vowel change. Thus, gradation is a combining of shifting of
the stress and changing of the vowel
- Courage → Courageous
- Industry → Industrial
- Parent → Parental
- Symbol → Symbolic

f. Ablaut in derivation
Ablaut is a linguistic phenomenon also known as change of syllabic vowel or
mutation. As the names of this morphemic change suggest, it refers to a kind of
change in the syllabic vowel or morpheme, or the vowel of a morpheme, or the
vowel which bears the primary stress. It may occur in inflection, but it also
appears with affixation, when the base alters its syllabic vowel after addition of a
suffix. This kind of regularity can be noticed with normalization of simple
adjectives.
- Clear → Clarity
- Long → Length
- Strong → Strength
- Wide → Width

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C. Plural Formation
Most are made plural by adding s to the end. However, there are many other ways
to form plurals, depending on the ending of the word. Here is a table showing the rules
for forming the plurals in English:

Type Example of type Forming the plural plural

Most nouns - Lamp Add s - Lamps

- Scythe - Scythes

Noun ending s, - Dress Add es - Dresses

sh, ch, x or z
Nouns ending - Hero Add either s or es - Heroes
(consonant) o - Zero (there are no rules for - Zeros
- Tomato this –you have to - Tomatoes
know.)

Nouns ending - Patio Add s - Patios

(vowel) o - Ratio - Ratios

Nouns ending - Story Change the y to an i - Stories

(consonant) y - Penny and add es - Pennies

Nouns ending - Storey Add s - Storeys

(vowel) y - Donkey - Donkeys

Nouns ending f - Dwarf Add ves and/or s (there - Dwarfs

or fe - Hoof are no rules- you have - Hooves or
to know.) hoofs

Exceptions - Man Some nouns undergo a - Men

- Louse vowel or letters change - Lice

More - Salmon Some nouns do not - Salmon

exceptions - Sheep change at all - Sheep

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D. The Formation of present and past participle of verbs

The present participle of most verbs has the form base+ing. It is used in many different
ways.

- The present participle as part of the continuous form of a verb

Examples:
o I am working.
o He was singing.
o They have been walking.
o We will be staying.
o She would have been expecting me.

- The present participle after verbs of movement & position

This construction is particularly useful with the verb to go
Examples:
o She went shopping.
o I go running every morning.
o He lay looking up at the clouds.

- The present participle after verbs of perception

The pattern for this usage is verb + object + present participle. There is a
difference in meaning when such a sentence contains a zero infinitive rather than
a participle. The infinitive refers to a complete action while the present participle
refers to an ongoing action.
Examples:
o I heard someone singing.
o He saw his friend walking along the road.
o I can smell something burning!
o I watched the birds flying away.

- The present participle as an adjective

Examples:
o It was an amazing film.
o Dark billowing clouds often precede a storm.
o He was trapped inside the burning house.
o Many of his paintings show the setting sun.

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- The present participle with the verbs spend and waste
The pattern with these verbs is verb + time/money expression + present
participle.
Examples:
o My boss spends two hours a day travelling to work.
o Don’t waste time playing computer games!
o They’ve spent the whole day shopping.

- The present participle with the verbs catch and find

The pattern with these verbs is verb + object + present participle. With catch,
the participle always refers to an action which causes annoyance or anger. This is
not the case with find, which is unemotional.
Examples:
o If I catch you stealing my apples again, there’ll be trouble.
o Don’t let him catch you reading his letters.
o I caught him going through my bag.

- The present participle for two actions at the same time

When two actions occur at the same time, and are done by the same person or
thing, we can use a present participle to describe one of them. When one action
follows very quickly after another done by the same person or thing, we can
express the first action with a present participle.
Examples:
o Whistling to himself, he walked down the road. = he whistled to himself
as he walked down the road.
o They went laughing out in the snow = the laughed as they went out into
the snow.

- The present participle to explain a reason

The present participle can be used instead of a phrase starting with as, since,
or because. In this usage the participial phrase explains the cause or reason for an
action.
Examples:
Feeling hungry, he went into kitchen and opened the fridge.
Being poor, he didn’t spend much on clothes.
Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat.

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Past Participles

In a regular verb, the past participle is formed by adding "-ed". However, there are many
irregular verbs in English, and these past participle forms must be memorized. Here are four
common uses of past participles:

1. The past participle is used with "have" auxiliaries (helping verbs) in active voice. The
"have" auxiliary in the following example sentences is italicized, and the past participle
is bolded:

• She has completed her degree.

• She had completed her degree before being hired.
• I have finished my homework.
• I had finished my homework before going to the movie.

2. The past participle is used after "be" auxiliaries in passive voice. Be sure to check our
webpage on the appropriate use of passive voice in scholarly writing. The "be" auxiliary
in the following example sentences is italicized and the past participle is bolded:

• I was born in 1976.

• Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
• The plates broke when they were dropped.

3. The past participle is sometimes used in a phrase to supply additional information.

These participial phrases come from relative clauses with a passive meaning. The past
participle in the following example sentences is bolded, and the full relative clause is
italicized:

• The ideas presented at the conference are important to remember. (The ideas that
were presented in the conference are important to remember.)
• The drinks served at that bar are delicious. (The drinks that are served at that bar
are delicious.)
• Taken by surprise, Alice hugged her long lost friend. (Alice, who was surprised,
hugged her long lost friend.)

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4. The past participle is sometimes used as an adjective. The past participle in the
following example sentences is bolded:

• The received goods were damaged in shipping.

• She tried to repair her broken phone.
• The lost dog wandered the neighborhood.

-ing or Past Participle

Sometimes both the "-ing" and the past participle ("-ed") forms can function as
adjectives. However, each form has a different meaning. The "-ing" and the past
participle is bolded in the example sentences below. Notice that the "-ing" adjective
refers to a thing and the past participle ("-ed") adjective refers to a person.

• The ideas are exciting. (This refers to the ideas themselves.)

• He is excited. (This refers to the person.)
• The rules are confusing. (This refers to the rules themselves.)
• I am confused. (This refers to the person.)
• The conclusion to the movie was satisfying. (This refers to the movie.)
• I am satisfied with the results. (This refers to how I feel about the results.)

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 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

- Morphophonemics, in linguistics, study of the relationship between morphology

and phonology. Morphophonemic involves an investigation of the phonological
variations within morphemes, usually marking different grammatical
functions; e.g., the vowel changes in “sleep” and “slept,” “bind” and “bound,”
“vain” and “vanity,” and the consonant alternations in “knife” and “knives,”
“loaf” and “loaves.”
- Morphophonemic rules or morphological changes, called SANDHI in more
traditional terms, are changes which occur in the phonological content or
morphemes so that they can adapt to different grammatical functions or
categories.
- There are eight types of morphophonemic changes: assimilation, dissimilation,
synthesis, voicing, loss of phonemes, addition of the phonemes, simple consonant
change, gradation, ablaut in derivation.
- Most are made plural by adding s to the end. However, there are many other
ways to form plurals, depending on the ending of the word.
- The present participle of most verbs has the form base+ing. In a regular verb,
the past participle is formed by adding "-ed". However, there are many irregular
verbs in English, and these past participle forms must be memorized.

13
 REFERENCES

Walden University. (2021). Retrieved November 19, 2021, from Grammar: Verbs Forms: "-ing"
Infinitives, and Past Participles:
https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/verbforms

Cavic, G. (n.d.). Scribd. Retrieved November 19, 2021, from Morphology Changes:
https://www.scribd.com/doc/299383681/Morphophonemic-Changes

lessons. (n.d.). Forming Plurals in English (with table of endings). Retrieved November 19,
2021, from Grammar Monster: https://www.grammar-
monster.com/lessons/plurals_forming_table.htm

Wisconsin-Madison, U. o. (2019, July 17). Present and Past Participle. Retrieved November 19,
2021, from Engish fo Second Language Learners:
https://courses.dcs.wisc.edu/wp/grammar/category/present-and-past-participles/