Leadership and Management

Theories and Practices

Module
BS4S19 - Tutorial 1

© University of South Wales

 Aims of the session
• Aims of the module, module overview, module
delivery and module assessment
• Resources
• The importance of leadership and management
theories as a point of critical discussion
• Key contextual factors that shape Leadership
and Management Theories and Practices
• Introduction to Classic Approaches
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 Aims of the module
• Develop knowledge and understanding of a range of
traditional and contemporary leadership and management
theories and practices in a range of organisational settings

• Provide a theoretical framework to support the development

for the critical discussion, evaluation and reflection of
leadership and management practices

• Critically understand the role of leadership and management

has in contributing to the achievement of organisational
objectives
• Prepare individuals for/to develop of a career in business
and management.
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 Module Overview
• The evolution of leadership and management
theories and practices
• Management Theories
• Leadership Theories
• Leadership vs Management
• Traditional and contemporary practices of
Managing and Leading people (motivation theories,
employee engagement, emotional intelligence)

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 Module Delivery

• Lecture – 1h Online
Access via Module Blackboard Page
Online Classroom heading – register to enter online session

• Tutorials/Workshops – 3h Face-2-face
Groups of 30 students
Participative Delivery Style
Students are expected to actively participate in all sessions

Reading in between classes is expected

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 Module Assessment
• Assessment Category: Written Assignments
• Assessment: 2 Assignments of 2.500 words +/-10% each

• Assignment 1: Critically evaluate traditional and contemporary

leadership and management theories

• Assignment 2: Critically discuss the leadership and management

practices in a contemporary organisation

• Assessment Submission: Turnitin Upload

• Each Assignment Weight percentage: 50%

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 Assignments Submission Dates
Assignment 1 (2.500w +/- 10%)
Critically evaluate traditional and contemporary
leadership and management theories
Submission date – 21st March 2022 – 23:59

Assignment 2 (2.500w +/-10%)

Critically discuss the leadership and management
practices in a contemporary organisation
Submission date – 30th April 2022 – 23:59

• Assignment Submissions: Turnitin upload

• Weight percentage: 50% each
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Key Considerations about Assignment Submissions

• Library Resources

• Academic Support

• Similarity Rates

• Late Submissions

• Marking Quality Control

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 Library Resources
Library resources for learning, researching and course work
• Animated short – Welcome to USW Libraries – a brief overview of library services for
2021/2022. https://youtu.be/XI9PEClfAW4

• Business Librarian induction: very basic overview of library

services https://youtu.be/3zBCRK9DBEI

• Introduction to the Online Library at USW - https://youtu.be/QPKZg0wnL7U

• All our 7 short “How to” videos available from here - https://youtu.be/hXJTvkXqzRo

Basic Tutorials

• Our short online library tutorials are suited for students with little or no experience of
libraries in education. These are available from here -
https://libguides.southwales.ac.uk/library-skills

More Advanced videos

• Videos covering library resources and searching skills in more depth - Business Source
Complete, FINDit by references, Information Resources, Advanced Searching are valid and
up-to-date.

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 Understanding Leadership & Management Theories
• Management theory
Focus from the late 19th century to today

• Management thinkers
Influence on how organisations are conceived of and run – important
to understand their contributions.

• Management theories
influenced by the technological, social and economic contexts of
their time

• Management theories are infused with values and worldviews

There is no unified theory of management or leadership there are many

approaches for managing resources and leading organisations

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 The Importance of Theory

• To understand
• To explain
• To apply
• To learn
• To improve practice
• Relationship between theory and practice

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Evolution of Management Theories

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Evolution of Leadership

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 Leadership and Management theories
Contextual Influences
• Technological context and drivers
• Social context and drivers
• Economic context and drivers
• Systems of production and value creation
• Theoretical developments in other fields, such
as physics, biological systems, social theory…

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 Discussion
Think about your country
• Which of the forces below have driven development
since the turn of the century?
• Technological context and drivers
• Social context and drivers
• Economic context and drivers
• Economic system of production/value creation
• Theoretical developments in other fields, such as
physics, biological systems, social theory…

• How have these contexts and drivers influenced

Leadership and Management in your country?
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 Technological context and drivers
• Nicolai Kondratiev: waves/long waves that are
founded on technological innovation (every 40-60
years in last 200 years)
– The Major Economic Cycles (1925)
– Emergence of new industries
– New job roles and professions
– New business cultures and approaches
– Increased productivity
• Josef Schumpeter perspective – ‘creative destruction’
– technological progress as driver of growth,
innovation, competition within capitalist system
– Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942)

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 Social Context

• Education
• Values
• Authority
• Forms of social organisation; networks
– Castells, The Rise of Networked Society (1996)
– Benkler, The Wealth of Networks: how social
production markets and freedom (2006)
• Culture
• Motivation and human needs

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 Economic context
• Composition of the economy: industries,
sectors
• Employment and skills
• New value creation and growth
• Innovation
• Entrepreneurship
• Foundational and Circular Economies

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 Management & Leadership Theories
Theoretical lenses
Industrial age Management and Leadership
late 19th early 20th century: mechanisation
large scale production

Mid-20th Century to now

greater human focus and innovation

Management and Leadership are influenced by:

theoretical developments in Natural sciences
(e.g. Complexity and Systems)
Social theory (e.g. Identities, Power)
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 Definitions of Management

To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, command,

coordinate and control resources
Fayol (1916)

Managing is an operational process initially best dissected by

analyzing the managerial functions
The five essential managerial functions: planning, organizing,
staffing, directing, leading and controlling.
Koontz and O’Donnell (1984)

Core management functions and activities:

Planning, Organising, Motivating and Controlling (POMC)

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Evolution of Management Theories

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 The ‘Classical’ Approach Overview
The Classical Approach fundamental principles:

• Clarity of organisational purpose

• Effectiveness of structure
• Efficiency
• The division of work
• Clarity of duty and responsibility at all levels
• Formal organisational relationships
• Clear logical planning
• A hierarchical approach to management structure
• An assumption of rational and logical behaviour

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 Classical Approaches
• Scientific management
Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1917)

• Administrative management
Henri Fayol (1841-1925)

• Bureaucratic management
Max Weber (1864-1920)

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Scientific management – Frederick W. Taylor
• Frederick W. Taylor (1856 to 1917) widely described as the ‘father’ of
scientific management

Focus on analysing, modifying and standardising workflows in the pursuit of

efficiency and productivity

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 Scientific Management - Activity
Scientific management focus on analysing, modifying and
standardising workflows in the pursuit of efficiency and
productivity

Identify at least 1 example of a contemporary organisation

using scientific management practices

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 Administrative Management - Henri Fayol
Henri Fayol (1841 – 1925) – first industrial management theorist
• 1872 – Manager for a group of pits
• 1888 – Managing director of Comambult combine, which faced
financial disaster; Fayol credited with its turnaround

First to attempt a complete answer to the question:

‘What is management?
Fayol’s five elements of industrial management
1. To forecast and plan
2. To organise
3. To command
4. To coordinate
5. To control

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 Administrative Management - Activity
Administrative management focus on forecasting and planning,
organising, commanding, coordinating and controlling

Identify at least 1 example of a contemporary organisation

using administrative management practices

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 Bureaucracy - Max Weber

Max Weber (1864-1920) – Sociologist, focused on power and

authority, concept of the legitimacy of legal authority, which led
to his work on bureaucracy
Key Characteristics of Bureaucracy
1. Specialization of the role or job rather than the person
2. Hierarchy of authority gives a clear distinction between those
who administer or manages and those who are managed
3. Systems of rules providing for an efficient and impersonal
operation. Knowledge of the rules is important
4. Impersonality should mean that advancement and the exercise of
authority are not arbitrary
(Summarised in Mullins, p.49)

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 Bureaucratic Management - Activity
Bureaucratic management focus on Specialization of the role or
job; Hierarchy of authority, clear distinction between those who
administer or manages and those who are managed; Systems of rules
for an efficient and impersonal operation. Knowledge of the rules is
important; Impersonality should mean that advancement and the
exercise of authority are not arbitrary

Identify at least 1 example of a contemporary organisation

using bureaucratic management practices

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 Women & Classical Management Approaches
Lillian Gilbreth (1878-1972)

Viewed as the “mother of Modern Management”. She was

interested in the impact of stress, lack of sleep and Ergonomics in
Time and Motion Management.

Lillian Gilbreth is widely credited with being the pioneering

industrial/organisational psychologist that brought the human
factor into Scientific Management. These interests lead the way
to the development of Human Resource Management.

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 Leadership and Management
Common thread
PEOPLE & Organisations

Staff Managers Leaders

Materials Production/Processing Added Value

Sustainability/Growth

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 References
The Importance of leadership and management
theories and practices as a point of discussion today
Identify at least 4 to 6 contemporary (last 10 years) publications that can be
used as supporting references for the above statement and list them below.
This list of publications will be useful for the Assignment
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
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 References
Definitions of Management / Definitions of Leadership
Identify at least 4 to 6 contemporary (last 10 years) publications that can be
used as supporting references for the above statements and list them below.
This list of publications will be useful for the Assignment
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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 Homework
• Go to and fully explore the BS4S19 Module
Blackboard page and its resources

• Print the USW Harvard Referencing Style (21pgs)

• Williams, K. “Getting Critical”, Palgrave

Macmillan

• Ivory, S. B (2021) Becoming a Critical Thinker –

Oxford Publications

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 Referencing Samples
Freeman, C. and Louçã, F. (2001) As Time Goes By: From
the Industrial Revolution to the Information Revolution,
Oxford University Press
• Carlota Perez. Technological Revolutions and
Financial Capital: The Dynamics of Bubbles and
Golden Ages. London: Elgar 2002
Schumpeter, J. (1942) Capitalism, Socialism and
Democracy

One of the above references is not presented according to USW

Harvard Referencing Style, which one is it and why?
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