Introduction To Pschy - Studoc

| PSYC6101 – INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY |
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The nucleus of neuron contains____________ the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

chemical that contains the genetic blueprint that directs
the development of the neuron.
It provides an objective description of how a variable is Operational Definition
going to be measured and observed in a particular
study.
It is a broad idea or set of closely related ideas that Theory
attempts to explain observations.
This is resting state of the neuron, when more negative Polarized State
ions are inside and more positive ions are outside the
cell membrane.
Community psychology is concerned with providing True
accessible care for people with psychological
problems. Community-based mental health centers are
one means of delivering such services as outreach
programs
It is a testable prediction that derives logically from a Hypothesis
theory.
These are branchlike structures that receive incoming Dendrites
signals from other neurons.
It is like a fence that surrounds the entire neuron, Cell membrane
giving it shape and keeping the cell’s internal fluid
inside; it is said to be semi-permeable.
These are chemical substances that are stored in very Neurotransmitters
tiny sacs within the terminal buttons and involved in
transmitting information across a synaptic gap to the
next neuron.
Environmentalpsychology explores the effects of True
physical settings in most major areas of psychology
including perception, cognition, learning, and others.
Which of the following topics would a psychologist Weather Patterns
have the least interest in?
It consists of layer of cells containing fat, encases and Myelin Sheath
insulates most axons. .
Clinical psychology applies findings in all areas of False
psychology in the workplace.
Health psychology examines how people become who False
they are, from conception to death, concentrating on
biological and environmental factors.
Which of the following statements is correct? Only experimental research allows
researchers to determine causality.
Darwin’s theory speculated that certain behaviors or True
traits that enhance survival are naturally selected
Paul believes that physical attractive people are whether people gave Paul a spare
selfish. He conducts a study to see if he is right. He change
goes up to five people he thinks are good looking and
asks them for spare change. They all turn him down.
Paul concludes “Aha! I knew it all along.” The
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operational definition of selfish in Paul’s study is

_______________.
The more hours that students work, the less successful Negative
they are academically. This is an example of what type
of correlation?
This is a Greek word which means “the study of.” logos
The ancient Greek philosopher who wrote about Aristotle
psyche and first broadly defined the subject matter was
In an experiment on attitudes, participants are given The type of information the participant
either positive or negative information about a speaker is given
and then asked to evaluate the effectiveness of the
speaker. In this experiment, which is the independent
variable?
Clinical psychology applies findings in all areas of False
Any changeable phenomenon that a scientist studies Variable
is called ______________.
Forensic psychology applies psychology to the legal True
system. Forensic psychologists might help with jury
selection or provide expert testimonies in trials
Sigmund Freud established the first psychology False
laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig, in
Germany.
These provide support, nutritional benefits, and other Glial cells
functions in the nervous system.
Gestalt is any object or event that is perceived by our False
senses.
It is a testable prediction that derives logically from a Hypothesis
theory.
Health psychology examines how people become who False
biological and environmental factors
These are located at the ends of the axon where Terminal Buttons
neurotransmitters are stored before being released into
the synapse.
Which of the following statements is true? Quasi experimental research is not a
true experiment because participants
are not randomly assigned to different
conditions.
Any changeable phenomenon that a scientist studies Variable
is called ______________.
The circadian rhythm of sleep is a natural rhythm of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
sleep and waking programmed by a group of brain
cells in the hypothalamus called_________________.
This governs the emotion of fear and aggression Amygdala
This refers to respiration, consciousness, sleep, Pons
dreaming, facial movements, sensory processes and
transmission of neural signal from one part of the brain

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to another.
It serves as a relay station for information coming from Thalamus
our senses to the brain.
A sleep disorder in which a person stops breathing Sleep Apnea
while asleep.
Which of the following does mediation appear to All of the above
improve?
This is responsible for the transfer of information from Hippocampus
short to long term memory.
____________ is a heightened awareness of the Mindfulness
present moment, which can be applied to events in
one’s environment and events in one’s own mind.
_____________ occurs when someone is either Substance dependence
physically or psychologically reliant on a drug’s effect.
A sleep disorder in which a person falls asleep during Narcolepsy
alert times of the day.
____________ produces mild hallucinations as well as Ecstasy
physiological arousal and sometimes called the “love
drug” because it produces feelings of euphoria,
warmth, and connectedness with others.
_____________ includes automatic processing that Lower-Level Consciousness
requires little attention?
According to Freud, the surface content of a dream, Manifest Content
containing dream symbols that disguise the dream’s
true meaning
This is necessary for balance, muscle tone and Cerebellum
performance of motor skills.
This regulates heartbeat and respiration and plays a Medulla
role in sneezing, coughing, vomiting, swallowing and
digestion.
This regulates some of our basic emotional reaction. Limbic system
t maintains homeostasis in the body or a state of Hypothalamus
internal equilibrium across a variety of bodily systems
A condition when individual forgets something because Motivated Forgetting
it is so painful or anxiety laden that remembering is
intolerable
The ____________ is the smallest magnitude of a Absolute Threshold
stimulus that can be detected half of the time.
It refers to a memory loss for a segment of the past but Retrograde Amnesia
not for new events.
It is a long tail-like structure growing out of the other Axon
end of the cell which carries signals away from the cell
body.
Light waves are transduced into neural messages by retina
two types of receptor cells, named rods and cones, in
the ____________of the eye.
Type of attention in which involves concentrating on Divided Attention
more than one activity at the same time

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Cones are concentrated in the ___________. Fovea

A type of effortful retrieval that occurs when we are Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
confident that we know something but cannot quite pull
it out of memory
The sound wave is amplified by the hammer, anvil, and Middle ear
stirrup in the _____________.
This pertains to the memory of emotionally significant Flashbulb Memory
events that people often recall with more accuracy and
vivid imagery than everyday events.
A response is an organism’s reaction to a stimulus. True
It is a conscious recollection of information, such as Explicit memory
specific facts and events and at least in humans,
information that can be verbally communicated.
t refers to any relatively permanent change in behavior Learning
brought about through experience.
These reinforces are innate and often satisfy biological Primary reinforcers
needs like food, water, sex, and even artificial
sweeteners with no food value
A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps Schema
people to organize and interpret information
Sensory receptors located in the muscles, joints, and Kinesthetic
skin provide the brain with messages about movement,
posture, and orientation of the body. These are
called______________receptors.
It refers to the retention of information about the where, Episodic memory
when, and what of life’s happenings – that is how
individuals remember life’s episodes.
This is a Greek word which means “mind.” Psyche
This is a special form of episodic memory, consisting . Autobiographical Memory
of a person’s recollections of his or her life
experiences.
Russian physiologist who received the Nobel Prize for Ivan Pavlov
his work on the role of saliva in digestion.
The ____________theory of color vision proposes that Trichromatic
there are three kinds of cones in the retina that
respond primarily to light in either the red, green, or
blue range of wavelengths.
These reinforcers are learned by association, usually Secondary reinforcers
via classical conditioning like money, grades, and peer
approval.
It refers to the process of observing and imitating Modeling
behaviors performed by others.
his coordinates information between the left and right corpus callosum
hemispheres of the brain.
According to_____________, the amount of the Weber’s law
change in a stimulus needed to be detected half the
time is in direct proportion to the intensity of the
original stimulus.

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When a stimulus is continuously present or repeated at Sensory adaptation

short intervals, the sensation gradually becomes
weaker. This termed__________.
This occurs when material that was learned earlier Proactive Interference
disrupts the recall of material learned later. taught
earlier.
According to _____________, pitch perception occurs Place Theory
when the brain notices which portions of the basilar
membrane are being most excited by incoming sound
waves.
It contains a nucleus Cell body
The sound wave is transduced into neural impulses in Organ of Corti
the ________, which is located in the cochlea in the
inner ear.
This governs high-level processes in the brain such as Cerebral cortex
cognition and language.
Environmentalpsychology explores the effects of corpus callosum
This coordinates information between the left and right
An American psychologist who formulated the “law of Edward Thorndike
effect”.
refers to all of a person’s overt actions that others Behavior
directly observe.
A form of learning in which the consequences of Operant conditioning
behavior lead to changes in the probability of its
occurrence.
refer to the private thoughts, emotions, feelings and Mental Processes
motives that other people cannot directly observe.
Identify what is defined through its function. thalamus
It serves as a relay station for information coming from
our senses to the brain
This regulates heartbeat and respiration and plays a medulla
role in sneezing, coughing, vomiting, swallowing and
digestion.
This is necessary for balance, muscle tone and cerebellum
performance of motor skills.
This coordinates information between the left and right corpus callosum
This regulates some of our basic emotional reaction. Limbic System
This is responsible for the transfer of information from hippocampus
short to long term memory.
This governs high-level processes in the brain such as cerebral cortex
cognition and language.
It maintains homeostasis in the body or a state of hypothalamus
internal equilibrium across a variety of bodily systems.
This refers to respiration, consciousness, sleep, pons

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dreaming, facial movements, sensory processes and

transmission of neural signal from one part of the brain
to another.
This governs the emotion of fear and aggression. Amygdala
The ____________ is the smallest magnitude of a Absolute Threshold
stimulus that can be detected half of the time.
When a stimulus is continuously present or repeated at Sensory adaptation
short intervals, the sensation gradually becomes
weaker. This termed__________.
According to_____________, the amount of the Weber’s law
change in a stimulus needed to be detected half the
time is in direct proportion to the intensity of the
original stimulus.
Light waves are transduced into neural messages by retina
two types of receptor cells, named rods and cones, in
the ____________of the eye.
Cones are concentrated in the ___________. Fovea
The ____________theory of color vision proposes that Trichromatic
there are three kinds of cones in the retina that
respond primarily to light in either the red, green, or
blue range of wavelengths.
The sound wave is amplified by the hammer, anvil, and Middle ear
stirrup in the _____________.
The sound wave is transduced into neural impulses in Organ of Corti
the ________, which is located in the cochlea in the
inner ear
Sensory receptors located in the muscles, joints, and Kinesthetic
skin provide the brain with messages about movement,
posture, and orientation of the body. These are
called______________receptors.
According to _____________, pitch perception occurs . Place Theory
when the brain notices which portions of the basilar
membrane are being most excited by incoming sound
waves.
Objects cast smaller images on the retina when they Linear Perspective
are more distant. As a result, parallel lines, such as
railroad tracks, appear to grow closer together the
farther they are from us.
We tend to perceive lines or patterns that follow a Continuity
smooth contour as being part of a single unit.
It is a preexisting mental concept or framework that Schema
helps people organize and interpret information.
Visual stimuli in which the cues used in visual Visual Illusions
perception create a false perception.
A part of the inner ear that is characterized as a coiled, Cochlea
fluid-filled tube about 1.4 inches long that resembles a
snail. This is where the sound waves are turned into
neutral impulses.

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A form of mental training that can be used to calm the Meditation

mind, stabilize concentration, or enhance awareness of
the present moment.
_____________ in depth perception require both eyes Binocular Cues
to allow us to perceive depth.
Missing sensory information is automatically "filled in" Closure
in the process of perception to create complete and
whole perceptions.
A term in classical conditioning wherein a response is Accommodation
elicited by the conditioned stimulus.The shape of the
lens of the eye must change to focus the visual image
on the retina from stimuli that are different distances
from the eye.
drugs act on the nervous system to alter Psychoactive
consciousness, modify perceptions and alter mood.
When we perceive a visual stimulus, part of what we Figure-ground
see is the center of our attention and the rest isthe
indistinct ground
A type of reinforcement that is learned by association, Proximity
usually via classical conditioning like money, grades,
and peer approval.Things that are close together are
usually perceived as belonging together.
It is the tendency for perceptions of objects to remain Perceptual constancy
relatively unchanged in spite of changes in
rawsensations.
This refers to the savory taste of meat stock, cheese, Umami
and mushrooms, that some scientists believe is
another type of taste bud.
The ______________ schedule is where Fixed interval
reinforcement always follows the first response after a
set amount of time, producing a response pattern in
which the rate of response immediately following
reinforcement is low.
Closer objects tend to be partially in front of, or partially Superposition
cover up, more distant objects.
A theory of dreaming that rests on the idea that Cognitive
dreams are essentially subconscious cognitive
processing.
Theory of DreamingThis is a state of mind Hypnosis
characterized by focused attention, suggestibility,
absorption, lack of voluntarycontrol over behavior, and
suspension of critical faculties of mind.
_____ is a heightened awareness of the present Mindfulness
moment, which can be applied to events in one’s
environment and events in one’s own mind.
According to Freud, this refers to the dream’s hidden Latent Content
content; it unconscious and true meaning.
Which of the following does mediation appear to All of the above

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improve?
_____________ includes automatic processing that Lower-Level Consciousness
requires little attention?
_____________ occurs when someone is either Substance dependence
physically or psychologically reliant on a drug’s effect.
____________ produces mild hallucinations as well as Ecstasy
physiological arousal and sometimes called the “love
drug” because it produces feelings of euphoria,
warmth, and connectedness with others.
The circadian rhythm of sleep is a natural rhythm of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
sleep and waking programmed by a group of brain
cells in the hypothalamus called_________________.
A sleep disorder in which a person stops breathing Sleep Apnea
while asleep.
A sleep disorder in which a person falls asleep during Narcolepsy
alert times of the day.
According to Freud, the surface content of a dream, Manifest Content
containing dream symbols that disguise the dream’s
true meaning
Russian physiologist who received the Nobel Prize for Ivan Pavlov
his work on the role of saliva in digestion.
It refers to any stimulus that decreases the frequency Punishment
of behavior.
A form of learning in which the consequences of Operant conditioning
behavior lead to changes in the probability of its
occurrence.
An American psychologist who formulated the “law of Edward Thorndike
effect”.
It refers to any relatively permanent change in behavior learning
brought about through experience.
These reinforces are innate and often satisfy biological Primary reinforcers
needs like food, water, sex, and even artificial
sweeteners with no food value
These reinforcers are learned by association, usually Secondary reinforcers
via classical conditioning like money, grades, and peer
approval.
This reinforcement occurs when the presentation or Positive reinforcement
addition of stimulus to a situation increases the
likelihood of a behavior like giving extra credit points
for turning in homework on time
This reinforcement involves the removal of the stimulus Negative reinforcement
to increase behavior.
It refers to the process of observing and imitating Modeling
behaviors performed by others.
Type of attention in which involves concentrating on Divided Attention
more than one activity at the same time.
A type of effortful retrieval that occurs when we are Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
confident that we know something but cannot quite pull

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- A.C.M.
it out of memory.
It refers to the retention of information about the where, Episodic memor
when, and what of life’s happenings – that is how
individuals remember life’s episodes.
It is a conscious recollection of information, such as Explicit memory
specific facts and events and at least in humans,
information that can be verbally communicated.
A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps Schema
people to organize and interpret information.
This is a special form of episodic memory, consisting Autobiographical Memory
of a person’s recollections of his or her life experiences
This pertains to the memory of emotionally significant Flashbulb Memory
events that people often recall with more accuracy and
vivid imagery than everyday events.
A condition when individual forgets something because Motivated Forgetting
it is so painful or anxiety laden that remembering is
intolerable
It refers to a memory loss for a segment of the past but Retrograde Amnesia
not for new events.
This occurs when material that was learned earlier Proactive Interference
disrupts the recall of material learned later. taught
earlier
These are substances that create distorted perceptions Hallucinogens
of reality ranging from mild to extreme.
A psychoactive drug that stimulates the brain by caffeine
blocking neurotransmitters that slow down our nervous
system and cause sleep.
___________ memory is the conscious recollection of declarative
information such as specific facts and events and at
least in humans, information that can be verbally
communicated.
The activation of information that people already have Priming
in storage to help them remember new information
better and faster.
___________ is defined as the minimum intensity of a Absolute Threshold
stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time.
These processes involve changes in an individual’s Socioemotional Processes
relationship with other people, changes in emotions,
and changes in personality
The ______________ schedule is where Fixed interval
reinforcement always follows the first response after a
set amount of time, producing a response pattern in
which the rate of response immediately following
reinforcement is low.
Most individuals have progressed to full adult Formal Operationa
cognition, including the ability to reason using abstract
concepts
A part of the inner ear that is characterized as a coiled, Cochlea

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fluid-filled tube about 1.4 inches long that resembles a

snail. This is where the sound waves are turned into
neutral impulses
Conflicts over dangerous motives or feelings are Reaction formation
avoided by unconsciously transforming them into the
opposite desire
Shirley, a sales representative, uses MapQuest to get Algorithm
driving directions to her client’s office. She is using
a(n)_______________to reach her destinations.
The reproducibility of the test’s result is known as Reliability
______________.
Someone who has difficulty exploring more than one Functional fixedness
possible solution to a problem is demonstrating_____.
If mental age is the same as chrono;ogical age, the Average
individual’s IQ is 100 or _________.
These are states of cellular or bodily deficiency that Needs
compel drives; these are what your body seeks.
The body functions best at a specific level of arousal, Optimum Level Theories
which varies from one individual to another .
These are brief, acute changes in conscious Emotion
experience and physiology that occur in response to a
personally meaningful situation
Theory that views motivated behavior as directed . Drive-reduction theory
toward the reduction of a physiological need.
These are the perceived states of tension that occur Drives
when our bodies are deficient in some need and
creating an urge to relieve the tension.
Deductive reasoning starts at _________and goes to The general; the specific
_____________.
This refers to any external object or event that Incentives
motivates behavior.
These pertain to development of one’s potential to the Self-actualization needs
fullest extent.
This includes food, water and sleep. Basic Physiological Needs
A classic research by Yerkes and Dodson which states Optimal Arousal Model
that we function in accordance to a certain level.
_______ pertains to the ability to grapple with the big Existentialist
questions of human existence, such as meaning of life
and death, with special sensitivity to issues of
spirituality.
Categories by which the mind groups things, events, Concepts
and characteristics are called_____.
An example of concept is __________________. A vegetable
This is the urge to move towards one's goals. Motivation
Critical thinking involves two mental habits such as Mindfulness and open-mindedness
_______and ______.
The common criterion for determining mental an IQ below 70
retardation is ________.

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The needs for affiliation with friends, supportive family, Belongingness & Love Needs
group identification and intimate relationship.
This theory taks about how an emotional reaction is a James-Lange Theory
result of physiological reactions to stimul
This involves anything that energizes or directs Motives
behavior.
The needs for attention and recognition from others, & Esteem Needs
feelings of achievement, competence, & mastery.
Someone who has difficulty exploring more than one Functional fixedness
possible solution to a problem is demonstrating_____.
This includes food, water and sleep. Basic Physiological Needs
These are the needs for order, predictability, physical Safety Needs
security, & freedom from fear.
It consists of unconscious drives and is the individual’s Id
reservoir of sexual energy. It works for the pleasure
principle.
The emotional nature of stressful events is lessened at Intellectualization
times by reducing it to cold logic
It is the most powerful and pervasive defense Repression
mechanism. It pushes unacceptable id impulses back
into the unconscious mind.
He/She is referred to as the father of American Gordon Allport
personality psychology.
He/She believed that the need for security, not for sex, Karen Horney
is the prime motive of human existence.
The tendency to worry and experience negative Neuroticism
emotions.
These are tactics that the ego uses to reduce anxiety Defense Mechanisms
by unconsciously distorting reality.
He/She believed that we are all born with the raw Carl Rogers
ingredients of a fulfilling life – we simply need the right
condition to thrive. Each person is born with natural
capacities for growth and fulfillment.
_________ is a method of measuring personality Objective Test
characteristics that directly asks people whether
specific items describe their personality traits.
This is the most primitive defense mechanism, in which Denial
the ego simply refuses to acknowledge anxiety-
producing realities.
_________ emphasizes that personality is primarily Psychodynamic Perspective
unconscious or is beyond awareness, thus enduring
patterns that make up personality are largely
unavailable to out conscious awareness and they
powerfully shape our behaviors.
According ___________self-actualization is the Abraham Maslow
motivation to develop one’s full potential as human
being. A person at this optimal level of existence would
be tolerant of others, have a gentle sense of humor,

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and be likely to pursue the greater good.

This defense mechanism involves directing Displacement
unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target.
This is Jung’s name for the impersonal, deepest layer Collective unconscious
of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings
because of their common ancestral past.
The person expresses an unconscious wish in a Sublimation
socially valued way, such as a boxer who channeled
his aggressive drive in the ring.
_________ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive Personality
thoughts and emotions, and behaviors that
characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.
this is the Freudian structure of personality that deals Ego
with the demands of reality. It abides by reality
principle as it tries to bring the individual pleasure
within the norms of the society.
This is the harsh internal judge of our behavior. It is Superego
reflected in what we often call conscience and
evaluates the morality of our behavior
He/She concluded that archetypes emerge in art, Carl Jung
literature, religion and dreams .
A factor of personality characterized by being more Extraversion
likely than others to engage in social activities,
experience gratitude, strong sense of meaning in life,
and are more forgiving.
The Freudian structure personality that is known as the Superego
harsh internal judge of our behavior. It is reflected in
what we often call conscience and evaluates the
morality of our behavior.
These are strategies that comes in different forms such Algorithms
as formulas, instructions, and the testing of possible
solutions.
The model of motivation implies that all organisms are Drive Reduction Mode
motivated to maintain physiological equilibrium around
an optimal set point.
This means thinking reflectively and productively and Critical Thinking
evaluating the evidence.
This stage of human development is when the young Early childhood
child's thought is egocentric or selfcentered, as they
can only see things from their perspective
A normal physical response to events that make you Stress
feel threatened or upset your balance in some way.
This results from appraisal of demands of a situation
as exceeding our ability to cope with or manage those
demands.
A tool used by Freud in which the patient is Free Association
encouraged to talk about whatever comes to mind,
allowing contents of the unconscious mind to slip past

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the censorship of the ego.

A defense mechanism that is a special form of Sublimation
displacement in which the person expresses an
unconscious wish in a socially valued way.
This is a basic drive that ensures that we take in Hunger
sufficient nutrition to survive.
A method developed by Freud in which the symbols of . Dream Interpretation
the manifest content of dreams that are recalled by the
patient are interpreted to reveal their latent content.
The Freudian structure of personality that deals with Ego
the demands of reality.
Any form of patient opposition to the process of Interpretation of Resistance
psychoanalysis.
The phenomenon in psychoanalysis in which the Interpretation of Transference
patient comes to feel and act toward the therapist in
ways that resemble how he or she feels and acts
toward other significant adults.
The likeliness over others to engage in social activities, Extraversion
experience gratitude, show strong sense of meaning in
life and be more forgiving.
The release of emotional energy related to Catharsis
unconscious conflicts.
The perceived states of tension that occur when our Drives
bodies are deficient in some need and creating an
urge to relieve the tension.
s the mental ability of transforming information to reach Reasoning
conclusions.
In Erik Erikson's Stages of Personality Development, 11-18 years
at what age do we acquire our sense of own identity
and grow confused about our role in life?
reasoning starts from a general case that we know to Deductive
be true to a specific instance.
A biological theory of aging that argues that aging in Hormonal Stress Theory
the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to
stress and increase the likelihood of the disease.
This refers to the tendency of members of groups to Social Loafing
work less hard when group performance is measured
than when individual performance is measured.
The following statements except for one are true. Obedience is more likely to occur
when we are in the presence of other
disobedient individual.
behavior interferes with everyday functioning and Dysfunctional
occasionally can be a risk to oneself or others.
This consists of guidelines provided by every culture Social Norms
for judging acceptable and unacceptable behavior
It is a branch of psychology that studies individuals as Social Psychology
they interact with others.
It refers to the phenomenon in psychoanalysis in which Interpretation of transference

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the patient comes to feel and act toward the therapist

in ways that resemble how he or she feels and acts
The theoretical approach to psychological disorders . Biological approach
that attributes psychological disorders to organic and
internal causes
It refers to the effect in which working in a group Social Facilitation
improves one’s performance on individual projects.
refers to anything people do to deal with or manage Coping
stress or emotions
A kind of conflict that requires the individual to choose Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
between alternatives that contain both positive and
negative consequences.
behavior leads to real discomfort or anguish, either in Distressing
the person directly or in others.
means different from the norm or different from what Deviant
most people do.
This refers to yielding to group pressure to act as Conformity
everyone else does.
A defense mechanism wherein stress is reduced by Regression
returning to an earlier pattern of behavior.
When we perceive a visual stimulus, part of what we Figure-ground
see is the center of our attention and the rest is the
indistinct ground.
A type of reinforcement that is learned by association, Secondary reinforcers
usually via classical conditioning like money, grades,
and peer approval.
It is the tendency for perceptions of objects to remain Perceptual constancy
relatively unchanged in spite of changes in raw
sensations.
This refers to the person’s observable characteristics Phenotypes
which show the contributions of both nature (genetic
heritage) and nurture (environment).
Stress is reduced by explaining away the source of Rationalization
stress in ways that sound logical.
It refers to the pattern of continuity and change in Development
human capabilities that occurs throughout the course
of life, involving both growth and decline.
This leads to changes in many aspects of our Psychological Reaction
psychological states and process – changes in our
emotions, motivations, and cognitions.
A form of mental training that can be used to calm the Meditation
mind, stabilize concentration, or enhance awareness of
the present moment.
A theory of dreaming that rests on the idea that Cognitive Theory of Dreaming
dreams are essentially subconscious cognitive
processing.
At this stage (2 – 7 years), the child is capable of Preoperational Stage

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symbolic thought – however, this thinking is still quite

different from that of adults. It is often “illogical” in ways
that reveal the unique nature of preoperational
cognition
These processes pertain to changes in individual’s Cognitive Processes
thought, intelligence, and language.
These processes involve changes in an individual’s Physical Processe
biological nature.
This requires the individual to choose between Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
alternatives that contain both positive and negative
consequences.
These are substances that create distorted perceptions Hallucinogens
of reality ranging from mild to extreme.
The type of reaction that pertains to the fact that the . Physiological Reactions
body reacts to stress with an alarm reaction, a phase
of resistance to the stress, and a stage of exhaustion if
coping is not successful.
A psychoactive drug that stimulates the brain by Caffeine
blocking neurotransmitters that slow down our nervous
system and cause sleep.
The following except for one are the changes during Increase in crystallized intelligence or
the adolescence period. individual’s accumulated information
and verbal skills
This can be thought of as any event that strains or Stress
exceeds an individual’s ability to cope.
It occurs when a single sperm cell from the male Conception
merges with the female’s ovum (egg) to produce a
zygote – a single cell with 23 chromosomes from the
mother and 23 from the father.
Conflict in which an individual must choose between Avoidance-avoidance conflict
two negative outcomes of approximately equal value.
An eclectic approach integrates or combines several True
perspectives to provide a more complete picture of
behavior.
programs.
A theoretical approach to psychological disorders that Biopsychosocial model
implies that these are influenced by biological factors
such as genes, psychological factors such as
childhood experiences and sociocultural factors such
as gender.
psychology is the field of psychology that uses Health
psychological principles to encourage healthy lifestyles
and to minimize the impact of stress
The tendency for group discussion to make beliefs and Polarization

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- A.C.M.
attitudes more extreme.
are culturally determined guidelines that tell people Social roles

what behavior is expected of them
A form of psychotherapy that focuses on the accurate Interpersonal Psychotherapy
identification and communication of feelings and the
improvement of current social relationships
An eclectic approach integrates or combines several True
perspectives to provide a more complete picture of
behavior
Environmental psychology explores the effects of True
This is characterized more likely than others to engage Extraversion
in social activities, experience gratitude, strong sense
of meaning in life, and are more forgiving.
means different from the norm or different from what Deviant
most people do.
A kind of conflict that requires the individual to choose . Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
between alternatives that contain both positive and
negative consequences.
This refers to the interpretation of sensation. It is an Perception
active process in which perceptions that are created
often go beyond the minimal information provided by
the senses.
He/She believed that we are all born with the raw Carl Rogers
ingredients of a fulfilling life – we simply need the right
condition to thrive. Each person is born with natural
capacities for growth and fulfillment.
refers to a method in which faulty cognitions, Cognitive restructuring
maladaptive beliefs, expectations and ways of thinking
are changed by pointing out their irrationality.
programs.
behavior leads to real discomfort or anguish, either in Distressing
the person directly or in others
He/She believed that the need for security, not for sex, Karen Horney
is the prime motive of human existence
The theoretical approach to psychological disorders Biological approach
that attributes psychological disorders to organic and
internal causes
reactions occurs when the body reacts to stress with Physiological
an alarmed reaction, a phase of resistance to the
stress, and a stage of exhaustion if coping is not
successful.

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- A.C.M.
A disorder that involves a sudden loss of memory or Dissociative disorders

change of identity.
This refers to the tendency of members of groups to social loafing
work less hard when group performance is measured
than when individual performance is measured.
He/She concluded that archetypes emerge in art, Carl Jung
literature, religion and dreams.
Darwin’s theory speculated that certain behaviors or True
traits that enhance survival are naturally selected.
This is the harsh internal judge of our behavior. It is Superego
reflected in what we often call conscience and
evaluates the morality of our behavior.
This refers to yielding to group pressure to act as Conformity
everyone else does.
According ___________self-actualization is the Abraham Maslow
motivation to develop one’s full potential as human
being. A person at this optimal level of existence would
be tolerant of others, have a gentle sense of humor,
and be likely to pursue the greater good.
This is Jung’s name for the impersonal, deepest layer Collective unconscious
of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings
because of their common ancestral past
A response is an organism's reaction to a stimulus. True
He/She is referred to as the father of American Gordon Allport
personality psychology.
These are tactics that the ego uses to reduce anxiety Defense Mechanisms
by unconsciously distorting reality.
is a form of therapy in which a trained professional Psychotherapy
uses methods based on psychological theories to help
a person with psychological problems.
The tendency to worry and experience negative Neuroticism
emotions.
A defense mechanism wherein the emotional nature of Intellectualization
stressful events is lessened at times by reducing it with
the help of logic.
It refers to the phenomenon in psychoanalysis in which . Interpretation of transference
the patient comes to feel and act toward the therapist
in ways that resemble how he or she feels and acts
A defense mechanism wherein stress is reduced by Regression A disorder that involves a
returning to an earlier pattern of behavior. sudden loss of memory or change of
identity.
Erikson’s psychosocial stage when a child Learns to Industry vs. Inferiority
meet the demands imposed by school and home
responsibilities; or comes to believe that he or she is
inferior to others.
Conflict in which achieving a positive goal will produce . Approach-avoidance conflict
a negative outcome as well.

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- A.C.M.
Conflict in which the individual must choose between . Approach-approach conflict

two positive goals of approximately equal value
This is the field of psychology that uses psychological Health Psychology
principles to encourage healthy lifestyles and to
minimize the impact of stress.
American Psychologists Martin Seligman and Ed False - Positive psychology
Diener introduced behaviorism.
Gestalt is any object or event that is perceived by our False - Stimulus
senses.
Health psychology examines how people become who False - Developmental
biological and environmental factors.
Clinicalpsychology applies findings in all areas of Industrial and Organization

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| PSYC6101 – INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY |

The nucleus of neuron contains____________ the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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operational definition of selfish in Paul’s study is

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Cones are concentrated in the ___________. Fovea

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When a stimulus is continuously present or repeated at Sensory adaptation

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dreaming, facial movements, sensory processes and

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A form of mental training that can be used to calm the Meditation

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fluid-filled tube about 1.4 inches long that resembles a

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and be likely to pursue the greater good.

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the censorship of the ego.

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the patient comes to feel and act toward the therapist

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symbolic thought – however, this thinking is still quite

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attitudes more extreme.

are culturally determined guidelines that tell people Social roles

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A disorder that involves a sudden loss of memory or Dissociative disorders

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Conflict in which the individual must choose between . Approach-approach conflict

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