Review GSTS

Historical Antecedents in
the Course of Science and

Technology:
Middle & Modern Times
Consolidated by:
Mrs. Lorna C. Aban
Center for Natural Sciences
School of Health and Natural Sciences
Middle Times (500–1500 CE)
• The start of Middle Ages was tainted by massive invasions and
migrations.
• Wars were prevalent this time. As such, great technology was
needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm
production, and health.
• The wars have resulted in population decline, but during the latter
part of the period, there were significant rise in population.
• Trade and commerce among nations increased, which resulted in
greater demands for transportation technology.
• Some of the most innovative minds came from this period
Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc.
Quezon City. All Rights Reserved
Printing Press
• After the Chinese developed woodblock
printing, Johann Gutenberg was able to
invent printing press, a more reliable
way of printing using a cast type.
• He utilized wooden machines that
extracted juices from fruits, attached to
them a metal impression of the letters,
and pressed firmly the cast metal into a
piece of paper, which then made an Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R.
exact impression of paper. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E
Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. All Rights Reserved
https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/printing-
press
Printing Press
• The printing press was invented to
address the need for publishing
books that would spread information
to many people at a faster rate.
• This invention is also made
accessible to individuals who could
not even write (Streissguth, 1997). Book printing had existed in China since
the 11th century, but Gutenberg was
the first to produce serial standardized
individual parts, which made the
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Gutenberg printing process faster and less
https://www.britannica.com/video/171689/history-printing-press-work- expensive.
discussion-Johannes-Gutenberg
Microscope
• There is a growing population caused by
massive migration and urbanization during
the period
• More people transferred to polluted and
populated areas which resulted in people
getting sick and needing medical attention.
• To develop the proper medicines for He is associated with the
illness, experts must understand the invention of the first optical
telescope and/or the first
sickness through an investigation. truly compound microscope
• Thus, they needed a device that could Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., &
magnify things invisible to the eye. Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society.
C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacharias_Janssen
Microscope
• Guided by the principles used for
inventions of eyeglasses in earlier
years, Zacharias Janssen was able
to develop the first compound
microscope. Three Dutch spectacle makers—Hans
• With this device, people were able to Jansen, his son Zacharias Jansen,
observe organism that were normally and Hans Lippershey—have received
credit for inventing the compound
unseen by naked eye. microscope about 1590.
• The microscope was the key in
Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R.
preventing and curing various (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc.
Quezon City.
illnesses (Davidson, 2015). https://www.britannica.com/technology/microscope/History-
of-optical-microscopes#ref1255667
Telescope
• Since Middle Ages is also known as the
Age of Exploration, the need for nautical
inventions was high.
• Considering the vast and empty oceans
that separated lands, ship captains One of Galileo's first telescopes. He
needed to see far and wide for them to did not invent the telescope, but he
navigate or to avoid dangers at sea. did make several improvements and
• The invention of telescope, an optical was the first to aim one at the stars.
(Image: © NASA)
instrument that helps in observation of
Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno,
remote objects, was greater help for R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E
Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.
navigators during this time. https://www.space.com/21950-who-invented-the-
telescope.html
Telescope
• Its invention is attributed to the lens-
maker Hans Lippershey.
• In 1608, Lippershey laid claim to a
device that could magnify objects three
times. His telescope had a concave
eyepiece aligned with a convex Hans Lippershey (or Lipperhey), a
objective lens. Together with the Dutch eyeglass maker, is the first
person to apply for a patent for a
telescope, the invention of the telescope.
compass, oars, and rudders made sea Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno,
travelling easier and safer (Helden, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E
1989). https://www.space.com/21950-who-invented-the-
telescope.html
War Weapons
• Since wars were widespread during
Middle Ages, great development in the
weaponry technology occurred.
• All sides must develop weaponries not
as only as offensive tool but also
defensive instrument. the European warfare of the Middle
• For open-area battles, people developed Ages. Technological, cultural, and
social developments had forced a
cross bows and long bows so that they severe transformation in the
could attack the enemies long ranges, character of warfare
keeping themselves safe with the Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno,
R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E
protection of walls and fortresses. Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.
https://www.history.com/news/medieval-weapons-
knights-middle-ages
War Weapons
• in close range hand to hand
combat, soldiers should wear
something to protect themselves, a
need addressed by the creation of
iron body armors.
• However, body armors were heavy
and limited their movements. The
problem was eventually solved by Watch Overview of the Middle Ages at
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanitie
the inventions of chainmail. s/world-history/medieval-times/european-
middle-ages-and-serfdom/v/overview-of-
the-middle-ages
Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.
http://www.medievalwarfare.info/weapons.htm
Modern Times
• The booming world population
during 19th century onwards
demanded that more goods be
produced at faster rate.
• People needed efficient means
of transportation to trade more Industrial Revolution started in 18th-century Great
goods and cover larger Britain, where the pace of change appeared to
distance. speed up. This acceleration in the processes of
technical innovation brought about an array of
• Machines that required animals new tools and machines
to operate must thus, McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology,
upgraded. and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/industrial-revolution-and-
technology/
Modern Times
• Faster and easier means to
communicate and compute should be
developed to establish connections
between and among all nations.
• However, due to massive
The Industrial Revolution was the
industrialization, the modern times transition to new manufacturing
again faced more complicated processes in Europe and the United
problems. Food processing and States, in the period from about 1760 to
sometime between 1820 and 1840.
medicine posed some bigger
challenges since health was great McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science,
Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.
concern. https://www.history.com/topics/industrial-
revolution/industrial-revolution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution
Pasteurization
• As people were able to develop better
means of production to meet needs of the
population, food preservation and food
safety became an issue.
• The challenge to keep manufactured food
from deteriorating was greater than the
dairy products, especially milk, since they Louis Pasteur, a French biologist
usually spoiled faster. microbiologist, and chemist,
• These goods needed to be consumed found a way to solve the
problem.
almost immediately after production or
they would cause illness like diphtheria, McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R.
(2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E
food poisoning and typhoid fever. Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-
Pasteur/Research-career
Pasteurization
• He invented pasteurization, the process of
heating dairy products to kill the harmful
bacteria that allow them to spoil faster.
• Through this process, milk could be stored
and consumed for a longer period.
• It also prevented illnesses caused by
harmful bacteria (Macalester College,
2010). Other contributions of science,
technology, and medicine included
his work on molecular asymmetry,
McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E fermentation, and vaccination
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-Pasteur/Research-career
Petroleum Refinery
• The modern times demanded better
means of powering homes and
transportation.
• At first, people used animal oils for
generating light to illuminate their
homes. Samuel Martin Kier was an
• However, the production of animal oils American inventor and
businessman who is credited with
could not keep up with the demand. founding the American petroleum
• Faced with this concern, Samuel M. refining industry.
Kier was able to invent kerosene by McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018)
refining petroleum. Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing,
Inc. Quezon City.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Kier
Petroleum Refinery
• Kerosene was later on referred to as the
“illuminating oil” because it was used at
first to provide lighting to homes.
• After some time, it was applied for
heating purposes.
• The development of kerosene
established the petroleum refinery
industry (Skrabec, 2010).
• At present, petroleum is widely used in
powering automobiles, factories, and McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R.
power plants, among others. Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Kier
Telephone
• The more people get connected
by trade and exploration, the more
they needed a way to easily
maintain these connections and
communicate with each other in
real time.
• Government likewise needed
some kind of communication Alexander Graham Bell revolutionized
system which would allow them to communication. He secured exclusive
rights to the technology and launched
administer their states well. the Bell Telephone Company in 1877
• the development of the telephone
by Alexander Graham Bell was McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018)
one of the most important Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc.
Quezon City.
inventions at that time. https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/alexander-
graham-bell
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
Calculator
• In 1642, the Renaissance saw the invention
of the mechanical calculator (by Wilhelm
Schickard and several decades later Blaise
Pascal), a device that was at times
somewhat over-promoted as being able to
perform all four arithmetic operations with Schickard’s design was preserved
minimal human intervention. only in a few sketches and letters to
the astronomer Kepler. They
• Although an earlier version of the calculator remained lost until 1935.
had already been developed, circumstances McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018)
in the modern times required a faster way to Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing,
Inc. Quezon City.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_calculator
compute more complicated equations. https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/calculat
ors/1/47
Calculator Blaise Pascal Wilhelm Schickard
• Computing devices must also be

easy to carry since they would be
utilized on a day-to-day basis.
• The creation of modern calculators
did not only pave the way for
easier arithmetic calculations, but
also resulted in the development of
more complex processing
machines like computer.
McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_calculator
https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/calculators/1/47
Considering the S&T development in different period,
what do you think will today’s priority be that may spark
innovation?
Chinese
Civilization
Consolidated by:
Mrs. Lorna C. Aban
Chinese Civilization
• Considered to be the oldest
civilization in Asia
• Also known as the middle
kingdom, located on the far east
Asia
• Not a great amount was written
about the ancient China partly due (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc.
to its distance from the other https://www.ancient.eu/image/4980/yuantong-temple/
civilizations
Silk
• It is one of the things that connected Far
East China to the world.
• Although silk is naturally produced by
silkworms, the Chinese were the ones
who developed the technology to harvest
the silk and process it to produce paper
and clothing.
• Silk production resulted in the creation of
a product for trade, making way for McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018)
cultural, economic, and scientific Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc.
exchange. http://www.historyshistories.com/china-silk-road-
activity.html
Tea Production
• Tea is a beverage produced by pouring
hot or boiling water over crushed or
shredded dried tea leaves
• Tea production was developed when an
unknown Chinese inventor created a Shennong (Chinese: 神农), whose
name means the Divine Farmer -- and
machine that was able to shred tea who is considered as the ancient
leaves into strips. Chinese Father of Agriculture, is
honored with the discovery of tea.
• This production may have resulted in McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R.
making tea as one of the most popular (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E
http://www.china.org.cn/learning_chinese/Chines
beverages in the world today. e_tea/2011-07/15/content_22999489.htm
Great wall of China
• Once considered the only man-made
structure that could be seen from outer
space
• It is said to be the largest and most
extensive infrastructure that the nation
built. originally conceived by Emperor Qin Shi
• Constructed to keep out foreign invaders Huang in the third century B.C.
The best-known and best-preserved section
and control the borders of China. of the Great Wall was built in the 14th
through 17th centuries A.D., during the
• Made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and Ming dynasty
other materials, it showcased the extent of McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018)
Chinese engineering technology at that Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc.
time. https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-china/great-wall-
of-china
Gunpowder
• Originally, it was developed by Chinese
alchemists who aimed to achieve
immortality.
• They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and
potassium nitrate, but instead of creating
an elixir of life, they accidentally
invented a black powder that could gunpowder is also used in
fireworks during important
actually generate large amounts of heat celebrations in China
and gas in an instant.
• gunpowder is widely used to propel McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno,
R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C
bullets from guns and cannons which & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. All Rights
cause countless deaths. Reserved

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Great_In
ventions
Bronze Production
• The bronze works of ancient China
produced under the Shang Dynasty
(1766 – 1122 BCE) were technically
perfect and sophisticated beauty
and style, the result of a long story
of experimental progress in
combining varying proportions of
copper, tin, lead and zinc until the Bronze gu from Anyang, Henan province, China, Shang
dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE); and Bronze jia, Shang
ideal mix was attained (Greaves et dynasty (18th–12th century BCE); in the William Rockhill
Nelson Gallery and Mary Atkins Museum of Fine Arts,
al., 1990). Kansas City, Mo.
https://www.britannica.com/art/Chinese-bronzes
Medicine
• Chinese medical practices – particularly, apothecaries and
acupuncture – proven effective cures to most known diseases, have
been handed down almost unchanged to the present (Dauben, 1990).
• Acupuncture was used to treat illnesses or pain by pricking the
patience body with needles at point believed to be connected with the
visceral organs causing the physical pain.
The greatest medical

https://www.britannica.com/science
/traditional-Chinese-medicine contribution of the Han
https://www.healthcmi.com/Acupun
cture-Continuing-Education-
culture was the
News/2009-chinese-herbal- discovery of healing
medicine-for-covid-19-coronavirus-
treatment drugs and herbs
Paper Making
• The invention of paper making in 105 CE
is generally credited to Cai Lun.
• By using vegetable fibers made from
hemp rope ends, cloth rags, and old
fishing nets, Cai Lun created an easy and
affordable way of making paper (Selin,
1993b).
• Evidence point to the fact that in ancient
China, paper was used not only for writing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History
(Selin, 1993b). _of_paper
Paper Making
• Coarser and stronger paper was used for
clothing (it was warm and impenetrable by
cold winds), lacquer-ware, wall decor, and
even military armor.
• The use of toilet paper was also traced in
China back to the 6th century.
• Soon after its invention, paper became a
setting for Chinese artistry: its use led to
the development of calligraphy, watercolor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His
painting, and block printing. tory_of_paper
What are the other S and T influence of the ancient
Chinese Civilization in todays’ time?
Today’s Prayer
Our Almighty Father,

Every day is an opportunity for us to
live, thus we have to praise and
thank you each day.
Every hour is a chance for us to
love, be kind, and be better,
and we appreciate your guidance
and blessing each time.
Thank you for your compassion, for
sending Jesus Christ our Savior.
Amen
Historical Antecedents in the
Course of Science and
Technology:
Greek and Roman Civilization
Consolidated by:
Mrs. Lorna C. Aban
Objectives
• Explain how science and technology affected the
society and environment and vice versa
• Identify inventions and discoveries that changed the
world over the course of history
• Discuss the scientific and technological developments
in the Philippines
GREECE
• An archipelago in the southern
part of Europe
• Known as the birthplace of
western philosophy
• Some major achievements of the
Greeks include in-depth works
on philosophy and mathematics;
on fields of science and
technology
Alarm Clock
• Purpose is to tell an individual
when to stop or when to start
• Used large complicated
mechanisms to time the alarm
• Greeks made use of water (small
stones or sand) that dropped into
drums which sounded the alarm
• Plato was believed to have utilized Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., &
Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and
an alarm clock to signal the start of Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. All
Rights Reserved
his lecture. http://www.ancientpages.com/2016/05/06/anci

ent-greeks-invented-alarm-clocks/
Water Mill
• Considered as one of the most
important contribution of the
Greeks
• Commonly used in agricultural
processes like milling of grains/ • was invented in around the 3rd
food processing Century BC and Philo of Byzantium
• invention started with the made the earliest known reference
of it in his works,
Perachora wheel, which used both the Pneumatica and Parasceuastica
the water wheel and the gear
technology that had already been • McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science,
Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. All
invented. Rights Reserved
• https://www.greekboston.com/culture/inventions/water-mill/
• http://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?entryid=3509
Odometer
• This ever-present instrument originated
in the time of ancient Greece.
• was first described by Vitruvius around
27 BCE, and evidence points to
Archimedes of Syracuse as its inventor
sometime around the first Punic war.
• Some historians also attribute its
invention to Heron of Alexandria.
• it was widely used in the late Hellenistic
time by Romans for indicating the
distance travelled by a vehicle.
• McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018)
• it helped revolutionize road building and Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc.
travel • https://thegreekobserver.com/greece/culture/article/29
888/10-ancient-greek-inventions-discoveries-still-used-
today/
Cartography
• is the study and practice of making
maps.
• has played an important role in
travel and navigation since ancient
times. Anaximander was one of the pioneer
cartographers to create a world map.
• The earliest known evidence of Born between 611-610 BCE, this map
cartography points towards ancient maker of the ancient world made
Babylon, however, it was the important contributions to astronomy
and geography.
Greeks who brought cartography
into new light and discovered its McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science,
possibilities. Rights Reserved
Earliest practice of medicine
• In the ancient days, diseases were
supposed to be the gods’ way of
punishing humans, and all possible
remedies were surrounded by
superstition.
• That all changed when Hippocrates of
Cos started to collect data and conduct
experiments, showing that disease was a
natural process; that the signs and
symptoms of a disease were caused by
the natural reactions of the body to the McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R.
disease. Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. All Rights Reserved
Earliest practice of medicine
• Born in 460 BCE, Hippocrates was
an ancient Greek physician,
considered one of the most
outstanding figures in the history of
medicine. He was referred to as the
Father of Western Medicine
• The most famous of his supposed
contributions is the Hippocratic
Oath. It was this document that was
first proposed as an ethical standard
among doctors when doing their McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018)
Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing,
work. Inc. Quezon City. All Rights Reserved
Discoveries in modern science
• the ancient Greeks made some
outstanding contributions in various
branches of science.
• They broke contemporary stereotypes
in the fields of astronomy, biology, and
physics, and excelled in mathematics.
• The Greeks had so much influence in
the early concepts of science that
most symbols often used in physics
and higher math equations are
McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018)
derived from the Greek alphabet. Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc.
• Aristotle gave us the idea of
the Earth being a globe. He
also classified animals and
is often referred to as Father
of Zoology.
• Theophrastus was the first
botanist we know of in
written history.
McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E
• The Pythagoreans not only made the
earliest of advances in philosophy and
geometry, but they also proposed the
heliocentric hypothesis with the Earth
revolving around the Sun. This idea was
so ahead of its time that it was
disregarded as blasphemy.
• Archimedes discovered that submerging
a solid object will displace an amount of
liquid that matches the object’s weight.
McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C &
E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. All Rights Reserved
Roman Civilization
• The Roman Empire was
perceived to be the
strongest political and
social entity in the west.
• Considered to be the
cradle of politics and
governance
• Model of legislation and
codified laws
McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. All Rights Reserved
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/5-important-cities-of-the-roman-empire.html
Newspaper
• First known as gazettes, contained
announcements of the Roman
Empire to the people
• Made before the invention of paper,
these gazettes were engraved in
metal or stone tablets
• With the advent of the paper,
government information as well as
minutes of the proceedings of the • McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science,
Roman senate were done in Rights Reserved
• Daily events (acta Diurna)
shorthand • https://earlychurchhistory.org/communication/acta-diurna-romes-
daily-newspaper/
Codex or Bound Books
• It was said that Julius Caesar
started the tradition of stacking up
papyrus to form pages of a book.
• Earlier covers of the compilation
were made of wax, then were later
replaced by animal skin
• This provided a safer and more
manageable way to keep the
information secure.
• This Roman invention was then
widely used by the Christians to • http://www.ancientpages.com/2017/09/25/ancient-
make codices of the bible. romans-invented-first-bound-book/
• https://interestingengineering.com/19-greatest-inventions-
of-the-roman-empire-that-helped-shape-the-modern-world
Roman Architecture
• One of the most visual
contributions of the ancient
Roman empire to the world
• A continuation of Greek
• The Colosseum is in the center of the city of Rome,
architecture Italy.
• Romans were able adapt • It was the largest amphitheater of the Roman
Empire, and indeed the world.
building and engineering • Built between 70 and 80 AD under the emperor
technology on architectural Vespasian and then Titus, the Colosseum could
hold between 50,000 and 80,000 spectators.
designs which made their
• http://www.romecabs.com/blog/2012/07/seven-wonders-of-ancient-rome/
infrastructure stronger • https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/romes-colosseum-
condominium-medieval-times-001828
Aqueducts
• Roman aqueducts supplied fresh,
clean water for baths, fountains,
and drinking water for ordinary
citizens.
• Though earlier civilizations in Egypt
and India also built aqueducts, the
Romans improved on the structure
and built an extensive and complex
network across their territories.
• Evidence of aqueducts remain in
parts of modern-day France, Spain, McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science,
Greece, North Africa, and Turkey. Rights Reserved
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/roman-
aqueducts/
Roman Imperial Triumphal Arches
• symbolized the empire’s
power and greatness of the
emperor.
• The arches were decorated
with beautiful historical
scenes commemorating the
achievements of the Roman
leader to his people and the http://www.ancientpages.com/2017/07/12/triumphal-arch-of-roman-
emperor-constantine-and-its-great-vision/
empire. McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology,
and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. All Rights Reserved
First Surgical Tools
• Romans weren’t just about
spears and dagger as they
also pioneered in precision
instruments that gave birth
to many modern-day
surgical tools.
• Roman emperors weren’t • To have a slight idea about the surgical skills of the
just keen on using such Romans, know that the cesarean section was
actually devised in Rome.
tool in hospitals or medical • They were intrigued to know that such tools could
centers. also become helpful to soldiers who have been
injured in battles there and then.
McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. All Rights Reserved
https://interestingengineering.com/19-greatest-inventions-of-the-roman-empire-that-helped-shape-the-modern-world
Roman numerals
• Most probably, Roman
numerals history of coming
into conception rose from the
need for a communal means
of counting which is essential
to trade and communications.
• I, V, X, C, D, L and M are the
seven basic symbols used in
roman numerals which dates
back from 900 to 800 BC • http://romannumerals.info/roman-numerals-history/
• https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-roman-
numerals.html
How do you think the tools developed by
the Greeks and Romans influenced our
lives today?
SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY
3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines
Historical Antecedents in the Course

of Science and Technology:
Babylonian and Egyptian Civilization
Consolidated by:
Mrs. Lorna C. Aban
Saint Mary’s University
Objectives
• Explain how science and technology affected
the society and environment and vice versa
• Identify inventions and discoveries that
changed the world over the course of history
• Discuss the scientific and technological
developments
Babylonian Civilization
• https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2020/07-08/know-where-7-wonders-ancient-world-except-one-hanging-gardens-babylon/
Babylonian Civilization
• Emerged near the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers
• the ancient city of Babylon
served for nearly two millennia
as a center of Mesopotamian
civilization
• The term Babylon is thought to
be derived from bav-il or bav-
ilim which, in the Akkadian
language of the time, meant
https://www.livescience.com/28701-ancient-
‘Gate of God’ or `Gate of the babylon-center-of-mesopotamian-civilization.html
Gods’. https://www.ancient.eu/babylon/
Babylon, the jewel of the ancient world

• Babylon’s history truly begins with Hammurabi, an
Amorite prince, who began his reign over the city in
1792 B.C.
• Through war and diplomacy, Hammurabi subdued all of
Mesopotamia under Babylonian rule by 1755 B.C.
• His empire stretched from Syria to the Persian Gulf.
Hammurabi called his empire Babylonia.
• Then, it was restored by Nebuchadnezzar, then
conquered by Cyrus, this city was both desired and
despised, placing it at the center stage of the dawn of
history. https://www.historyonthenet.com/the-wonders-of-ancient-babylon
Babylon, the jewel of the ancient world

• Babylon intrigued Greek and Roman writers, who added to
the rich store of legends that have come down to the
present day.
• The Greek historian Herodotus wrote about Babylon in the
fifth century B.C. A number of inconsistencies in his
account have led many scholars to believe that he never
traveled there and that his text may be closer to hearsay
than historical fact.
• Popular tales of Babylon’s fantastic structures, like the
Tower of Babel and the Hanging Gardens, may also be
products of legends and confusion.
https://www.historyonthenet.com/the-wonders-of-ancient-babylon
Hanging Gardens of Babylon

• One of the seven wonders
of the ancient world
• From the stories of
historians and paintings, it
is a structure made up of
layers upon layers of
gardens that contained
several species of plants,
trees, and vines
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon
Hanging Gardens of Babylon

• The Hanging Gardens
were the fabled gardens
which adorned the
capital of the Neo-
Babylonian Empire
• built by its greatest king
Nebuchadnezzar II (r.
605-562 BCE) for his wife,
Queen Amytis
Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E
https://www.ancient.eu/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon/
• From the Babylonians, we learned the system of book-

keeping, a simple but adequate system of double-
entry accounting.
• They adopted Sumerian sexagesimal system of
counting in units of 60, which served as basis of the
360-degree circle and the 60-minute hour. (Dauben,
1990).
• Their measurements made use of fractions, squares, and

square roots.
• Their models of planetary motions and other heavenly
bodies proved their ability to compute complicated
mathematical problems. Their detailed observation of
the sky enabled them to make accurate predictions of
solar and lunar eclipses and other astronomical
phenomena (Dauben, 1990).
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
• https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2016/01-02/egypt-book-of-the-dead/
• Egyptians are known of their

Egyptian civilization infrastructures such as pyramid
and other practical contributions
to the world.
• The Great Pyramids of Giza,
located on a plateau on the west
bank of the Nile River, on the
outskirts of modern-day Cairo.
• The oldest and largest of the
three pyramids at Giza, known
as the Great Pyramid, is the only
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/archaeol surviving structure out of the
ogy/giza-pyramids/
https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/the- famed seven wonders of the
egyptian-pyramids
ancient world.
Egyptian civilization
• they introduced paper or
papyrus to make writing,
safe-keeping, and
transporting records
easier
• Papyrus, a plant that grew
abundantly along the Nile
River in Egypt, was
processed into thin sheet
https://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/papyrus.html
Ancient Egyptian Papyri

• A variety of documents
written on papyrus
remain preserved to this
day. The various documents
contain a range of subjects,
from biographies, to maps,
religious texts and scientific
or medical documents.
A short list of papyri from ancient

Egypt with subject matter is shown:
Other Uses of Papyrus

• as a food source, to make rope, for sandals, for boxes and
baskets and mats, as window shades, material for toys such
as dolls, as amulets to ward off throat diseases, and even to
make small fishing boats.
• It also played a part in religious devotion as it was often
bound together to form the symbol of the ankh and offered
to the gods as a gift.
• Papyrus also served as a political symbol through its use in
the Sma-Tawy, the insignia of the unity of Upper and Lower
Egypt. This symbol is a bouquet of papyrus (associated with
the Delta of Lower Egypt) bound with a lotus (the symbol of
Upper Egypt). Mark, J. J. (2016, November 08). Egyptian Papyrus. Ancient History
Encyclopedia. Retrieved from
https://www.ancient.eu/Egyptian_Papyrus/
Egyptian black ink
• the ancient Egyptians made ink by grinding brightly

colored minerals into powder, then mixing the powder
with liquid so that it was easier to apply.
• This must withstand the elements of nature since it was
used to record history, culture, and codified laws.
• writings on papyrus must be tamper-proof
• www.ancientegypt.co.uk › writing › explore › scribe

hieroglyphics • Said to be adapted from the early

writing system established in
Mesopotamia
• The script was developed about
four thousand years before Christ
and there was also a decimal
system of numeration up to a
million.
Egyptian system of • Hieroglyphs were called “the
writing using symbols words of God” and were used
mainly by the priests.
• https://discoveringegypt.com/egyptian-hieroglyphic-writing/egyptian-hieroglyphic-alphabet/
• http://www.historyshistories.com/egypt-hieroglyphs-and-the-rosetta-stone.html
Hieroglyphs
• are written in rows or columns
and can be read from left to
right or from right to left.
• includes information on the
history of Egyptian writing
and mathematics, the use of
the different types of symbols,
how to write name, how to
recognize kings names and
the story of the scribe
https://discoveringegypt.com/egyptian-hieroglyphic-
• ‘sacred carving’ writing/egyptian-hieroglyphic-alphabet/
http://www.historyshistories.com/egypt-hieroglyphs-and-the-
rosetta-stone.html
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zvw3mfr
• Their function in ancient Egypt was

Cosmetics for both health and aesthetic reasons
• Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes
to prevent and even cure eye
diseases.
• Kohl was created by mixing soot or
malachite with mineral galena
• Egyptians believed that wearing
make-up was a protection from evil
and that beauty was a sign of holiness
Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E
http://www.historyofcosmetics.net/cosmetic-history/ancient-egypt-cosmetics/
https://www.egyptravel4you.com/makeup-beauty-in-ancient-egypt/
Egyptian Wig
• Worn for health and wellness during the
ancient times
• To protect the shaved heads of the
wealthy Egyptians from the harmful
rays of the sun
• It was considered cleaner for it
prevented the accumulation of head
lice and allowed heat to escape
• Upper-class Egyptian men and women
considered wigs an essential part of
their wardrobe.
• https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports-and-everyday-life/fashion-and-
clothing/clothing-jewelry-and-personal-adornment/wigs
• Wearing a wig signaled a person's

Egyptian Wig rank in Egyptian society.
• Although a shaved head was a sign
of nobility during most of the
Egyptian kingdoms, the majority of
Egyptians kept their heads covered.
• Wigs were worn in place of
headdresses or, for special
occasions, with elaborate
headdresses.
• Egyptian law prohibited slaves and
• https://www.ancient-
origins.net/history-ancient- servants from shaving their heads
traditions/changing-beauty-use-
elaborate-wigs-ancient-egypt-005484 or wearing wigs.
Water clock/ • It utilizes gravity that affects the

clepsydra flow of water from one vessel to
the other
• The amount of water remaining in
the device determines how much
time is elapsed since it is full.
• Widely used as time keeping
device in the early times
• the oldest known example is dated
to 1500 BC, and is from the tomb
• https://www.britannica.com/technolog
y/clepsydra of the Egyptian pharaoh
• https://www.ancient-
origins.net/ancient-technology/ancient-
Amenhotep I.
invention-water-clock-001818
Historical Antecedents in the Course of

Science and Technology:
Sumerian Civilization
Consolidated by:
Mrs. Lorna C. Aban
Objectives
developments in the Philippines
Sumerians and Mesopotamia
• The heartland of Sumer lay

between the Euphrates and Tigris Reference:
https://www.britannica.com/place/Sumer
rivers, in what the Greeks later https://www.khanacademy.org/humanitie
s/ancient-art-civilizations/ancient-near-
called Mesopotamia. east1/sumerian/a/the-sumerians-and-
Mesopotamia
• The ancient Sumerians, the Image from
http://armchairprehistory.com/2011/08/1
"black-headed ones," lived in the 0/the-black-haired-sumerian-elite/
Map from
southern part of what is now https://slideplayer.com/slide/11744303/
Iraq.
Sumerian Civilization
• The Sumerians were
characteristically inventive, and are
likely to have been responsible for
the development of the first writing.
• Well before 3000 B.C.E. Sumerians
were recording their language using
simple pictures. They wrote on
tablets of clay, later evolving the Cuneiform tablet still in its
clay case: legal case
script that to us is known as from Niqmepuh, King of
Iamhad (Aleppo), 1720
cuneiform, or "wedge-shaped." B.C.E., 3.94 x 2" (British

Museum)
References: https://www.britannica.com/place/Sumer
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/ancient-near-east1/sumerian/a/the-sumerians-
and-Mesopotamia
Sumerian civilization
• Book-keeping and very detailed
records on clay tablets of offerings,
rations, taxes and agricultural work
were features of Sumerian life
• They were energetic farmers, traders
and sailors.
• Their religion recognized many gods,
rituals as well as parties were
References:
enlivened by skillful harpists and
https://www.britannica.com/place/Sumer
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities singers, and Sumerian musical
/ancient-art-civilizations/ancient-near-
east1/sumerian/a/the-sumerians-and- instruments have even been
Mesopotamia
excavated by modern archaeologists.
Uruk City
• Uruk was the first
major city in Sumer built
in the 5th century BC,
• is considered one of the
largest Sumerian
settlements and most
important religious
centers in Mesopotamia.
• It was continuously Reference:
https://staff.cdms.westernsydney.edu.au/~anton/Research/Uruk_Pro
ject/History.html#:~:text=Uruk%20was%20the%20first%20major,to%
inhabited from about 20the%205th%20century%20AD.
image from https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-
5000 BC up to the 5th asia/uruk-sumerian-003653
century AD.
The great ziggurat of Ur

• Ziggurat or mountain of god
• Constructed using the
sunbaked bricks
• Sacred place, only their
priests were allowed to enter
• The temple showcases the
– the elaborate and intricate
Sumerian architecture
– remarkable technology
used to build it
Image from https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-asia/great-ziggurat-ur-001767
Irrigation and Dikes

• Built to bring water to
farmlands
• To control flooding of
rivers
• Considered as one of the
world’s most beneficial
engineering works
• Year-long farming and
increased food
production
Reference: Ancientmesopotamia5.wordpress.com
Irrigation Systems, Ancient - dam, building, river, important, salt ...water encyclopedia
Sailboats
• Main mode of
transportation was
through waterways
• Used to carry large
quantities of products
(for trading)
• To cover large distances
(foster culture,
(2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing,
Inc. Quezon City. All Rights Reserved
information, and
https://historyplex.com/important-inventions-of-
sumerian-civilization
technology
Wheel and plow

• For farm works and food
processes (for mass
production)
• To dig the earth in a

faster pace, so as to
plant the seeds
Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018)
Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.
All Rights Reserved
Images from https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/mesopotamia-
history/top-11-inventions-and-discoveries-of-mesopotamia/
https://mesopotamiaapworld.wordpress.com/achievements/
roads
• To travel faster and
easier
• Made of sunbaked
bricks laid on the
ground, used
bitumen, a black
sticky substance
similar to asphalt
Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., &
Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C
& E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. All Rights Reserved
https://www.history.com/news/sumerians-
inventions-mesopotamia#section_7
• Cylinder seal is a small

Other inventions round cylinder with
figurative scenes or written
characters or both etched
on them.
• Invented around 3500 BC in
southern Mesopotamia,
they were used as an
(2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing,
administrative tool, a form
https://stillunfold.com/history/10-inventions-of-
of signature, jewelry and as
sumerian-civilizations-we-re-using-even-today
https://www.historyonthenet.com/mesopotamian- magical amulets.
cylinder-seals
Copper fabrication
• Sumerians were known to be the first users of
copper – the earliest non-precious metals. The
archeological evidence states that they
harnessed the skill of extracting and working
with copper around 5000-6000 years ago. Reference: McNamara,
D. J., Valverde, V. M., &
• Sumerians used copper in making heads of Beleno, R. (2018)
Science, Technology, and
arrows, razors, harpoons and many other small Society. C & E Publishing,
Inc. Quezon City. All
objects. Rights Reserved
https://interestingengine
ering.com/11-
• they also began making vessels, chisels, and fascinating-sumerian-
inventions-that-changed-
jugs from copper, which reveal excellent the-world
craftsmanship of the Sumerians.

Time
• The world was definitely aware of
the day and night system but, yet
again, Sumerians were the first ones
to divide the passage of time. They
introduced passage of weeks,
https://interestingengineering.com/
11-fascinating-sumerian-inventions-
months and years to the world.
that-changed-the-world
https://www.ancient- • The Sumerians did the astronomical
origins.net/history/sumerians-
looked-heavens-they-invented-
calculation in the base 60 system.
system-time-and-we-still-use-it-
today-007341
Their work was appreciated and
https://www.ancienthistorylists.co accepted throughout Eurasia.
m/mesopotamia-history/top-10-
sumerian-inventions-followed-
many-civilizations/
Lunar calendar
• It is believed that the Sumerians were
possibly the first to develop the lunar
calendar.
• entirely based on the recurrence of
lunar phases which means, the phases
of the moons were used to count the 12
months.
• The Sumerians observed two seasons – https://interestingengineering.c
summer and winter and the sacred om/11-fascinating-sumerian-
inventions-that-changed-the-
marriage rites were performed on New world
https://www.crystalinks.com/su
Year. They used the phases of the moon mercalendars.html
to count 12 lunar months as a year.

• Another significant invention by numeral system

Sumerians
• Known as Sexagesimal,
• The reason behind this invention
was out of an urgent need of
keeping the records for their
traded harvests. Gradually, they
started using a small clay cones
to denote the number one.
https://interestingengineering.com/11-
• Similarly, a ball denoted the fascinating-sumerian-inventions-that-
changed-the-world
number ten and a large clay https://historyplex.com/important-
inventions-of-sumerian-civilization
cone denoted sixty.
• Record of Sumerian achievement in science and

technology as presented by Kramer (1948) and Brinkman
(1990) are amazing and far-reaching, particularly in
mathematics, engineering, architecture, agriculture,
transportation, and medicine.
• Sumerian doctors made use of assorted botanical,
zoological, and mineralogical ingredients as materia
medica in their prescriptions. The Sumerian civilization
was gradually absorbed by the Semitic people who
migrated to Mesopotamia from Arabia during the 2300
BCE and founded the great empires of Babylonia, Assyria,
and Persia. [materia medica: the body of remedial substances used in
the practice of medicine.]
What do you think is the most vital contribution

of the Sumerian civilization? Explain briefly.
Dear loving Father, Prayer

Thank you for waking us up this morning,
Thank you for your love and care,
Thank you for everything you have freely given us
in this life.
As we set to go and perform the tasks you have
blessed us to do,
We thank you for protecting us from anything that
may come our way.
Thank you for your grace that will keep us through
this day, and may we be a blessing to others.
In Jesus’ name, we pray and believe.
Adapted from :
Amen. https://www.happierhuman.com/positi
ve-morning-prayers/
Introduction:
Science, Technology, and Society
Consolidated by:
Mrs. Lorna C. Aban
Objectives
developments in the Philippines
• any system of knowledge

that is concerned with the
SCIENCE
physical world and its
phenomena and that entails
unbiased observations and
systematic experimentation.
• involves a pursuit of
knowledge covering general Reference:
https://www.britannica.com/science/scien
truths or the operations of ce
Image from
fundamental laws. https://wikiclipart.com/science-clip-art/
SCIENCE
• is based on the premise that our
senses, and extensions of those senses
using instruments, can give us accurate
information about the Universe.
• All Rights Reserved…
• follows very specific "rules" and its
Understanding results are always subject to testing
Evolution. University
of California and, if necessary, revision.
Museum of
Paleontology. 23 • Even with such constraints science does
June 2020.
https://evolution.be not exclude, and often benefits from,
rkeley.edu/evolibrar
y/article/nature_01 creativity and imagination.
• Image from clipart-
library.com
SCIENCE
What is the purpose of Science?
The purpose of science

is to learn about our
world, our universe
All Rights Reserved… Understanding Evolution. University of California Museum of Paleontology. 23 June 2020.
https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/nature_03
Image from clipart-library.com
SCIENCE
• It relies on evidence from the natural world
and this evidence is examined and interpreted
through logic.
• Creative flexibility is essential to scientific
thinking; however, science follows a process
guided by certain parameters.
• Science is embedded within the culture of its
times. Understanding how science works
allows one to easily distinguish science from
non-science.
<https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/nature_03>
SCIENCE AS A PROCESS
• Scientific ideas are developed through reasoning.

• Scientific claims are based on testing explanations
against observations of the natural world and
rejecting the ones that fail the test.
• Scientific claims are subject to peer review and
replication.
Image from http://clipart-library.com/process-cliparts.html
Scientific Method
• The scientific method has five basic
steps, plus one feedback step:
1. Make an observation
2. Ask a question.
3. Form a hypothesis, or testable
explanation.
4. Make a prediction based on the
hypothesis.
5. Test the prediction. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-
school-biology/hs-biology-foundations/hs-
6. Iterate: use the results to make biology-and-the-scientific-method/a/the-science-
of-biology
new hypotheses or predictions. Image from http://clipart-library.com/scientific-

process-cliparts.html
Is it a fix Method?
• Most scientific thinking, whether
done while jogging, in the shower,
in a lab, or while excavating a fossil,
involves continuous observations,
questions, multiple hypotheses,
and more observations.
• It seldom "concludes" and never
"proves."
Image from http://clipart-library.com/scientific-process-cliparts.html
Scientific Inquiry
• is a thoughtful and coordinated
attempt to search out, describe,
explain and predict natural phenomena.
• progresses through a continuous process of
questioning, data collection, analysis and
interpretation.
• requires the sharing of findings and ideas for
critical review by colleagues and other scientists.
Image from http://clipart-library.com

https://www.mansfieldct.org/Schools/MMS/staff/hand/scientificiquiry.htm
Division of Sciences
• The natural taxonomy of the empirical sciences
would break the sciences down into three basic
groups:
• the physical sciences (physics, astronomy,
chemistry, geology, metallurgy),
• the biological sciences (zoology, botany, genetics,
paleontology, molecular biology, physiology), and
• the psychological sciences (psychology, sociology,
anthropology, maybe economics).
McGinn, Colin. Two Types of Science
DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199841103.003.0009
https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199841103.001.0001/acprof-9780199841103-chapter-
9#:~:text=The%20natural%20taxonomy%20of%20the,and%20the%20psychological%20sciences%20(psychology%2C
• The scale of the Universe mapped to branches of science and showing how one system
is built atop the next through the hierarchy of the Sciences
Branches of Science. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branches_of_science

Technology
• Greek words meaning ‘art or
craft’ and ‘subject or
interest’
• ‘practical applications of
what we know about nature’
• Products- of imagination, of
thought processes,
Reference:
Image from http://clipart- redesigning
library.com/clipart/1715610.htm
• Purpose- quality of life
Technology
• Tools
• Techniques and
• Procedures for putting
the findings of science
to use.
Reference:
Image from http://clipart-
library.com/clipart/1715610.htm
Interaction
among
science,
technology,
and society
• Technology 21st
Century
• Image from:
http://tech21stwo
rld.blogspot.com/
2014/08/science-
technology-and-
society.html
• Science explores for the purpose of

Interaction
knowing, while technology explores for
among the purpose of making something
science, useful from that knowledge.
technology, • Science drives technology by making
and society new technology possible through
scientific breakthroughs.
• Technology 21st • Engineers focus on using scienceto
Century
• Image from: develop products.
http://tech21stwo
rld.blogspot.com/
2014/08/science-
technology-and-
society.html
• How important is Science to society?
• What makes technology essential to humanity?

• As member of the society, what is your role in
redefining/restructuring science and technology?
https://www.nasa.gov/content/earth-day-image-gallery-celebrating-earths-beauty
clipart-library.com
Concerns during the Ancient Times

• Transportation
• Navigation
• Communication
• Record keeping
• Mass production
Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing,
Image from http://blogs.nature.com/naturejobs/2017/11/20/why-scientists-should-communicate-science-getting-to-
the-heart-of-the-matter/
Concerns during the Ancient Times
• Security and
protection
• Health
• Aesthetics
• Architecture
Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing,
Image from http://blogs.nature.com/naturejobs/2017/11/20/why-scientists-should-communicate-science-getting-to-
the-heart-of-the-matter/
At this present time, what is the society’s main

concern which utilizes science as well as
technology?

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Historical Antecedents in

the Course of Science and

• Computing devices must also be

cause countless deaths. Reserved

The greatest medical

Our Almighty Father,

his lecture. http://www.ancientpages.com/2016/05/06/anci

Historical Antecedents in the Course

Babylon, the jewel of the ancient world

Babylon, the jewel of the ancient world

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

• From the Babylonians, we learned the system of book-

• Their measurements made use of fractions, squares, and

• Egyptians are known of their

Ancient Egyptian Papyri

A short list of papyri from ancient

Other Uses of Papyrus

Egyptian black ink

• the ancient Egyptians made ink by grinding brightly

• www.ancientegypt.co.uk › writing › explore › scribe

hieroglyphics • Said to be adapted from the early

• Their function in ancient Egypt was

• Wearing a wig signaled a person's

Water clock/ • It utilizes gravity that affects the

Historical Antecedents in the Course of

Sumerians and Mesopotamia

• The heartland of Sumer lay

cuneiform, or "wedge-shaped." B.C.E., 3.94 x 2" (British

The great ziggurat of Ur

Irrigation and Dikes

Wheel and plow

• To dig the earth in a

• Cylinder seal is a small

craftsmanship of the Sumerians.

to count 12 lunar months as a year.

• Another significant invention by numeral system

• Record of Sumerian achievement in science and

What do you think is the most vital contribution

Dear loving Father, Prayer

• any system of knowledge

The purpose of science

• Scientific ideas are developed through reasoning.

new hypotheses or predictions. Image from http://clipart-library.com/scientific-

Image from http://clipart-library.com

Branches of Science. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branches_of_science

• Science explores for the purpose of

• How important is Science to society?

• What makes technology essential to humanity?

Concerns during the Ancient Times

Concerns during the Ancient Times

At this present time, what is the society’s main

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