NEW GENERATION OF SOLAR CELL

TECHNOLOGY…..
Name : A Sai Sharmila

G Sandhya

Email:amudalasharmila905@gmail.com

gownivallasandhya@gmail.com
department of electrical and electronical engineering
Madanapalli institute of technology and science
517325
Abstract:
Solar cells are a promising and potentially important technology and are the future of
sustainable energy for the human civilization…Electricity is the life blood of modern civilization and
we get as much as we want from the sun . Solar cell technology provides an additional method of
acquiring energy…
The head ache part of the researchers is to find about the 100% efficiency of a solar cell ...If
it will be succeeded they name it as “BLACK SOLAR CELL”…Where solar panels absorb it and give
100% electricity even in horrible climate…
The primary component of the solar panel is photovoltaic cell having low efficiency and
high cost …Due to this ... they interfered the another concept to make that topic so interesting that
is NANOTECHNOLOGY …This helps us to make solar energy more economical…In that “LIGHT
SENSITIVE PARTICLES” plays a major role with the “QUANTUM COLLIDAL DOTS”…This creates an
enthusiasm among scientists to research and give fruitful results to all the world to empower the
new technology around the globe…

“TESLA POWER WALL” the word itself creating the power in the walls of the
battery this crates more interesting in this topic of solar cell technology….
Currently solar energy’s biggest problem is the highest cost compared to other
sources . But introduction of nanotechnology in solar energy will increase the efficiency and
reduce the cost which will give solution to global crises…
KEY WORDS:
Solar powered roads , Light sensitive nanoparticles with gallium arsenide , Tesla power cell
with the investigation done by NASA to launch a space explorer machine in Mars .
INTRODUCTION:
A Photovoltaic cell is an electronic device that converts the energy of light directly into
electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Electrical characteristics such as current and voltage,
vary when exposed to light. This phenomenon is called “photo electric cell”. A single
junction silicon solar cell can produce max open –circuit voltage of app., .5-.6 volts.
 The PV cell was experimentally demonstrated by French Physicst “EDMOND
BEQUEREL” in 1839 at age of 19, he built the world’s first PV cell in his fathers laboratory.

UPCOMING SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGY

FIRST GENERATION OF SOLAR CELLS:

Traditional solar cells are made from silicon, are currently the most efficient
solar cells available for residential use and account for around 80%+ of all the
solar panels sold around the world.
MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON CELLS:
The oldest solar cell technology and still the most popular and efficient are solar
cells made from thin wafers of silicon. These are called monocrystalline solar
cells because the cells are sliced from large single crystals. Relative to the other
types of cells they have higher frequency, meaning you will obtain more
electricity from a given area of panel.
POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON CELLS:
It is cheaper to produce silicon wafers in molds from multiple silicon crystals
rather than from a single crystal as the conditions for growth do not need to be
as tightly controlled.
AMORPHOUS SILICON CELLS:
Small electronic devices are made from this. Instead of growing silicon crystals
as is done in making the two previous types of solar cells, silicon is deposited in
a very thin layer on to a backing substrate-such as metal, glass or even plastic.

SECOND GENERATION SOLAR CELLS:

SANYO, introduced a hybrid HIT cell whereby a layer of amorphous silicon is
deposited on top of single crystal wafers. The result is an efficient solar cell that
performs well in terms of indirect light and is much less likely to lose efficiency
as the temperature climbs.
They called thin-film solar cells because when compared to crystalline silicon
based cells they are made from layers of semiconductor materials only a few
micrometres thick. Less materials and low cost manufacturing processes allow
the manufacture of solar panels.
They are basically three types of solar cells that are considered in this category,
amorphous silicon, and two that are made from non-silicon materials namely
cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium diselenide. Together they
accounted for around 16.8% of the panels sold in 2009.

THIRD GENERATION SOLAR CELLS:

This new generation of solar cells are being made from variety of new materials
besides silicon, including nanotubes, silicon wires, solar inks using conventional
printing press technologies, organic dyes, and conductive plastics.
The goal of course is to improve on the solar cells already commercially
available-by making solar energy more efficient over a wider band of solar
energy, less expensive so it can be used by more and different uses.

NASA used solar cells on it space craft from the very beginning. For Example, Explorer 6, launched
in 1959, had four arrays that folded out once in orbit. They provided power for months in space.
Solar

LATEST TECHNOLOGIES IN SOLAR CELLS

Black Carbon Tubes:
So, how will it work? The first step in creating the device is the development of
mechanism called an absorber-emitter, which acts as a light funnel above the solar
cells. It uses solid black carbon nanotubes that captures all of the energy in sunlight
and converts most of the energy into heat. When temperatures reach about 1,800 °F,
the adjoining emitting layer radiates that energy back out as light, which is focused
to bands that the photovoltaic cells can absorb.
 Black carbon nanotubes (MIT)

Black, as we know it, might not be the darkest shade. The British tech
company Surrey Nanosystems says that it developed the world's blackest
material, which is made of carbon nanotubes.  It can absorb 99.96 percent
of light that hits it. The developers say that to the human eye, the material
— called Vantablack — completely erases any features on a surface,
becoming basically a void.

The emitter is made from a photonic crystal, which is a structure that can
be fabricated at the nanoscale to manage which wavelengths of light flow
through it. A highly specialized optical filter that transmits the converted
light while reflecting most of the unusable photons back was added. This
produces more heat, which generates more of the light that the solar cell
can absorb, increasing the productivity of the system.
Light-Sensitive Nanoparticles.
 Recently, a group of scientists at the University of Toronto unveiled a new type
of light-sensitive nanoparticle called colloidal quantum dots, that many believe
will offer a less expensive and more flexible material for solar cells.
Specifically, the new materials use n-type and p-type semiconductors - but ones
that can actually function outdoors. This is a unique discovery since previous
designs weren't capable of functioning outdoors and therefore not practical
applications for the solar market. University of Toronto researchers discovered
that n-type materials bind to oxygen - the new colloidal quantum dots don't bind
to air and therefore can maintain their stability outside. This helps increase
radiant light absorption. Panels using this new technology were found to be up
to eight percent more efficient at converting sunlight.

Solar Panel with Built-In Battery.

 In a project funded by the United States Department of Energy, Ohio State
University researchers recently announced they created a battery that is 20%
more efficient and 25% cheaper than anything on the market today. The secret
to the design is that the rechargeable battery is built into the solar panel itself,
rather than operating as two standalone systems. By conjoining the two into one
system, scientists said they could lower costs by 25% compared to existing
products.

TESLA POWER WALL:

The concepts of off-grid solar and solar plus storage have gained popularity in
U.S. markets, and solar manufacturers have taken notice. The industry-
famous Tesla Powerwall, a rechargeable lithium-ion ion battery product
launched in 2015, continues to lead the pack with regard to market share and
brand recognition for solar batteries.  Tesla offers two storage products, the
Powerwall 2.0 for residential use and the Powerpack for commercial use. Solar
storage is still a fairly expensive product in 2019, but a surge in demand from
solar shoppers is expected to bring significantly more efficient and affordable
batteries to market in 2019.

  Solar powered roads

Last summer paved the way for tests of an exciting new PV technology – solar
powered roads. The sidewalks along Route 66, America’s historic interstate
highway, were chosen as the testing location for solar-powered pavement tech.
These roadways are heralded for their ability to generate clean energy, but they
also include LED bulbs that can light roads at night and have the thermal
heating capacity to melt snow during winter weather. The next stop following
sidewalk tests is to install these roadways on designated segments of Route 66.

DISADVANTAGE:
Upon these many advantages there is only one disadvantage i.e., sunlight wont
be for 24 hours…if it be our existence become horrible…..

PRECEPTION:
In my point of you the only renewable source which is vast in our nature is
sunlight….Then we have to utilise it in a proper way.

Its low cost and efficiency keep believe in us to use that technology..

Its boon to the world to have this type of technology and which is very useful to
the industries and high cost companies…….

CONCLUSION:
We are star stuff harvesting sunlight……I have no doubt that we will be
successful in harnessing the sun’s energy…..If sun’s beams were weapons of
war, we would had solar energies centuries ago…..