Systematic Qualitative Analysis of a Single Solid Organic Compound

Physical Characteristic:

i) State: Crystalline/Powder
ii) Colour:
iii) Odour: Characteristic smell
iv) Solubility:
Index: √ -soluble, × -insoluble

Water Dil. HCl Dil. NaOH

a)
b)
c)

v) Solubilitv Classification
a) If sample is soluble in water, then it is polar in nature.
b) If sample is soluble in dil. acid, then it is basic in nature.
c) If sample is soluble in dil. base, then it is acidic in nature.

Detection of Element (Nitrogen, Sulphur and Chlorine) in an Organic Sample:

The Lassaigne’s Test:

A freshly cut, clean and dry piece of sodium (Na) metal of the size of a pea is
introduced into a dry fusion tube. The tube is gently heated till sodium melts. Then a
pinch of sample is added to it and heated strongly for 4-5 mins, until the tube
becomes red hot. Then it is plunges into about 10 ml of distilled water taken in a
mortar and triturated the fused mass. Then it is filtered to get an alkaline filtrate,
called sodium filtrate. With this filtrate, the following experiments are performed.

Experiment Observation Inference

To 2 ml of filtrate, Blue / Green colouration Nitrogen present.
freshly prepared FeSO4 / ppt. is observed.
solution is heated to
boiling, cooled, acidified No Blue / Green
Nitrogen absent.
with dilute H2SO4 and colouration / ppt. is
then 1-2 drops of FeCl3 observed.
are added.
To 2 ml of filtrate, Deep violet colour is Sulphur present.
freshly prepared sodium observed.
nitroprusside solution is
added. Deep violet colour is not Sulphur absent.
observed.
About 2 ml of filtrate is Curdy white ppt., soluble Chorine present.
warmed with conc. in NH4OH.
HNO3, cooled and then a
No Curdy white ppt. is Chorine absent.
few drops of AgNO3 are
added. observed.

Detection of Non-nitrogenous Functional Group:

Experiment Observation Inference

To 2 ml of the Effervescence of gas -COOH group present.
aqueous/alcoholic comes out.
solution of the pure -COOH group absent.
sample, a few drops of No effervescence.
saturated solution of
NaHCO3 are added.

To 2 ml of the alcoholic Violet/Green/Red Phenolic –OH group

solution of the pure colouration. present.
sample, a few drops of
FeCl3 solution are added. No violet/green/red Phenolic –OH group
colouration. absent.

To 2 ml of the alcoholic Red/Orange ppt. >C=O or –CHO group

solution of the pure present.
sample, a few dropes of No red/orange ppt. >C=O or –CHO group
2,4-DNP solution are absent.
added, warmed and
then cooled.

Detection of Nitrogenous Functional Group:

Experiment Observation Inference

Dry Test: Rose red dye. Ar-NH2 group present.
A small amount of
sample is dissolved in 5 No rose red dye. Ar-NH2 group absent.
ml dil. HCl, cooled, and
then NaNO2 solution is
added to it under tap.
This cold diazotized
solution is then poured
into the cold alkaline
solution of β-naphthol.
Mulliken-Barker Test: Greyish black ppt. Ar-NO2 group present.
A small amount of Ar-No2 group absent.
sample in alcohol is No greyish black ppt.
boiled in water bath
with Zn dust and NH4Cl
for 5 mins. Then the
solution is filtered. A few
dropes of filtrate is
added to 5 ml of Tollens
reagent and warmed.

Conclusion:

Hence, in the given sample ……………………. is/are present/absent as characteristic

element and contains ……………………. functional group/g.
Systematic Qualitative Analysis of known Inorganic Sample
Dry Test for Basic Radicals
Test tube heating test: