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 NOTLAR ENGLISH LITERATURE
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...................................................... CONTENTS
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...................................................... 1. Literary Types
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...................................................... 7 Prose Fiction
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...................................................... 7 Drama
...................................................... 7 Poetry
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...................................................... 7 Prose Non-Fiction
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7 Other Types
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...................................................... 2. Elements of Narrative
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...................................................... 7 Plot and Story
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7 Characters and Point of View
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...................................................... 3. Versification and Stanza Forms
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...................................................... 4. Figurative Language
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..................................................... 5. Literary Movements
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6. Literary Periods
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 LITERARY TYPES NOTLAR
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PROSE FICTION ......................................................
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Myth ......................................................
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AA A purely fictitious narrative
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AA A way for the people to understand the world around them ......................................................
AA A mythology is a collection of such tales ......................................................
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Legend ......................................................
AA A story or narrative which lies somewhere between myth and historical fact and ......................................................
about a particular figure or person ......................................................
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AA The legends of Faust, the Flying Dutchman, Hamlet, King Arthur and Robin Hood
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Saga ......................................................
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AA A medieval icelandic or Scandinavian prose narrative ......................................................
AA Usually about a famous hero or family or a heroic deeds and adventures of kings ......................................................
and warriors ......................................................
AA Belonged to the oral tradition until 12th century ......................................................
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Fable ......................................................
AA Characters may be animals, men, gods and even lifeless objects ......................................................
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AA Gives human qualities to inanimate objects and/or animals
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AA Almost always carries a moral which is explicitly stated at the end ......................................................
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Novella
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AA Short prose tale ......................................................
AA Popular in Italy during the Middle Ages ......................................................
AA Important because these tales were in prose and because their method of ......................................................
narration and their creation and development of characters are very similar to ......................................................
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those employed in the writing of the modern novel
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Short story ......................................................
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AA more restricted in characters and situations
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AA concentrates on a single character involved in a single episode ......................................................
AA generally no detailed descriptions of background in a short story ......................................................
AA does not develop a character fully ......................................................
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AA a single aspect of a character’s personality undergoes change or revealed
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AA Famous short story writer ......................................................
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* Edgar Allan Poe: American author and poet. Detective stories, horror stories
and some earlier form of science fiction. Ex: "The Cask of Amontillado", "The
Fall of the House of Usher", "The Tell-Tale Heart", etc.
* Anton Chekhov: Russian author.
* Guy de Maupassant: French master of short story form.
* O’Henry: American writer.
* Ernest Hemingway: One of the best known writers of America.
Novel
AA Extended
AA Containing multiple characters, action and a more or less complex plot
AA Until the 14th century, most of the literature of entertainment was written in the
form of narrative verse, particularly the epic and romance
AA The origins can be traced back to the 14th century Italy, novella
* Important because these tales were in prose and because their method of
narration and their creation and development of characters are very similar to
those employed in the writing of the modern novel
AA A deeper interest in human personality and behaviour was developed (19th
century)
AA Reached its fullest development in the late 19th and 20th century
AA Novel as a distinct literary type in England with the works of Daniel Defoe
(Robinson Crusoe and Moll Flanders) and Samuel Richardson (Pamela and
Clarrisa) in the 18th century
Types of Novel
Picaresque novel
AA Spanish "picaro"- rogue
AA Deals with the adventures of rogues
AA Episodic plot structure - little plot, mostly a series of episodes which are slightly
connected
AA Little character development
AA Daniel Defoe (Moll Flanders), Henry Fielding (Joseph Andrews) and Don Quixote
Epistolary novel
AA Written in the form of letters
AA Particularly popular in the 18th century
AA Samuel Richardson’s Pamela or Virtue Rewarded
Bildungsroman
AA Novel of formation
AA Focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to
adulthood
AA Ex: Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, David Copperfield and Great Expectations by
Charles Dickens,the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling
Gothic novel
AA intimately associated with the Gothic Revival in architecture originated in England
in the second half of the 18th century and had much success during the English
romantic period
AA Characterized by mystery, horror, violence and supernatural effects
AA Often set in gloomy and isolated castle
AA Horace Walpole was the originator of the Gothic novel with Castle of otranto
(1764)
AA Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Dracula by Bram Stoker, Edgar Allan Poe’s works
Novel of Manners
AA originated in England with Jane Austen and her novels
AA It describes in detail the customs, behaviours, habits, and expectations of a certain
social group at a specific time and place.
AA Usually these conventions shape the behaviour of the main characters, and
sometimes even stifle or repress them.
AA Often satiric and always realistic in depiction.
AA Ex: Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. William Makepeace Thackeray’s Vanity
Fair
Science fiction
AA Concerns especially the future condition of man and society
AA Major themes and subjects
* Space travel and/or time travel Extra-terrestrial life forms
* The exploration, settlement and exploitation of other worlds
* Psychological and biological changes in man, brought about by nature or science
as well as similar changes in animals, plants, etc.
* "Supernormal" powers and talents, achieved either through technology or the
advancement of the branches of other sciences
AA True originators- Jules Verne and H. G. Wells
AA A Voyage to the Centre of the Earth and Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the
Sea by Jules Verne; The Time Machine Island of Dr. Moreau, The War of the
Worlds and The First Men in the Moon by H. G. Wells
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Dystopian Novel
AA A futuristic, imagined universe in which oppressive societal control and the illusion
of a perfect society are maintained through corporate, bureaucratic, technological,
moral, or totalitarian control.
AA It depicts a community or society that is undesirable or frightening, "not-good
place".
AA the creation of an utterly horrible or degraded society that is generally headed to
an irreversible oblivion, or dystopia.
AA often characterized by dehumanization, totalitarian governments, environmental
disaster or other characteristics associated with a destructive decline in society.
AA Dystopias, through an exaggerated worst-case scenario, make a criticism about a
current trend, societal norm, or political system.
AA Ex: Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, 1984 by George Orwell, A Clockwork
Orange by Anthony Burges.
Stream-of-consciousness novel
AA Interior monologue
AA Depicts the various thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind of a
character
AA these thoughts and feelings do not follow any logical pattern
AA determined by free psychological association
AA Used and developed by James Joyce (Ulysses), Virginia Woolf (Mrs Dalloway,
To the Lighthouse)
DRAMA
AA any work in prose or verse, designed to be performed on a stage by actors
AA story is related by means of dialogue and action, and is represented with
accompanying gesture, costume and scenery, as in real life
Tragedy
AA a serious or sorrowful play involving conflict, with a fatal or disastrous conclusion
AA tragic hero
AA characterized by an exceptional act or commitment
AA Poetics. Aristotle. "Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is serious,
complete, and of a certain magnitude; in language embellished with each kind of
artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play; in the
form of action, not of narrative; with incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith
to accomplish its katharsis of such emotions... Every Tragedy, therefore, must
have six parts, which parts determine its quality-namely, Plot, Characters,
Diction,Thought, Spectacle, Melody."
AA Anagnorisis: A moment in a play or other work when a character makes a
critical discovery. Recognition. The hero’s sudden awareness of a real situation,
the realisation of things as they stood. "A change from ignorance to knowledge,
producing love or hate between the persons destined by the poet for good or bad
fortune".
Peripetia: A reversal of circumstances, or turning point. Reversal of fortune. "A
change by which the action veers round to its opposite, subject always to our rule
of probability or necessity".
Pathos: Suffering. "Awakening emotion (pathos) in the audience so as to induce
them to make the judgment desired".
Catharsis: The purification and purgation of emotions, especially pity and fear. To
describe the effects of tragedy on the spectator.
Hamartia: A mistake or error in judgment. A hero’s "tragic flaw".
Hubris: Extreme pride or arrogance. Often indicates a loss of contact with reality
and an overestimation of one's own competence, accomplishments or capabilities,
especially when the person exhibiting it is in a position of power.
Domestic tragedy
* involves middle-class or lower-class characters, setting and conflicts events in
the lives of everyday people
* not concerned with the problems of people of high rank
* Othello by William Shakespeare can be considered as a domestic tragedy as the
protagonist is not of the royal family
Tragi-comedy
AA combines elements of both tragedy and comedy
AA a play which has a plot suitable to tragedy but which ends happily like a comedy
AA action, which is serious in theme and subject matter, seems to be leading to a tragic
catastrophe until an unexpected turn in the events, often in the form of a "deus ex
machina", brings about the happy ending
AA The Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare
Comedy
AA a light and humorous style
AA laughable incidents and characters
AA a happy ending
AA Byron: "All tragedies are finished by death,/ All comedies are ended by marriage"
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Farce
AA provoke enjoyment of the simplest and most basic kind
AA exaggerated physical action
AA exaggeration of character and situation
AA absurd situations and improbable, even impossible or fantastic events
Mystery play
AA the object of the cycle of the plays was to dramatize the Bible from the Creation
to the Last Judgement
AA anonymous and associated with biblical themes
AA developed out of the church
AA performed by the clergy in the church
AA presented on the greater festivals of the church
AA in Latin but later, vernacular language(English) came to be increasingly used
AA lay folk also began to performed
AA religious drama began to be gradually secularized
AA their presentation became the concern of the trade guilds and each guild was
responsible for a particular episode
AA each play was mounted on a wagon with a curtained scaffold (stage), the lower
part of the wagon was a dressing room
AA after the performance, the wagon moved on to where another play had just been
acted. In course of a day or days,the population of the city was able to see the
complete cycle
AA the principal English mystery cycles: York, Coventry, Wakefield (aka Towneley)
and Chester
Miracle play
AA later development from the mystery play
AA dramatized saints’ lives, divine miracles and the miracles of the Virgin
Morality play
AA late medieval and early Renaissance period
AA an allegory in dramatic form
AA has abstract qualities as main characters
AA aims to teach a moral lesson
AA the early 16th century- Everyman
AA characters are God, a Messenger, Death, Everyman, Fellowship, Good Deeds,
Goods, Knowledge, Beauty, and Strength
Interlude NOTLAR
AA a short play or, in general, any representation between parts of a larger stage ......................................................
production ......................................................
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Masque
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AA courtly entertainment ......................................................
AA combined poetic drama, song, dance and music, lavish costumes, and extraordinary ......................................................
spectacles ......................................................
AA particularly popular in the reigns of Elizabeth I,James I and Charles I ......................................................
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Romantic comedy
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love is the central motive ......................................................
Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, As You Like It and Twelfth Night ......................................................
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Comedy of humours
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AA Latin "humor"- moisture ......................................................
AA During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, the term "humours" referred to the ......................................................
four liquids of the body: ......................................................
i. Blood ......................................................
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ii. Phlegm
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iii. Yellow bile .....................................................
iv. Black bile .....................................................
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AA According to the theory of the time, physical diseases as well as mental and moral
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temperaments were the result of the relationship of one humour to another.
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AA These "humours" released vapours which rose to the brain. If one humour was ......................................................
dominant, then an imbalance would result which affected the behaviour of the ......................................................
person accordingly. ......................................................
AA When they were in balance, an ideal "complexion" or temperament prevailed. ......................................................
AA But excess of one of the bodily fluids resulted in the following behaviour: ......................................................
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Excess Type of Personality Traits ......................................................
Blood sanguine kindly, joyful, amorous ......................................................
Phlegm phlegmatic cowardly, unresponsive, lacking ......................................................
intellectual vitality ......................................................
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Yellow bile choleric obstinate, vengeful, impatient, easily ......................................................
aroused to anger ......................................................
Black bile melancholic excessively conteplative, affected, ......................................................
gluttonous, satiric ......................................................
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 NOTLAR AA By the beginning of the 17th century, the term "humour" meant "mood" or
...................................................... peculiarity.
...................................................... AA In the drama,the humours came to be used by writers who designed types based on
...................................................... the theory of the imbalance of bodily fluids.
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AA Depicted "humorous" characters whose behaviour was determined by a single trait
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of humour
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...................................................... AA Every Man in his Humour (1598) by Ben Jonson
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...................................................... Comedy of manners
...................................................... AA England. The Restoration period. English Restoration comedy of manners.
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AA Concerned with the intrigues, love affairs, and behaviour of the elegant, witty and
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sophisticated members of the upper classes
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...................................................... AA Actions of those who opposes or ineptly and unsuccessfully imitate the manners of
...................................................... an aristocratic society are ridiculed
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...................................................... Sentimental comedy
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AA Followed Restoration comedy of manners and was a reaction against the immorality
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of it
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...................................................... AA It arose because middle class enjoyed this kind of drama
..................................................... AA Drama of sensibility
..................................................... AA Not only ends happily but also depicts good characters with extraordinary simplicity
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History play or chronicle play
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...................................................... AA based on recorded history rather than on myth or legend
...................................................... AA popular in Elizabethan England
...................................................... AA Edward II by Christopher Marlowe, King John and Henry IV by William
...................................................... Shakespeare
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Closet drama
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...................................................... AA play written to be read rather than performed
...................................................... AA a play which was intended to be performed, but has survived as literature rather
...................................................... than as theatre
...................................................... AA Manfred (1817) by Lord Byron
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POETRY NOTLAR
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· EPIC
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OLD-ENGLISH
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· ROMANCE ......................................................
MIDDLE ......................................................
ENGLISH ......................................................
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· SONNET **METAPHYSICAL ......................................................
· PASTORAL **CAVALIER ......................................................
RENAISSANCE
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· MOCK EPIC ......................................................
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· SATIRE
NEOCLASSICISM .....................................................
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· LYRIC · ODE ......................................................
· ELEGY · BALLAD ......................................................
ROMANTICISM
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Epic
AA a long narrative poem concerning the achievement of heroic people or warriors of
history or tradition
early or "primary" epics:
AA first composed orally and recited
AA much later they were written down
AA "Iliad", "Odyssey", "Beowulf"
"literary" epics:
AA later imitations of early epics
AA written down at the start
AA "Paradise Lost" by John Milton
common characteristics:
AA the hero is a figure of great stature, and of national or international importance
AA the setting is vast in scope,covering nations,the world or the universe
AA the action consists of deeds of great valour or requiring superhuman courage
AA supernatural forces-gods, angels and demons-are frequently involved in the action
AA an elevated style is used
AA begins his narrative "in medias res" and provides necessary exposition in the later
parts of the epic
Romance
AA a medieval adventure story of some hero of chivalry or of love
AA mostly in verse
AA by the 15th century, prose became the medium of romance
AA involves elements of fantasy, improbability, extravagance, love adventure, the
marvellous and the "mythic"
AA the French poet Chretien de Troyes, one of the most distinguished writers of
metrical romance
AA 14th century-"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight"
AA 15th century-Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte Darthur
Sonnet
AA a poem of fourteen lines with a set rhyme scheme
AA the earliest sonnet form -Italian or Petrarchan sonnet
AA the Italian sonnet form was introduced into England in the 16th century by Wyatt
and Surrey
AA in English,the sonnet is usually written in iambic pentameter
AA a sonnet cycle: a series of sonnets on a particular theme to a particular individual. NOTLAR
Love is the most common theme ......................................................
AA the first major sonnet cycle in English literature - Sir Philip Sidney’s "Astrophel ......................................................
and Stella" (1591) ......................................................
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AA "Amoretti" by Edmund Spenser, "Sonnets" by Shakespeare
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Pastoral
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AA an idealization of country life/rustic life ......................................................
AA creates an image of peaceful and uncorrupted existence ......................................................
AA had nothing to do with the daily working life of the shepherds ......................................................
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AA shepherds are only concerned with love affairs and with composing and singing of
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songs
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AA "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" by Christopher Marlowe, "The Shepherdes ......................................................
Calender" by Edmund Spenser ......................................................
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Mock epic ......................................................
AA a trivial subject is made ridiculous by being treated with the elaborate and dignified ......................................................
devices of the epic ......................................................
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AA "The Rape of the Lock" by Alexander Pope
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Lyric
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AA a fairly short poem, usually expressing the feelings and thoughts of a single speaker ......................................................
in a personal and subjective way ......................................................
AA "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" by William Wordsworth and "To (Music)" by ......................................................
Percy Bysshe Shelley ......................................................
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Ode ......................................................
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AA a ceremonious poem on a public or private occasion ......................................................
AA personal emotion and general meditation are united ......................................................
AA the public ode: used for ceremonious occasions, like funerals,birthdays,state events ......................................................
AA the private ode: written on personal and subjective occasions, intense and reflective ......................................................
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AA "Ode to the West Wind" by Percy Bysshe Shelley, "Ode to Nightingale" and "Ode
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to a Grecian Urn" by Jon Keats, "Ode on the Intimations of Immortality" by ......................................................
Wordsworth ......................................................
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 NOTLAR Elegy
...................................................... AA a poem of mourning for an individual
......................................................
AA a lament for some tragic event
......................................................
...................................................... AA contemplation of the tragic aspects of life
...................................................... AA "ln Memoriam" by Tennyson, "Lycidas" by John Milton, "Adonais" by Shelley, "Elegy
...................................................... Written in a Country Churchyard" by Thomas Gray
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...................................................... Ballad
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AA a folk song
......................................................
...................................................... AA usually simple and fairly short
...................................................... AA nearly always tells a story
...................................................... AA the story is concerned with violent and horrifying incidents
......................................................
the folk ballad:
......................................................
...................................................... AA belong to the oral tradition
...................................................... AA anonymous
...................................................... the literary ballad:
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AA a poem consciously created in imitation of the folk ballad
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...................................................... AA "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" by Coleridge, "La Belle Dame sans Merci" by
...................................................... Keats, "Ballad of the Reading Gaol" by Oscar Wilde
...................................................... common characteristics:
..................................................... AA the narrator is impersonal
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AA the story is told through dialogue and action
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...................................................... AA the beginning is often abrupt
...................................................... AA the language is simple
...................................................... AA the theme of often tragic
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...................................................... PROSE NON-FICTION
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...................................................... Biography
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...................................................... AA an account of a person’s life
...................................................... AA became increasingly popular since the second half of the 17’h century
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...................................................... Autobiography
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AA the story of a person’s life written by himself
......................................................
...................................................... AA diaries, journals and letters may also be classified as autobiographical writing
...................................................... AA a connected narrative of the author’s life, with some stress laid upon introspection
...................................................... AA James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
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Memoir NOTLAR
AA a history or record of events written by someone who has special knowledge of ......................................................
them, usually through personal experience ......................................................
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AA a commentary on one’s life, times and experiences
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AA deals at least in part with public events and noted persons other than the author ......................................................
himself ......................................................
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Essay ......................................................
AA a composition of moderate length which discusses, formally or informally, a topic ......................................................
or a variety of topics ......................................................
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Travelliterature ......................................................
AA works of exploration and adventures as well as guides and accounts of sojourns in ......................................................
foreign lands ......................................................
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OTHER TYPES
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Satire ......................................................
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AA a kind of protest which often aims at correction through ridicule and censure ......................................................
AA two types of satire (1) Horatian and (2) Juvenal ......................................................
Horatian satire: ......................................................
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* gentle, urbane, smiling,tolerant
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* aims to correct by gentle and broadly sympathetic laughter .....................................................
Juvenal satire: ......................................................
* severely critical ......................................................
......................................................
* bitter, angry, misanthropic
......................................................
* points with contempt and indignation to the corruption and evil of man and ......................................................
institutions ......................................................
Parody ......................................................
AA the more exclusively literary and critical method, fixing the attention closely on an ......................................................
individual style or work. ......................................................
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Allegory
......................................................
AA in the simplest sense, an extended metaphor ......................................................
AA a story in verse or prose which carries a second meaning (or various levels of ......................................................
meaning) ......................................................
AA along with its surface story ......................................................
......................................................
AA the works usually called allegories are genres of fiction: epic (Dante’s The Divine ......................................................
Comedy), romance (Edmund Spencer’s Faerie Queen), prose fiction (Bunyan’s ......................................................
Pilgrim’s Progress) or drama ......................................................
......................................................

15
 NOTLAR ELEMENTS OF NARRATIVE
......................................................
...................................................... PlOT AND STORY
......................................................
...................................................... Plot
......................................................
the organization of incident and character in a work of literature
......................................................
...................................................... the plan, design or pattern of events
...................................................... a plot usually contains conflicts which provides basis for action
......................................................
......................................................
...................................................... Sub-plot
...................................................... a secondary or minor plot in a play or story, which may be a variation of or a contrast
...................................................... with the main plot
......................................................
......................................................
...................................................... Freytag’s triangle (Triangular Plot Structure)
...................................................... Climax
......................................................
......................................................
...................................................... Rising action Falling action
......................................................
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Exposition Denouement
......................................................
......................................................
...................................................... Exposition (Introduction)
...................................................... AA part of a work of literature in which the audience is given the background
...................................................... information which it needs to know
......................................................
...................................................... AA gives the setting, introduces some of the characters, supplies information necessary
...................................................... to the understanding of the play
......................................................
...................................................... Rising action
......................................................
AA the part of the play which precedes the climax
......................................................
...................................................... AA continues through successive stages of conflict up to the climax or the turning point
......................................................
...................................................... Climax
......................................................
AA the turning point, a change of fortune
......................................................
...................................................... AA the moment in a story or a play when there is a definite change in direction
......................................................
......................................................

16
Falling action NOTLAR
AA follows the climax ......................................................
......................................................
AA the event or events following the major climax of a plot
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
Denouement ......................................................
......................................................
AA the resolution of a plot’s complications at the end of a story or a play
......................................................
AA the explanation of outcome ......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
Conflict ......................................................
AA the tension or struggle between characters of opposing forces in a plot ......................................................
AA provides the elements of interest in a play, a novel or a short story ......................................................
AA different types of conflict ......................................................
......................................................
(1) Internal Conflict ......................................................
Man vs. Himself ......................................................
(2) External Conflict ......................................................
......................................................
Man vs. Man
......................................................
Man vs. Nature ......................................................
Man vs. Society .....................................................
.....................................................
......................................................
......................................................
Prologue ......................................................
AA was an introductory poem or speech which originally explained or commented on ......................................................
the action of the play ......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
Epilogue ......................................................
......................................................
AA the concluding section of a work added as a summary or an afterthought
......................................................
AA a short speech delivered at the end of a play ......................................................
AA often makes witty comment on what has happened and asks for the approval of ......................................................
the audience ......................................................
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18
CHARACTERS AND POINT OF VIEW
Point of view
AA the position a writer assumes as he narrates of discusses a subject
AA can be divided into two general groups (1) participant (or first person) and (2)
non-participant
(or third person)
(1) Participant (first person)
(2) Non-participant (third person)
* omniscient
~ Godlike, all-knowing
~ sees all, knows all
~ can see into the minds of characters
~ report everyone’s innermost thoughts
* selective omniscience
~ author limits his omniscience to the minds of few characters or even to one
of his characters
~ provides a focus, especially if it is limited to a single character
* objective
~ does not enter even a single mind
~ records only what he sees and hears
~ "the camera" or "the fly-on-the-wall"
Characterization
AA the way in which authors convey information about their characters
AA descriptions of a character’s appearance, behaviour, interests, way of speaking,
and other mannerisms are all part of characterization.
Flat and round characters
* flat character:
~ does not undergo substantial change or growth in the course of a story
~ also referred to as "two-dimensional characters" or "Static characters"
* round character:
~ generally a major character in a work of fiction
~ encounters conflict and is changed by it.
~ more fully developed and described than flat characters.
~ seem as real to you as people you know in real life
Stock character
AA based on a common literary or social stereotype
AA rely heavily on cultural types or names for their personality, manner of speech,
and other characteristics
AA related to literary archetypes,but often more narrowly defined.
Protagonist
AA the main character in a story, novel, drama, or other literary work
AA the character that the reader or audience empathizes with
AA the antagonist opposes the protagonist
AA not necessarily good
Antagonist
AA the antagonist in a work of fiction is the character who opposes the hero, or
protagonist.
AA the antagonist, when there is one, provides the story’s conflict
AA not necessarily bad
Anti-hero
AA is a protagonist who has no heroic virtues or qualities, such as being morally good,
idealistic, courageous, noble,and possessing fortitude
AA blurring the line between hero and villain.
AA the Byronic hero sets a literary precedent for the modern concept of antiheroism.
Chorus
AA a homogeneous, non-individualised group of performers in the plays
AA performs using several techniques, including singing, dancing, narrating, and acting
AA comment with a collective voice on the dramatic action
AA offered a variety of background and summary information to help the audience
follow the performance
AA also represents, on stage,the general population of the particular story
AA expressed to the audience what the main characters could not say, such as their
hidden fears or secrets
Foil
AA character who contrasts with another character (usually the protagonist) in
order to highlight particular qualities of the other character
AA either differs drastically from or is extremely similar to the protagonist but a key
difference sets them apart
NOTLAR
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20
VERSIFICATION AND STANZA FORMS
Rhyme
AA Repetition of an identical or similarly accented sound or sounds in a work.
AA Rhyme scheme refers to the order in which particular words rhyme.
AA End rhymes have words that rhyme at the end of a verse-line.
AA Internal rhymes have words that rhyme within it.
Meter
AA The meter in poetry involves exact arrangements of syllables into repeated
patterns called feet within a line
* Iambic Pentameter:
~ F ive pairs of alternating unstressed and stressed syllables
~T
 en syllables in each line
~ a line of poetry written in pentameter has 5 feet, or 5 sets of stressed and
unstressed syllables
~ like "inSIST" or "reSIST"
 he rhythm in each line sounds like: ba-BUM / ba-BUM / ba-BUM /
~T
ba-BUM / ba-BUM
~ if YOU / would PUT / the KEY / inSIDE / the LOCK
da DUM / da DUM / da DUM / da DUM / da DUM
Stanza
AA one unit or group of lines, which forms one particular faction in poetry.
AA An arrangement of lines of verse in a pattern usually repeated throughout the
poem.
AA Typically, each stanza has a fixed number of verses or lines, a prevailing meter, and
a consistent rhyme scheme.
Couplet
AA A unit of verse consisting of two successive lines, usually rhyming and having the
same meter and often forming a complete thought or syntactic unit.
Caesura
AA A pause in a line of verse dictated by sense or natural speech rhythm rather than
by metrics.
AA Caesura is a pause somewhere in the middle of a verse.
Canto
AA A subdivision of an epic or other narrative poem, equivalent to a chapter in a prose
work.
Blank verse
AA Blank Verse is poetry that is written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
AA Blank verse has no rhyme, but does have a definite rhythm created by the careful
structuring of iambic feet- patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables.
Free verse
AA unrhymed lines having no fixed metrical pattern.
AA no set meter, no rhyme scheme, or any particular structure.
AA does not have a set pattern of rhyme or rhythm.
AA no rules about line length in free verse.
AA Ex: As she laughed I was aware of becoming involved in her laughter and being
part of it, until her teeth were only accidental stars with a talent for squad-drill.
I was drawn in by short gasps, inhaled at each momentary recovery, lost finally in
the dark caverns of her throat, bruised by the ripple of unseen muscles. An elderly
waiter with trembling hands was hurriedly spreading a pink and white checked
cloth over the rusty green iron table, saying: "If the lady and gentleman wish to
take their tea in the garden, if the lady and gentleman wish to take their tea in the
garden ..." I decided that if the shaking of her breasts could be stopped, some of the
fragments of the afternoon might be collected, and I concentrated my attention
with careful subtlety to this end.
AA Ex: Come slowly, Eden
Lips unused to thee.
Bashful, sip thy jasmines,
As the fainting bee,
Reaching late his flower,
Round her chamber hums,
Counts his nectars-alights,
And is lost in balms!
NOTLAR
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FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
Figures of Speech
Alliteration
AA Repetition of same initial sound.
AA Example:"...winds whipping wildly."
Assonance
AA Repeating the same vowel sound.
AA Example: "It beats ... as it sweeps ... as it deans!"
Consonance
AA Repeating consonant sounds.
AA Example: "Rap rejects my tape deck, ejects projectile / Whether Jew or Gentile,
I rank top percentile, / Many styles, More powerful than gamma rays / My
grammar pays, like Carlos Santana plays."
Allusion
AA Indirect reference.
AA An author’s reference to a person, place, event, or piece of literature which he
expects his audience to recognize or understand.
AA Example: "I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio’s."
Anachronism
AA An item or person that is "out of place" in relation to a time period.
AA Example: In a certain short-short story, an abacus is used in computer programming
or in a novel about World War I, soldiers would listen to iPods in the trenches.
Anaphora
AA The repetition of a word or phrase at the very beginning of successive phrases,
clauses, or sentences.
AA Example: "It rained on his lousy tombstone, and it rained on the grass on his
stomach. It rained all over the place."
Epistrophe
AA A figure of speech in which each sentence or clause ends with the same word.
AA Example: "If you had known the virtue of the ring, / Or half her worthiness that
gave the ring, / Or your own honor to contain the ring, / You would not then have
parted with the ring."

22
Anastrophe (Hyperbaton)
AA A figure of speech in which words are transposed from their usual order
AA An inversion of the normal order of words, especially ofr the sake of emphasis
AA Example: Saying "Blessed are the meek" instead of "The meek are blessed", "This I
must see" instead of "I must see this".
Antithesis
AA contrasting ideas sharpened by the use of opposite or noticeably different meanings
AA a contrast or opposition in the meanings of contiguous phrases or clauses that
manifest parallelism-that is, a similar word-order and structure-in their syntax,
AA Example: "Marriage has many pains, but celibacy has no pleasures."
Aphorism
AA A short, wise saying that portrays a general truth or idea held by many people,
AA Example: Nietzsche; "That which does not kill us makes us stronger."
Apostrophe
AA A form of direct address spoken by a character to an inanimate object or a person
who does not appear.
AA Example: "Judge, 0 you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him." or "Bright star, would
I were steadfast as thou art"
Archaism
AA The use of an older or obsolete word or phrase that is no longer recognized or
popular in the culture,
AA Example: "To thine own self be true."
Colloquialism
AA An expression that people may use in casual conversations but which is too informal
or full of slang for proper English,
Asyndeton
AA A rhetorical device where conjunctions, articles and even pronouns are omitted
for the sake of speed and economy,
AA Example: "Without looking, without making a sound, without talking" in Sophocles’
Oedipus.
NOTLAR
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Conceit
AA An extended metaphor or controlling image in a piece of literature. Often the
conceit employs a unique image to create a relationship within the metaphor.
Chiasmus
AA A sequence of two phrases or clauses which are parallel in syntax, but reverse the
order of the corresponding words.
AA Example: Works without show, and without pomp presides
Circumlocution (Periphrasis)
AA A roundabout way of speaking or writing; known also as periphrasis; thus, using
many or very long words where a few or simple words will do.
AA Example: Her olfactory system was suffering from a temporary inconvenience
(i.e., Her nose was blocked).
Connotation
AA The implied and understood meaning of a phrase or expression which extends
beyond the explicit dictionary definition.
Denotation
AA The literal or dictionary meaning of a word, phrase, or clause.
Epithet
AA An epithet or byname is a descriptive term (word or phrase) accompanying or
occurring in place of a name and having entered common usage.
AA It can be described as a glorified nickname.
AA Example: Richard the Lionheart, Alexander the Great, Suleiman the Magnificent,
William the Conquerer.
Euphemism
AA A word or phrase that, as a substitution, "softens the blow" of the direct meaning.
AA Substituting offensive words with gentle ones.
AA Example: Passed away and departed instead of died. Correctional facility instead
of jail. Ethnic cleansing instead of genocide. Negative patient outcome instead
of dead. Collateral damage instead of accidental deaths. Pregnancy termination
instead of abortion.

24
Dysphemism NOTLAR
AA Dysphemism is the use of a harsh, more offensive word instead of one considered ......................................................
less harsh ......................................................
......................................................
AA generally used to shock or offend.
......................................................
AA Example: "Fag" for homosexual man or "bullshit" for lies. ......................................................
......................................................
Hyperbole ......................................................
......................................................
AA An overstatement or exaggeration that can be used for dramatic effect or to help
......................................................
paint a word picture. ......................................................
AA Deliberate over-exaggeration. ......................................................
AA Example: "I’m dying of hunger." or "I am so hungry I could eat a horse." ......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
Meiosis
......................................................
AA Understatement for emphasis or effect. ......................................................
AA Example: In Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, when Mercutio is wounded mortally, ......................................................
he says "ay, ay, a scratch, a scratch..." ......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
Innuendo ......................................................
AA Oblique allusion. ......................................................
AA Example: "Nice store you got there. Would be a real shame if something happened ......................................................
to it." "Gee, Officer, is there some way I could pay the fine right here?" .....................................................
.....................................................
......................................................
Invective ......................................................
AA Harsh or abusive language. ......................................................
AA Example: "I cannot but conclude the bulk of your natives to be the most pernicious ......................................................
race of little odious vermin(...)." From Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels. ......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
Flashback ......................................................
AA Added narratives or scenes (often justified, or naturalized, as a memory, a reverie, ......................................................
or a confession by one of the characters) which represent events that happened ......................................................
before the time at which the work opened. ......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
Foreshadowing ......................................................
AA The technique of arranging events and information in a narrative in such a way ......................................................
that later events are prepared for or shadowed forth beforehand ......................................................
AA a clue, a hint for the events that will happen in a work of fiction. ......................................................
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Irony
AA Saying something by using its opposite.
AA Types of Irony
* Verbal lrony: A figure of speech in which a character says one thing but actually
means the opposite. Sarcasm often falls into the classification of verbal irony.
Used by a speaker intentionally.
* Dramatic Irony: It occurs when the audience is aware of something that the
characters in the story are not aware of, when what a character says or
believes contradicts what the audience knows to be true. In these circumstances,
a character’s words and actions have one meaning for the character and an
entirely different meaning for the audience.
AA Structural Irony: This occurs when a naive protagonist holds a view or outlook
that differs from the one the author holds.
AA Situational Irony: A literary device in which the expected action and the actual
action are in direct contrast, usually due to forces out of the control of the
characters. It involves a discrepancy between what is expected to happen and
what actually happens. Situation irony occurs when the exact opposite of what
is meant to happen, happens. An example would be when someone buys a gun to
protect himself, but the same gun is used by another individual to injure him.
Sarcasm
AA The use of invectives or harsh terms to indicate weakness or fault. Sarcasm can be
cutting and cynical and may be displayed by an action as well as by words.
AA Example: George Orwell uses sarcasm to chastise government in both Animal
Farm and 1984.
Kenning
AA Replacing noun with circumlocutory mythologising.
AA Example: "Battle-sweat" for blood. "Sleep of the sword" for death. "Bane of wood"
for fire. "Whale-road" for the sea. "Sky’s jewel" for the sun.
Litotes
AA A special form of understatement
AA assertion of an affirmative by negating its contrary
AA a figure of speech which contains an understatement for emphasis
AA Example: Saying "not bad" and meaning "very good" or saying "he’s not the brightest
man in the world" and meaning "he is stupid".
Malapropism
AA A ludicrous misuse of words.
AA Example: Saying "pineapple of fashion" instead of "pinnacle of fashion"
Metaphor
AA A direct comparison of two unlike things without the use of "like" or "as."
AA Example: "The light of my life", "Time is a thief’, "He is the apple of my eye"
Simile
AA Indirect comparison between two unlike objects using the words "like" or "as". The
comparison helps create an effective word picture.
AA Example: "cute as a kitten", "as busy as a bee"
Metonymy
AA Using one item to represent another.
AA Example: Crown -in place of a royal person. The White House- in place of the
President or others who work there. The suits- in place of business people.
Synecdoche
AA Understanding one thing with another.
AA A metaphor that presents a part of a person or item as used for the whole or the
whole as used for a part.
* part of something to represent the entire whole.
* an entire whole thing to represent a part of it.
* a word or phrase as a class that will express less or more than the word or
phrase actually means.
* a group ofthings that refer to a larger group or use a large group to refer to a
smaller group.
* an object by the material it is made from or refer to the contents in a container
by the name of the container.
Onomatopoeia
AA The use of words whose sounds seem to imitate the sound of the object or action
being named.
AA Example: The word "hiss" itself sounds like a snake moving its tongue. The word
"splash" reverberates almost like the sound of something hitting water.
NOTLAR
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Oxymoron
AA A descriptive phrase that combines two contradictory terms to create a totally
fresh image or idea.
AA Adjacent words that seem to contradict one another.
AA Example: "Same difference", "Great Depression", "act naturally", "living dead",
"walking dead", "only choice"
Paradox
AA A statement that appears to be absurd but which actually may bear truth. In
literature, a paradox may also refer to a situation that seems to be contradictory-
or both true and false.
AA Seeming contradiction.
AA Example: Hamlet’s statement "I must be cruel only to be kind" in Shakespeare’s
Hamlet is paradoxical.
Personification
AA Giving an inanimate object or animal is given human qualities or characteristics.
AA Example: "The stars danced playfully in the moonlit sky." "The run down house
appeared depressed." "The first rays of morning tiptoed through the meadow."
"She did not realize that opportunity was knocking at her door."
Polysyndeton
AA the repetition of conjunctions; a stylistic device in which several coordinating
conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, etc.) are used in succession in order to achieve an
artistic effect.
AA Example: "We have ships and men and money and stores."
Pun
AA A play on words, often humorous, that builds on words which sound similar, yet
have unrelated meanings.
AA Example: "Beneath this cold slab, he / Who lied in the Chapel / Now lies in the
Abbey", "You have dancing shoes with nimble soles; I have a soul of lead".
Spoonerism
AA It consists of a transposition between the consonant sounds (especially the initial
sounds) of two words.
AA Example: "The queer old dean" for "the dear old queen".
 LITERARY MOVEMENTS
Cavalier Poetry (17th century)
Instead of tackling issues like religion, philosophy, and the arts, cavalier poetry aims
to express the joy and simple gratification of celebratory things much livelier than the
traditional works of their predecessors. In many ways, this poetry embodies an attitude
that mirrors "carpe diem." Cavalier poets wrote in a way that promoted seizing the day
and the opportunities presented to them and their kinsmen.
Notable writers: Ben Jonson, Robert Herrick, Richard Lovelace,Thomas Carew, and
Sir John Suckling.
Metaphysical Poetry (17th century)
A group of 17th century poets who combined direct language with ingenious images,
paradoxes, and conceits. Their style was characterized by wit and metaphysical conceits
-far fetched or unusual similes or metaphors, and by speculation about topics such as
love or religion. Their work relies on images and references to the contemporary
scientific or geographical discoveries. These were used to examine religious and moral
questions, often employing an element of evasion.
Notable writers:John Donne and Andrew Marvell.
Rationalism
Rationalism is the view that regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge.
Holding that reality itself has an inherently logicalstructure, the rationalist asserts that
a class of truths exists that the intellect can grasp directly. There are, according to
the rationalists, certain rational principles especially in logic and mathematics, and even
in ethics and metaphysics - that are so fundamental that to deny them is to fall into
contradiction. The rationalists’ confidence in reason and proof tends, therefore, to
detract from their respect for other ways of knowing.
Neoclassicism (1660-1798)
A literary movement, inspired by the rediscovery of classical works of ancient Greece
and Rome that emphasized balance, restraint, and order. Neoclassicism roughly coincided
with the Enlightenment, which espoused reason over passion. Neoclassical literature
is characterized by order, accuracy, and structure. They emphasized restraint, self-
control, and common sense. This was a time when conservatism flourished in both
politics and literature.
Notable writers: Edmund Burke,John Dryden, Samuel Johnson, Alexander Pope, and
Jonathan Swift.
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30
Romanticism (1798-1832)
A literary and artistic movement that reacted against the restraint and universalism
of the Enlightenment. The Romantics celebrated spontaneity, imagination, subjectivity,
and the purity of nature. The movement emphasized intense emotion as an authentic
source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension,
horror and terror, and awe-especially that which is experienced in confronting the new
aesthetic categories of the sublimity and beauty of nature. The publication of Lyrical
Ballads in 1798, with many of the finest poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge, is often
held to mark the start of the movement
Notable writers: Jane Austen, William Blake, Lord Byron, Samuel Taylor Coleridge,
John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and William Wordsworth.
Aestheticism (1835-1910)
A late-19th-century movement that believed in art as an end in itself. They rejected
the view that art had to possess a higher moral or political value and believed instead
in "art for art’s sake." The artists and writers of Aesthetic style tended to profess
that the Arts should provide refined sensuous pleasure, rather than convey moral or
sentimental messages. As a consequence, they did not accept the conception of art as
something moral or useful. Instead, they believed that Art did not have any didactic
purpose; it need only be beautiful
Notable writers:Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater.
Pre-Raphaelites (1848-1870)
The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was formed by a group of visual artists who attempted
to return painting to the simplicity and truthfulness of art before the High Renaissance.
The literary arm of an artistic movement that drew inspiration from Italian artists
working before Raphael (1483-1520). The Pre-Raphaelites combined sensuousness
and religiosity through archaic poetic forms and medieval settings.
Notable writers: Major Writers: Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti’s "Goblin
Market".
Realism (1830-1900)
A loose term that can refer to any work that aims at honest portrayal over
sensationalism, exaggeration, or melodrama. Technically, realism refers to a late 19th-
century literary movement that aimed at accurate detailed portrayal of ordinary,
contemporary life. Naturalism can be seen as an intensification of realism.
Notable writers: Charles Dickens and George Eliot.
Naturalism (l865-1900)
A literary movement that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions,
hereditary, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character.
Pessimism is one of the primary characteristics of naturalism. Another characteristic
of naturalism is determinism- the opposite of free will, essentially. For determinism,
the idea that individual characters have a direct influence on the course of their lives is
supplanted by a focus on nature or fate. Often, a naturalist author will lead the reader
to believe a character’s fate has been predetermined, usually by environmental factors,
and that he/she can do nothing about it.
Notable writers: Thomas Hardy.
Symbolism (1870s-1890s)
A group of French poets who reacted against realism with poetry of suggestion based
on private symbols, and experimented with new poetic forms such as free verse and the
prose poem. They had a seminal influence on the modernist poetry of the early 20th
century. Symbolists believed that art should represent absolute truths that could only
be described indirectly. Thus, they wrote in a very metaphorical and suggestive manner,
endowing particular images or objects with symbolic meaning.
Imagism (early 20th century)
It favoured precision of imagery and clear, sharp language. As poetic style it gave
Modernism its start in the early 20th century, and is considered to be the first
organized Modernist literary movement in the English language. Imagism called for a
return to what were seen as more Classical values, such as directness of presentation
and economy of language, as well as a willingness to experiment with non-traditional
verse forms. Imagists use free verse.
Modernism (1890s-1940s)
Modernism, in general, includes the activities and creations of those who felt the
traditional forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, philosophy, social
organization, activities of daily life, and even the sciences, were becoming ill-fitted
to their tasks and out-dated in the new economic, social, and political environment
of an emerging fully industrialized world. It is a literary and artistic movement that
provided a radical breaks with traditional modes of Western art,thought, religion, social
conventions, and morality.
Notable writers: James Joyce’s Ulysses, T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land, Virginia
Woolf’s Mrs. Dol/away.
Postmodernism (1945-present)
A notoriously ambiguous term, especially as it refers to literature, postmodernism can
be seen as a response to the elitism of high modernism as well as to the horrors of
World War II. Postmodern literature is characterized by a disjointed, fragmented
pastiche of high and low culture that reflects the absence of tradition and structure in
a world driven by technology and consumerism.
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32
Postcolonial literature (1950s-present)
Literature by and about people from former European colonies, primarily in Africa,
Asia, South America, and the Caribbean. This literature aims both to expand the
traditional canon of Western literature and to challenge Eurocentric assumptions about
literature, especially through examination of questions of otherness, identity, and race.
Edward Said’s Orienta/ism provided an important theoretical basis for understanding
postcolonial literature.
Notable writers: Chinua Achebe, V. S. Naipaul and Salman Rushdie.
Existentialism (1940s-present)
A twentieth-century philosophy arguing that ethical human beings are in a sense
cursed with absolute free will in a purposeless universe. Therefore, individuals must
fashion their own sense of meaning in life instead of relying thoughtlessly on religious,
political, and social conventions. These merely provide a facade of meaning according to
existential philosophy.
Absurd theatre (1930-1970)
A movement, primarily in the theater, that responded to the seeming illogicality
and purposelessness of human life in works marked by a lack of clear narrative,
understandable psychological motives, or emotional catharsis.
Notable writers: Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot.
Angry Young Men Movement (1950s-1980s)
A group of male British writers who created visceral plays and fiction at odds with
the political establishment and a self-satisfied middle class. They expressed scorn and
disaffection with the established sociopolitical order of their country. Their impatience
and resentment were especially aroused by what they perceived as the hypocrisy and
mediocrity of the upper and middle classes.
Notable writers: John Osborne’s play Look Back in Anger.
Kitchen-sink drama (1950s-2000s)
A term coined to describe a British cultural movement that developed in the late 1950s
and early 1960s which included plays, whose protagonists usually could be described as
angry young men. It used a style of social realism, which often depicted the domestic
situations of working class Britons living in cramped rented accommodation and spending
their off-hours drinking in grimy pubs,to explore social issues and political controversies.
Notable writers: John Osborne’s play Look Back in Anger.
ln-yer-face theatre (l990s-present)
"In Yer Face" theatre describes the wave of new writing in the 1990s that was
aggressive, raw, confrontational and angry. Designed to assault the audience’s sensibilities
it explored the gut­wrenching extremes of the human condition and rammed the most
extreme excesses of contemporary society down its throat. Many of the characters are
morally reprehensible and the language is aggressive and raw.
Notable writers: Edward Bond’s Saved, Sarah Kane’s Blasted.
 LITERARY PERİODS NOTLAR
......................................................
Old English Period, 450-1066 ......................................................
......................................................
AA Invasion of the Germanic tribes (Anglo Saxons) ......................................................
......................................................
AA Language- Germanic
......................................................
AA Heroic ......................................................
AA Epic, lyric, elegy ......................................................
AA Poetry: Beowulf, The Wanderer! The Seafarer ......................................................
......................................................
AA Prose: King Alfred
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
Middle English Period, 1066 - 1500 ......................................................
......................................................
AA Church ......................................................
Drama ......................................................
Mystery, Miracle, Morality ......................................................
......................................................
AA Feudalism ......................................................
Chivalry, Courtly, love ......................................................
Romance ......................................................
......................................................
AA Chaucer- Father of English language / literarure / poetry
.....................................................
AA Poetry: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury .....................................................
Tales ......................................................
AA Prose: Sir Thomas Malorys - Le Morte D'arthur ......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
The Renaissance; 1500-1660 ......................................................
......................................................
AA 1. Early Tudor Age ......................................................
1500-1558 ......................................................
AA 2, Elizabethan Age ......................................................
......................................................
1558-1603
......................................................
AA 3. Jacobean Age ......................................................
1603-1625 ......................................................
AA 4, Caroline Age ......................................................
......................................................
1625-1649
......................................................
AA 5. Commonwealth (The Puritan Interregnum) ......................................................
1649-1660 ......................................................
......................................................

33
 NOTLAR Early Tudor Age
...................................................... AA Henry VIII
......................................................
AA Breaking away from Rome ProtestantChurch of England
......................................................
...................................................... AA First London playhouse
...................................................... AA Sonnet was introduced to England
...................................................... AA Poetry: Wyatt, Surrey
...................................................... AA Prose: Sir Thomas Mores - Utopia
......................................................
...................................................... AA Drama: Interludes
......................................................
......................................................
...................................................... Elizabethan Age
......................................................
...................................................... AA The Golden Age
...................................................... AA Golden age of drama
...................................................... AA Playhouses and theatre companies
......................................................
AA Poetry: Spenser’s Amoretti, The Faerie Queene, The Shepheardes Calender,
......................................................
Sidney’s Astrophil and Stella, Shakespeare
......................................................
...................................................... AA Drama: Thomas Kyd, Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, William Shakespeare,
...................................................... John Webster
......................................................
......................................................
.....................................................
Jacobean Age
.....................................................
...................................................... AA Comedy of humours, 4 bodily fluids
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
...................................................... Caroline Age
...................................................... AA The Civil War, between the supporters of the King and the supporters of the
...................................................... Parliament
......................................................
AA Metaphysical poetry - conceit,John Donne and Andrew Marvell
......................................................
...................................................... AA Cavalier poetry - "carpe diem" - Ben Jonson
...................................................... AA John Milton, Paradise Lost
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
...................................................... Commonwealth (The Puritan Interregnum)
...................................................... AA Closing down of theatres
...................................................... AA Parliament, Oliver Cromwell
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................

34
Neoclassical Period, 1660-1798 NOTLAR
......................................................
1. Restoration Age ......................................................
1660-1700 ......................................................
2. Augustan Age ......................................................
......................................................
1700-1750 ......................................................
3. Age of Sensibility ......................................................
1750-1798 ......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
Restoration Age ......................................................
......................................................
AA Charles II restored to the throne
......................................................
AA Restoration stage ......................................................
AA Comedy of manners ......................................................
AA Poetry: John Dryden ......................................................
......................................................
AA Prose: John Dryden
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
Augustan Age ......................................................
......................................................
AA Neoclassicism- rediscovery and imitation of classical works .....................................................
AA Reason over emotion .....................................................
AA Rise of the novel ......................................................
AA Satire ......................................................
......................................................
AA Poetry: Alexander Pope
......................................................
AA Prose: Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe and Moll Flanders, Jonathan Swift’s ......................................................
Gulliver’s Travels, Samuel Richardson’s Pamela, Henry Fieldingls Joseph Andrews ......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
Age of Sensibility ......................................................
AA Anticipates the romantic period ......................................................
AA Focused upon instinctfeeling, imagination ......................................................
......................................................
AA Novel became increasingly popular
......................................................
AA Sentimental comedy and Gothic novel ......................................................
AA Poetry: William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience ......................................................
AA Prose: Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto ......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................

35
 NOTLAR Romantic Period, 1798-1832
...................................................... AA Romanticism
......................................................
AA Feeling, emotion, personat subjective, imagination
......................................................
...................................................... AA NATURE
...................................................... AA Gothic novel and novel of manners
...................................................... AA 1798, Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge
...................................................... AA Poetry: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats
......................................................
...................................................... AA Prose: Jane Austen, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, Ann Radcliffe’s Mysteries of
...................................................... Udolfo
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
...................................................... Victorian Age, 1832-1901
...................................................... AA Age of contrasts
...................................................... AA Pre-Raphaelites Dante Gabriel and Christina Rossetti
......................................................
AA Aestheticism- Oscar Wilde
......................................................
...................................................... AA Realism, Social Realism -Charles Dickens
...................................................... AA Naturalism- Thomas Hardy
...................................................... AA Poetry: Alfred Lord Tennyson’s In Memoriam, Robert Browning; Elizabeth
...................................................... Barrett Browning
.....................................................
AA Prose: Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, Emily Bronte, Charlotte
.....................................................
...................................................... Bronte, Thomas Hardy
...................................................... AA Drama: Oscar Wilde
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
...................................................... Twentieth Century
...................................................... AA Modernism- first half of the century, WWI
......................................................
AA Postmodernism- second half of the century, WWII
......................................................
...................................................... AA Poetry: T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land and The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
...................................................... AA Prose: James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Ulysses, Virginia
...................................................... Woolf’s To The Lighthouse and Mrs Dalloway, H.G. Wells, Huxley’s Brave New
...................................................... World, George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four and Animal Farm
......................................................
AA Drama: Angry Young Men Movement, kitchen-sink drama, absurd theatre, in-
......................................................
yer-face theatre
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................

36
 Classical Background NOTLAR
......................................................
GREEK ......................................................
......................................................
......................................................

DRAMA
Homer: Aristotle:
POETRY

PROSE
......................................................
Iliad Poetics
......................................................
Odyssey ......................................................
......................................................
ROMAN ......................................................
......................................................

DRAMA
Seneca
POETRY

PROSE

......................................................
Palutus ......................................................
......................................................
Terence
......................................................
......................................................
EUROPEAN ......................................................
......................................................
Roman de la Rose Seneca
DRAMA
PROSE
POETRY

......................................................
Dante: Palutus ......................................................
Divine Comedy Terence ......................................................
......................................................
Boccacio:
......................................................
Decameron ......................................................
Petrarch .....................................................
.....................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................

37
 NOTLAR English Literature
......................................................
...................................................... OLD ENGLISH PERIOD (428 - 1066)
......................................................
...................................................... Beowulf Bede:

POETRY

DRAMA
PROSE
......................................................
Wanderer Ecclesiastical History
......................................................
...................................................... Seafarer King Alfred:
...................................................... Translations
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
...................................................... MIDDLE-ENGLISH PERIOD (1066 - 1500)
......................................................
PROSE
Gawain/Pearl Geoffrey of Mystery Plays:
POETRY

DRAMA
......................................................
...................................................... Poet: Monmouth: Wakefield
...................................................... Sir Gawain and The History of the Chester
...................................................... the Green Knight Kings of Britain
York
...................................................... Pearl Sir Thomas
...................................................... Malory: Coventry
Langland:
...................................................... Miracle Plays:
Piers Plowman Le Morte Darthur
......................................................
The Second
...................................................... Chaucer: Shepherd's Play
.....................................................
The Canterbury Morality Plays:
.....................................................
Tales
...................................................... Everyman
...................................................... Troilus and
Criseyde Magnyfycence
......................................................
...................................................... The House of Castle of
...................................................... Fame Persevarance
...................................................... Parlement of Mankind
...................................................... Foules
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................

38
 THE RENAISSANCE (1500-1660) NOTLAR
......................................................
Early Tudor Age (1500-1557) ......................................................
......................................................
Wyatt: Sir Thomas More: Interludes ......................................................
POETRY

DRAMA
PROSE
......................................................
Sonnets Utopia
......................................................
Surrey: ......................................................
Sonnets ......................................................
......................................................
Elizabethan Age (1558-1603) ......................................................
......................................................
Spenser: Sidney: Sackville and ......................................................

DRAMA
PROSE
POETRY

Norton: ......................................................
The Shepheardes Defence of Poesie
......................................................
Calender Arcadia Gorboduc
......................................................
The Faerie Queen Thomas Kyd: ......................................................
Amoretti Spanish Tragedy ......................................................
Sidney: Marlowe: ......................................................
Astrophil and ......................................................
Doctor Faustus ......................................................
Stella
Tamburlaine ......................................................
Shakespeare: ......................................................
Jew of Malta
Sonnets ......................................................
Shakespeare:
.....................................................
Othello .....................................................
Macbeth ......................................................
......................................................
Hamlet King
......................................................
Lear Twelfth ......................................................
Night ......................................................
A Midsummer ......................................................
Night's ......................................................
Dream ......................................................
......................................................
Two Gentlemen ......................................................
of Verona ......................................................
Ben Jonson: ......................................................
Volpone ......................................................
......................................................
The Alchemist
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................

39
 NOTLAR Jacobean Age (1603-1625)
......................................................

POETRY

DRAMA
John Webster:

PROSE
......................................................
...................................................... The Duchess of
...................................................... Malfi
......................................................
The White Devil
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
...................................................... Caroline Age (1625-1649)
......................................................
...................................................... John Donne
POETRY

DRAMA
PROSE
...................................................... Andrew Marvell
......................................................
...................................................... John Milton:
...................................................... Paradise Lost
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
The Interregnum / Commonwealth (1649-1660)
......................................................
......................................................
POETRY

DRAMA
Thomas Hobbes:
PROSE

......................................................
..................................................... Leviathan
.....................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
...................................................... NEOCLASSICAL PERIOD (1660-1798)
......................................................
...................................................... Restoration Age (1660-1700)
......................................................
...................................................... Dryden: Comedy of
PROSE
POETRY

DRAMA

...................................................... Absolom and Manners

...................................................... Achitophel
......................................................
...................................................... MacFlecknoe
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................

40
Augustan Age (1700-1750) NOTLAR
......................................................
Pope: Daniel Defoe:
POETRY

DRAMA
......................................................

PROSE
The Rape of the Robinson Crusoe ......................................................
Lock ......................................................
Moll Flanders
......................................................
Jonathan Swift: ......................................................
Tale of a Tub ......................................................
Battle of Books ......................................................
......................................................
Gulliver's Travels ......................................................
Samuel Richardson: ......................................................
Pamela ......................................................
......................................................
Henry Fielding:
......................................................
Joseph Andrews ......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
Age of Sensibility (1750-1798)
......................................................
Thomas Gray Horace Walpole: ......................................................
DRAMA
PROSE
POETRY

......................................................
An Elegy Written The Castle of ......................................................
in a Country Otranto .....................................................
Churchyard .....................................................
William Blake: ......................................................
Songs of ......................................................
Innocence ......................................................
......................................................
Songs of
......................................................
Experience
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................

41
 NOTLAR ROMANTIC PERIOD (1798-1832)
......................................................
Wordsworth: Jane Austen: Lord Byron:

PROSE

DRAMA
......................................................

POETRY
...................................................... Prelude Pride and Prejudice Manfred
......................................................
Lucy Poems Sense and
......................................................
Lyrical Ballads Sensibility
......................................................
...................................................... Coleridge Emma
...................................................... Christabel Mansfield Park
...................................................... Northanger Abbey
...................................................... Kubla Kahn
...................................................... Rime of the Persuasion
...................................................... Ancient Mariner Mary Shelley:
...................................................... Lyrical Ballads Frankenstein
......................................................
Lord Byron: Ann Radcliffe:
......................................................
...................................................... Childe Harold Mysteries of
...................................................... Don Juan Udolfo
...................................................... Shelley:
......................................................
...................................................... Queen Mab
...................................................... Keats:
...................................................... Endymion
......................................................
.....................................................
VICTORIAN AGE (1832 - 1901)
.....................................................
...................................................... Tennyson: Charles Dickens: Oscar Wilde:
PROSE
POETRY

DRAMA

......................................................
...................................................... In Memoriam David Copperfield The Importance
...................................................... The Lady of Bleak House of Being Earnest
...................................................... Shallot Ulysses Hard Times
...................................................... Robert Browning: A Tale of Two
......................................................
My Last Duchess Cities
......................................................
Porphyria's Lover Great Expectations
......................................................
...................................................... Elizabeth Barrett William Makepeace
...................................................... Browning: Thackeray:
...................................................... Aurora Leigh Vanity Fair
...................................................... Dante Gabriel
...................................................... Emily Bronte:
Rossetti: Wuthering Heights
......................................................
...................................................... Christina Rossetti: Charlotte Bronte:
...................................................... Goblin Market Jane Eyre
...................................................... Thomas Hardy:
...................................................... Tess of D'urbervilles
......................................................

42
TWENTIETH CENTURY NOTLAR
......................................................
POETRY

William Butler Joseph Conrad: Bernard Shaw:

DRAMA
......................................................

PROSE
Yeats and T.S. Heart of Darkness Pygmalion ......................................................
Eliot: ......................................................
James Joyce: Mrs. Warren's
The Love Sonf ......................................................
The Dubliners Profession
of J. Alfred ......................................................
Prufrock Portrait of the Samuel Beckett: ......................................................
Artist Waiting for ......................................................
The Waste Land
Ulysses Godot ......................................................
The Hollow Men ......................................................
Finnegan's Wake John Osborne:
Ash Wednesday ......................................................
Virginia Woolf: Look Back in ......................................................
Four Quartets Anger
To the Lighthouse ......................................................
Harold Pinter: ......................................................
Mrs. Dalloway
The Birthday ......................................................
The Waves Party ......................................................
George Orwell: ......................................................
Arnold Wesker
Anima/Farm ......................................................
Edward Bond ......................................................
1984 Sarah Kane ......................................................
Huxley: Alan Ayckbourn ......................................................
Brave New World ......................................................
Cary Churchill ......................................................
Anthony Burgess: Noel Coward .....................................................
A Clockwork Tom Stoppard .....................................................
Orange ......................................................
H.G. Wells: ......................................................
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The War of the
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Worlds
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ISBN 205500603-7

9 782055 006039