Smart Blind Stick: Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sanghar Campus

SHAHEED BENAZIR BHUTTO UNIVERSITY, SANGHAR CAMPUS
Knowledge Commitment Leadership
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Submitted in fulfilment of the partial requirements for the degree of
I Bachelor of Science (Information Technology)
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O Smart Blind Stick
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A Supervised by: Mr. Shahzad Ali
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O By:
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T Mr. Amjad Ali 18IT019

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Mr. Jabran Ali 18IT023
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SHAHEED BENAZIR BHUTTO UNIVERSITY, SANGHAR

CAMPUS :2020
Submitted in fulfilment of the partial requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science
In
Information Technology
A Thesis Submitted by:
Mr. Amjad Ali 18IT019

Mr. Asadullah 18IT021
SUPERVISOR: Mr. Shahzad Ali
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. ___________ S/o ___________ Roll No. ______ Final
Year student of Bachelor of Science (Information Technology) completed the
compulsory requirement of Project / Thesis during session, 2018-22. Thesis
“Smart Device for Blind People System” submitted to the Shaheed Benazir Bhutto
University, Sanghar Campus for the Bachelor of Science (Information
Technology).
Supervisor External Examiner
Mr. Shahzad Ali Prof. Dr. Umair Ali Khan
Focal Person
Manzar Bashir Arain
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DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this thesis/project is a presentation of our own work except as
cited in the references and that it has not been submitted anywhere for any award.
Name (Roll #.) Signature

Mr. Amjad Ali 18IT019
Mr. Asadullah 18IT021
Dated: _________________________
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DEDICATION
We are dedicating our whole efforts to our respected
“PARENTS & TEACHERS”
Whom we are really inspired, their pure love, devotion
Natural attitude and sincerity is matter of great
Pleasure and pride for us
Their encourage and simulating morally, socially and
Academically based teachings have always been
Proved for us as a
“PATH TOWARDS SUCCESS”
They have given us name, which caused us
Identification in society.
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ACKNOWLEDEMENT
We thank Almighty Allah who gives us the strength and ability to think, work and
deliver what we are assigned to do.
Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Mr. Shahzad
Ali for the continuous support of my project, for this patience, motivation, enthusiasm
and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of writing of this
thesis.
I also acknowledge our chairman Mr. Shahzad Ali who guided, taught and helped us
during our whole study period.
Mr. Amjad Ali (18IT019)

Mr. Jabran Ali (18IT023)
Mr. Asadullah (18IT021)
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ABSTRACT:
Neurological factors resulting into visual ability caused the vision blindness. It would
be temporary or permanent and partial or complete. Blindness caused the dependent
on other for help. If we talk about the today’s world disable people become dependent
on other and seek help others. This stick is innovative devise which is an initiative
because to help blind people to solve their problem faced by them in daily life.
The blind stick is connected with their ultrasonic sensors, panic switch, navigation
switch and Bluetooth and soil moisture detector with Arduino UNO. This blind stick
is automatically detecting the obstacle in front of person in the system.
This stick is a Smart Device for Blind People is system device which incorporate
several features like obstacle detection, navigation. Panic button and moisture
detector.it is main objective is to help blind people to walk with complete relive and
self-dependence.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATE ii
DECLARATION iii
DEDICATION IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT VI
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem Statement 3
1.3 Purpose 3
1.4 Project Objectives 3
1.5 Related Work 3
1.6 Organization of thesis 4
CHAPTER 2: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
2.1 Arduino UNO 5
2.1.1 Power USB 6
2.1.2 Barrel jack
2.1.3 Voltage Regulator 7
2.1.4 Crystal Oscillator 7
2.1.5 Arduino reset8
2.1.6 Pins 8
2.1.7 Analog pins 9
2.1.8 Main microcontroller 10
2.1.9 ICSP Pins 11
2.1.10 Digital I/O 11
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2.1.11 AREF 12
2.2 Ultrasonic Sensor 12

2.2.1 Ultrasonic Sensor Range 13
2.2.2 Size 13
2.2.3 Measurements 13
2.2.4 Inventor14
2.3 Buzzer 14
2.3.1 History 15
2.3.2 Electromechanical 15
2.3.3 Piezoelectric 15
2.4 Capacitor 16
2.4.1 Purpose 16
2.4.2 Impedance 16
2.4.3 Polarity 17
2.5 Resistor 17
2.5.1 Power 17
2.6 LED 18
2.6.1 Voltages18
2.6.2 Types of LED 18
2.6.2.1 Dimmer switch 18
2.6.2.2 Color LED 18
2.6.2.3 LED Tubes for Lighting 18
2.6.2.4 SMD LED 18
2.6.2.5 COB LED 18
2.6.2.6 Graphene LED 18
2.6.2.7 Traditional LED 19
2.6.2.8 Maximum Brightness 19
2.6.2.9 Organic LED 19
2.7 Programming language used 19
2.7.1 Arduino IDE software 20
2.8 Techniques 22
CHAPTER 3: DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE

SYSTEM
3.1 Plan of Work 23
3.2 Working of the project 23
3.3 Block Diagram 24
3.4 Use Case Diagram 25
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3.5 Programming Code 18
CHAPTER 4: FEATURES OF OUR SYSTEM
4.1 Important Features 28

4.2 Entirely Automated 28
4.3 Can Be Maintained 7 Operated Easily 28
4.4 Very Comfy to Function 28
4.5 Automatic & Durable 28
4.6 Low Power Consumption 28
4.7 The Microcontroller can be code protect 28
4.8 Overall manufacturing 28
4.9 Prototype of smart device for Blind people 22
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
5.1 Conclusion 23
5.2 Future Work 23
5.3 Result 24
References 25
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List of Figures
Figure 2.1: Arduino Uno Device 5
Figure 2.1.1: Power USB 6
Figure 2.1.2: Barrel Jack 6
Figure 2.1.3: Voltage regulator 7
Figure 2.1.4: crystal oscillator 7
Figure 2.1.5: Arduino Reset 8
Figure 2.1.6: Pins 9
Figure 2.1.7: Analog Pins 9
Figure 2.1.8: Main Microcontroller 10
Figure 2.1.9: ICSP Pins 11
Figure 2.1.10: Digital Pins I/O 11
Figure 2.1.11: AREF 12
Figure 2.2: Ultrasonic sensor 12
Figure 2.3: Buzzer 14
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Figure 2.3.3: Piezoelectric 15
Figure 2.4: Capacitor 16
Figure 2.5: Resistor 17
Figure 2.6: LED 18
Figure 2.8: Arduino IDE software 21
Figure 3.3: Block Diagram 24
Figure 3.4: Use Case Diagram 25
Figure 4.1: Prototype of Our stick 22
Figure 5.3: Final Result 24
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
Blindness is a state of lacking the visual perception due to physiological or

neurological factors. For most of us who are normal and healthy at least can reach the
destination somehow but for some unfortunates like the blind location becomes an
extremely tedious process. They will need of continuous help and companionship till
they reach their desired destination.
According to research of WHO (“World Health Org”) Globally, among 7.79 billion
people living in 2020, from them an estimated 49.1 million peoples are have
blindness Problem. It means there are more than 60% of people in the world have
blindness problem some of them are blind from birth, some of peoples are blind
because of accidents and some peoples are blind because of technology over usage
(Mobiles, LCD, blue rays). And some of them are blind because of overage. These all
peoples are needy of others help because they can’t go anywhere or move from one
place to another this is more difficult for them. Every time they need help of others.
In this busy life no one is available all the time for the help of other people. And also
blind peoples want to be independent. Blind people use a white stick as a tool for
direction, when they move or walk. Here, we develop a tool which can serve as a
blind device being more efficient and helpful than the conventional one. The smart
stick for the blind as the name suggests is a device for the visually impaired to guide
the user to respective destination and avoiding to collide with the obstacles this is
easy to use having sensors detectors to detect which detect obstacles in range of
200cm in front of blind peoples. Low in cost high performance and 95% of accuracy
easy to understand. Technology can indeed neutralize human disability with this in
mind let us use the power of Arduino and simple sensors to build a Smart Device for
Blind People. That could perform more than just like a stick for blind persons.
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We all notice blind peoples. Their life is full of risks. They can’t walk without the
help of others. Their life is always dependent of others holding hands or taking dogs
along with them. Now these days TV and Mobiles are the main reasons of blindness.
We do a small research about new generation of peoples. They are using the mobiles
all the time playing games watching continues 2,2 hours’ movies and sessions on
Netflix. Through this there are many problems for eyesight weakness just like
“Blurred vision, Eye fatigue” cause of mobile blue light the people at the age of 60 get
blindness problems. Through the research of AMD, it’s predicted that by 2040, 288
million people will be affected AMD is one of the world’s leading causes of
blindness. we take the man which is our relative they have suffering for blindness
because of over age therefore that old man doesn’t go anywhere because when he is
going or decide to go anywhere the man don’t know how to walk and face so many
difficulties while walking on street and hitted by cars, peoples and fall dawn on the
ground. We saw these all problems then think how to help this person being an IT
student. Then we take help of internet and search about blind peoples and take some
ideas and start to make a stick using Arduino Nano and sensors to detect everything
which come in front of the stick.
Now this time technology is making advance things for human help technology has
made work easier for humans. Technology replace 100 peoples with one machine.
Now the artificial intelligence made many things to help humans just putting sensors
and installing coding into it. Like that we make a stick using Arduino and sensors and
other things. To help blind peoples to walk not holding others hand.
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1.2 Problem Statement:
Blindness can be temporary or permanent and partial or complete blindness causing a

person to become dependent on others for help. In today’s world even the disable
people want to be independent and do not want to seek help from others.
1.3 Purpose:
The purpose of this project is to help blind peoples to move from one place to another
place with the help of blind stick basically the purpose is to make the stick is to
comfort to old age peoples who is suffering from the blindness problem. for example
we take the man which is our relative they have suffering for blindness because of
over age therefore that man don’t go anywhere because when he is going or decide to
go anywhere the man don’t know how to walk then we being the students of It
department we are going to start to help that man so the group of people sharing their
ideas that how we help the person one of my friend tell that we made a stick which is
totally depends on sensors whenever that man start to walk they usually c6n array the
stick which can help the overage people. The stick is easy to carry when something is
in front of them then the sensors tells that there is something is in front of him.
1.4 Project Objective:
The main objective of the device is to help blind people to walk with complete relieve
and self-dependency. The blind stick is integrated with three ultrasonic sensors, panic
switch, navigation switch, and Bluetooth and soil moisture detector along with
Arduino UNO.
1.5 Related Work:
Ever heard of Hugh Herr? He is a famous American rock climber who has shattered
the limitations of his disabilities; he is a strong believer that technology could help
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disabled persons to live a normal life. In one of his TED talk Herr said “Humans are
not disabled. A person can never be broken. Our built environment, our technologies,
is broken and disabled. We the people need not accept our limitations, but can transfer
disability through technological Innovation”. These were not just words but he lived
his life to them, today he uses Prosthetic legs and claims to live to normal life. So yes,
Technology can indeed neutralize human disability; with this in mind let us use some
simple development boards and sensors to build an ultrasonic blind walking stick
using Arduino that could perform more than just a stick for visually impaired persons.
This Smart stick will have an Ultrasonic sensor to sense distance from any
obstacle, LDR to sense lighting conditions and a RF remote using which the
blind man could remotely locate his stick. All the feedbacks will be given to
the blind man through a Buzzer. Of course you can use a vibrator motor in
place of Buzzer and advance a lot more using your creativity
1.6 Organization of Thesis:
This thesis is sectioned in five chapters; all the major aspects are described inside
these chapters. In Chapter No.01 Describes the Introduction, Scope, Problem
statement and objective of our work and literature review to develop the project.
Inside chapter No.02 we have explained the study about tools-hardware and
Techniques-Process of code and program uploading process, which are utilized and
developed techniques to complete and function the project.
Chapter No.03 discoursed the design and architecture which are followed in our
project development process.
In Chapter No.04 we have explained discusses features of the system.
Inside the Chapter No.05 outlined the conclusion and future work of our system
To new advancement in our project, for new students and developers.
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CHAPTER 2
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
2.1 Arduino UNO:
The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the

Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The
board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output pins that may be
interfaced to various expansion boards and other circuits.
Figure 2.1: Arduino Uno Device with Atmel Microcontroller
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2.1.1 Power USB:
Arduino board can be powered by using the battery 5(v)
Figure 2.1.1: Power jack
2.1.2 Barrel Jack:
Power (Barrel Jack)

Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC (2).
Figure 2.1.2: Barrel jack
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2.1.3 Voltage Regulator:
The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the Arduino
board and stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements.
Figure 2.1.3: voltage regulator
2.1.4 Crystal Oscillator:
The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does Arduino
calculate time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The number printed on
top of the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000
Hertz or 16 MHz
Figure 2.1.4: Crystal oscillator
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2.1.5 Arduino Reset:
You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the beginning. You
can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on the
board. Second, you can connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled
RESET (5).
Figure 2.1.5: Rest button
2.1.6 Pins:
Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin)

3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt
5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt
Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and
5 volts.
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GND (8) (Ground) − There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of
which can be used to ground your circuit.
Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an
external power source, like AC mains power supply.
Figure 2.1.6: Pins
2.1.7 Analog Pins:
The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins can
read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor
and convert it into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.
Analog pins
Figure 2.1.7: Analog pins
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2.1.8 Main Microcontroller:
Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it as the brain
of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly different
from board to board. The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company. You
must know what IC your board has before loading up a new program from the
Arduino IDE. This information is available on the top of the IC. For more details
about the IC construction and functions, you can refer to the data sheet.
Main
Microcontroller
Figure 2.1.8: main microcontroller
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2.1.9 ICSP Pin:
Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino consisting
of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to as an SPI
(Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be considered as an "expansion" of the
output. Actually, you are slaving the output device to the master of the SPI bus.
Icps pins
Figure 2.1.9: Icps pins
2.1.10 Digital I/O:

The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide PWM (Pulse
Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as input digital pins to
read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive different modules like LEDs,
relays, etc. The pins labeled “~” can be used to generate PWM.
Digit al pins I/o
Figure 2.1.10: Digital pin I/O
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2.1.11 AREF:
AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an external reference
voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pin
AREF
Figure 2.1.11: AREF
2.2 Ultrasonic Sensor:
An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance to an object using

ultrasonic sound waves. An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and receive
ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an object's proximity.
Figure 2.2: Ultrasonic Sensor
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2.2.1 Ultrasonic Sensor Range:
For ultrasonic sensing, the most widely used range is 40 to 70 kHz. The frequency determines
range and resolution; the lower frequencies produce the greatest sensing range. At 58 kHz, a
commonly used frequency, the measurement resolution is once antimatter (cm), and range is
up to 11 meters
Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of
human hearing. Ultrasound is not different from "normal" sound in its physical
properties, except that humans cannot hear it. This limit varies from person to person
and is approximately 20 kilohertz in healthy young adults.
2.2.2 Size:
5 to 15 cm
Ultrasound transducers typically consist of 128-512 piezoelectric elements arranged

in linear or curvilinear arrays. Each element is equal to or less than a ½ wavelength
wide and transducer length is generally 5 to 15 cm. Each element is individually
insulated.
2.2.3 Measurements:
Ultrasonic sensors (sometimes called ultrasonic transducers), measure the distance to

or the presence of a target object by sending a sound pulse, above the range of human
hearing (ultrasonic), toward the target and then measuring the time it takes the sound
echo to return
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2.2.4 Inventor:
United States Patent [191 Father ULTRASONIC SENSOR [75] Inventor: George

H. Father, Mesa, Ariz
2.3 Buzzer:
An audio signaling device like a beeper or buzzer may be electromechanical

or piezoelectric or mechanical type. The main function of this is to convert the signal
from audio to sound. Generally, it is powered through DC voltage and used in timers,
alarm devices, printers, alarms, computers, etc. Based on the various designs, it can
generate different sounds like alarm, music, bell & siren.
Buzzer working. There are many ways to communicate between the user and a
product. One of the best ways is audio communication using a buzzer IC. So during
the design process, understanding some technologies with configurations is very
helpful. So, this article
Discusses an overview of an audio signaling device like a beeper or a buzzer and its
working with applications
Figure 2.3: Buzzer
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2.3.1 History:
The history of an electromechanical buzzer and piezoelectric is discussed below.
2.3.2 Electromechanical:
This buzzer was launched in the year 1831 by an American Scientist namely Joseph
Henry but, this was used in doorbells until they were eliminated in 1930 in support of
musical bells, which had a smooth tone.
2.3.3 Piezoelectric:
These buzzers were invented by manufacturers of Japanese & fixed into abroad range
of devices during the period of 1970s – 1980s. So, this development primarily came
due to cooperative efforts through the manufacturing companies of Japanese. In the
year 1951, they recognized the Application Research Committee of Barium Titanate
that allows the corporations to be cooperative competitively & bring about numerous
piezoelectric creations.
Color is black
Figure 2.3.3 Piezoelectric:
The frequency
range is 3,300Hz
Operating Temperature
ranges from – 20° C
to +60°C
Operating voltage ranges from 3V to 24V DC
The sound pressure level is 85dBA or 10cm
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The supply current is below 15mA
2.4 Capacitor:
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a passive

electronic component with two terminals. The effect of a capacitor is known as
capacitance.
Figure 2.4.2 Capacitor
2.4.1 Purpose:
A capacitor is an electronic component that stores and releases electricity in a circuit.

It also passes alternating current without passing direct current. A capacitor is an
indispensable part of electronic equipment and is thus almost invariably used in an
electronic circuit.
2.4.2 Impedance:
The impedance of an ideal capacitor is equal in magnitude to its reactance, but these
two quantities are not identical. Reactance is expressed as an ordinary number with
the unit ohms, whereas the impedance of a capacitor is the reactance multiplied by -j,
i.e., Z = -jX
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2.4.3 Polarity:
A capacitor that consists of the terminals which possess certain voltage values that is
either positive or negative. This type of terminal's classification leads to the
determination of the capacitor with polarity or without polarity.
2.5 Resistor:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce
current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and
terminate transmission lines, among other uses
Figure 2.5 Resistor
2.5.1 Power:
The power rating of a resistor is measured in watts, and it's usually

somewhere between ⅛W (0.125W) and 1W. Resistors with power ratings of more
than 1W are usually referred to as power resistors, and are used specifically for their
power dissipating abilities
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2.6 LED:
A light-emitting diode is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current
flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes,
releasing energy in the form of photons.
Figure 2.6 LED
2.6.1 Voltages:
LEDs often require a certain amount of volts, depending on the type and color of the
LED. Most experts recommend 2-3 volts for LEDs
2.6.2 Types of LED:
There are 9 types of LED

1. Dimmer Switches.
2. Color LED.
3. LED Tubes for Lighting.
4. SMD LED.
5. COB LED.
6. Graphene LED.
7. Traditional and Inorganic LEDs.
8. Maximum Brightness LEDs.
9. Organic LED.
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1. Dimmer Switches. The LED is available with dimmer switches similar to other
bulbs. The dimmer switch in normal incandescent bulbs doesn’t work well when
compared to dimmer switch with LED bulbs. So it is advisable to replace standard
bulbs with LED bulbs as it operates with minimum wattage than other standard
bulbs.
2. Color LED. The color LED attracts every person and is available in three
varieties like cool white LED, warm white LED, daylight LED. Most of the home
use halogen bulbs which are warm white. The color in the daylight LED which has
stark white and hint blue in it which is mainly used for highlighting the real color
3. LED Tubes for Lighting. It is implemented to substitute the fluorescent

tubes and in a few cases, it can be the single hanging replacement. The other designs
require new ballast and rewiring. It operates by offering a series of LED miniatures
along the tube length and is accessible in all the size which fits as expected.
4. SMD LED. It is expanded as a surface-mounted device and it is popular in LED

lighting. The SMD chips mounted in the bulb have additional brightness which is
reliable in office and household.
5. COB LED. The COB stands for chip on board which is another LED generation
and offers a strong amount of light than SMD and has an accessible option as
the user considered a beam of controlling light. It serves a better watt ration to
lumen that signifies as it has high productivity
6. Graphene LED. The popular channel BBC charged the evolution of light
comprises LED filament shaped lined with graphene and marked as the most
available one in late 2015. It is cheaper than standard bulbs and claims for the
decrement in energy bills around 10%. The usage of graphene was invented by a
Russian scientist who was operating at Manchester university. The battle is now live
and helps in finding the innovative use of durable materials.
7. Traditional and Inorganic LEDs. It is available in a traditional method

with embedded diode and produced from the inorganic components. The most
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widely applicable LEDs are made of compounded semiconductors like gallium

arsenide phosphide, aluminium gallium arsenide and much more. The color of LED
light is based on the used materials.
8. Maximum Brightness LEDs. High-intensity LEDs and High brightness

LEDs comes under the inorganic LED and started its implementations in lighting
and decorating applications. Such type of LED is now becoming a mandate as same
as inorganic LEDs and has output with maximum light energy. To obtain the
maximum light as output, the LED needs manageable power dissipation and current
levels. The LED can be mounted on the heat sink to eliminate the unwanted heat
emitted.
9. Organic LED. The organic LED is deployed with the fundamental idea of
light-emitting diodes. As the name implies, the LED is built with organic
components. The basic light emitting diode uses the basic inorganic semiconductors
with different levels of dopant and emits light from the dedicated PN junctions
which are the focus of light. The organic LED display is manufactured in thin sheets
and produces a diffused light area.
2.7 Programming language used:
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment is a cross-platform application

that is written in functions from C and C++. It is used to write and upload programs to
Arduino compatible boards, but also, with the help of third-party cores, other vendor
development boards.
2.7.1 Arduino IDE Software:
The Arduino is a fantastic single-board microcontroller solution for many DIY

projects, and, in this blog, we will look at the Integrated Development Environment,
or IDE, that is used to program it!
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Figure 2.8: Arduino IDE, for Code editor compiler and uploader to microcontroller
The Arduino IDE is incredibly minimalistic, yet it provides a near-complete

environment for most Arduino-based projects. The top menu bar has the standard
options, including “File” (new, load save, etc.), “Edit” (font, copy, paste, etc.),
“Sketch” (for compiling and programming), “Tools” (useful options for testing
projects), and “Help”. The middle section of the IDE is a simple text editor that where
you can enter the program code. The bottom section of the IDE is dedicated to an
output window that is used to see the status of the compilation, how much memory
has been used, any errors that were found in the program, and various other useful
messages.
Projects made using the Arduino are called sketches, and such sketches are usually
written in a cut-down version of C++ (a number of C++ features are not included).
Because programming a microcontroller is somewhat different from programming a
computer, there are a number of device-specific libraries (e.g., changing pin modes,
output data on pins, reading analog values, and timers). This sometimes confuses
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Users who think Arduino is programmed in an “Adriano language.” However, the

Arduino is, in fact, programmed in C++. It just uses unique libraries for the device.
2.8 Techniques:
The most and essential part of the system to develop the appropriate code to function
the system, in hardware development the code algorithms is to be efficient to perform
real time tasks.
In this system the program flow is as under to perform the tasks.
Hold the stick with your hand centered in front of your body;
Move the stick with wrist/finger movement only, with your arm remaining still;
Move the stick tip in an arc that is about an inch wider than your body
Move the stick in rhythm with your feet with the stick tip always being on the
opposite of your forward foot
The stick either slides the ground
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CHAPTER 3
DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE SYSTEM
3.1 Plan of Work:
Through observing the rapid advancement in the technology we have identified to

develop this project, under the supervision of instructor we have identified the various
procedures to develop that type of project, but this method was efficient and low cost.
3.2 Working of the Project:
The blind stick is integrated with ultrasonic sensor. Our proposed project uses
ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles ahead using ultrasonic waves. On sensing
obstacles, the sensor passes this data to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then
processes this data and if the obstacle calculates is within the range. If the obstacle is
not that close (within range) the circuit does nothing. If the obstacle is within range
the microcontroller sends a signal to sound a speaker. It also detects and sounds a
buzzer and alerts the blind.
The Arduino is programmed in such a way that on switching ‘ON’ the Arduino, it
sends a LOW to HIGH signal on the TRIG pin of Ultrasonic sensor. This ultrasonic
sensor will send an Ultrasonic wave using the ultrasonic transmitter of the sensor.
These ultrasonic waves travel through air and on colliding with an obstacle, get
reflected. Programming is done in such a manner, that when this obstacle is in the
range of the sensor, the Arduino will play the buzzer.
The sensor would give an electrical response at the ECHO pin of the sensor. This
response is the time taken by the wave for a round journey from sensors to obstacle
and back to the sensors. For our calculation, we need only the one-way distance. This
can be calculated by Arduino using the following formula:
23
Here, Duration = Echo output; and since we need only one-way distance, hence we
divide this duration by 2.
3.3 Block Diagram:
Block diagram is a graphical Representation of a system.

It provides a functional view of a system.
Block diagrams give us a better understanding of a system’s functions and help create
interconnections within it. Block diagrams derive their name from the rectangular
elements found in this type of diagram. They are used to describe hardware and
software systems as well as to represent processes. Block diagrams are described and
defined according to their function and structure as well as their relationship with
other blocks.
INPUT: Ultrasonic sensor give input to controller (Arduino)
CONTROLLER: Arduino control all input and outputs of system
Output: buzzer give us output result
Input Controller Output

Ultrasonic
sensor Arduino Buzzer
Figure 3.3 Block Diagram of smart device for blind peoples
24
3.4 Use Case Diagram:
Start
Ultrasonic sensor runs
Ultrasonic sensor detect
Distance 5m to 400cm
Adriano Code Runs
Ultrasonic Sensor trigger
Buzzer
Yes\no
Figure 3. 4: flow chart Diagram
25
Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect obstacles ahead using ultrasonic waves. On
sensing obstacles, the sensor passes this data to the microcontroller. The
microcontroller then processes this data and calculates if the obstacle is close enough.
If the obstacle is not that close the circuit does nothing. If the obstacle is close the
microcontroller sends a signal to sound a buzzer.
3.5 Programming Code:
//Blind stick project (SBBU sanghar campus)

// BS_IT Studend(8th Semester)
//1)jabran ali 2) Amjid 3)Assadullah
#define trigPin 4
#define echoPin 2
#define buzzer 13
int Intens;
void setup()
{Serial.begin(9600);
{
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
pinMode(buzzer,OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
long duration, distance;
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
26
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

distance = (duration/2) / 29.1;
Serial.println(distance);
if (distance < 50)// This is where checking the distanceyou can change the value
{
digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);delay(200);digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW)
;delay(200);digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);delay(200);
digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);delay(200);
delay(500);
} else
{
digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);
delay(10);
}
}
Future scope
GPS can help blind peoples to source & destination route information.
GPS can help to find the shortest & best path as accordingly to Google Bing map
Based on real time coordinates
GPS attachment can help in future for any immediate causality help
27
CHAPTER 4
FEATURES OF OUR SYSTEM
4.1 Important Features:
1. Entirely automated.
2. Can be maintained & operated easily.
3. Very comfy to function.
4. Authentic & Durable.
5. Low power consumption.
6. The Microcontroller can be code protected.
7. Overall manufacturing cost is low & parts are available in both local&
international market.
28
4.3 Prototype of smart device for blind people
Figure 4.1.1 Prototype of Our Stick
29
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
5.1 Conclusion:
The smart stick acts as a basic platform for the coming generation of more aiding
devices to help the visually impaired to be safer. This device abates dependency of
visually loss people on family, friends. The smart stick identifies obstacles in front,
right, left side of the person in the form of buzzer based. The main advantage of this
project is to provide low cost and easily understanding an environment around a
visually challenged people. The Blind Walking Stick has been finally made into
prototype which can be used to guide the blind. Its aims to solve the problems faced
by the blind people in their daily life. The system also takes the measure to ensure
their safety. This project will operate to help all the blind people in the world to make
them easier to walk everywhere they want. It was done to help the blind to move in
front very well. It is used to help the people with disabilities that are blind to facilitate
the movement and increase safety
5.2 Future Work:
Variety of future scope are available that can be used of with the stick such as usage
of Global Positioning System (GPS) can help the blind person to source to destination
route information. GPS can help to find the shortest and best path as accordingly to
Google (Bing map based on real time coordinates). Water sensor that sense any kind
of water allowing the safe walk of the blind people in order to avoid slipping.
Different sensors can also introduced
30
5.3 Result:
The obstacle is detected by the stick and user is notified by a buzzing alarm.
Figure 5.3: Final Result
REFERENCES:
[1]. Amjed S. Al-Fahoum, Heba B. Al-Hmoud, and Ausaila A. Al-Fraihat. “A

Smart Infrared Microcontroller-Based Blind GuidanceSystem” Biomedical Systems
and Informatics Engineering Department, Hijjawi Faculty for Engineering
Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan,2011
[2]. N.Mahmud, R.K.Saha, R.B. Zafar, M.B.H. Bhuian, and S.S.Sarwar,
31
“Vibration and Voice Operated Navigation System for Visually Impaired Person,” In
Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV), International Conference on IEEE, pp. 1-
5, 2014.
[3]. Amjed S. Al-Fahoum, Heba B. Al-Hmoud, and Ausaila A. Al-Fraihat, “A

Smart Infrared Microcontroller-Based Blind Guidance System”. Active and Passive
Electronic Components, 2013.
[4]. https://www.northdoor.co.uk/iot-device-action.
[5]. https://www.digikey.com/
[6]. https://Tutorialpoints.com
[7]. https://google-developer-training.github.io/
[8]. https://engineering.eckovation.com/
32

Smart Blind Stick: Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sanghar Campus

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Smart Blind Stick: Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sanghar Campus

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SHAHEED BENAZIR BHUTTO UNIVERSITY, SANGHAR CAMPUS

Knowledge Commitment Leadership

T Mr. Amjad Ali 18IT019

SHAHEED BENAZIR BHUTTO UNIVERSITY, SANGHAR

Submitted in fulfilment of the partial requirements for the degree of

A Thesis Submitted by:

Mr. Amjad Ali 18IT019

SUPERVISOR: Mr. Shahzad Ali

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Supervisor External Examiner

Mr. Shahzad Ali Prof. Dr. Umair Ali Khan

Manzar Bashir Arain

Name (Roll #.) Signature

Mr. Jabran Ali 18IT023

Mr. Asadullah 18IT021

We are dedicating our whole efforts to our respected

“PARENTS & TEACHERS”

Whom we are really inspired, their pure love, devotion

Natural attitude and sincerity is matter of great

Pleasure and pride for us

Their encourage and simulating morally, socially and

Academically based teachings have always been

“PATH TOWARDS SUCCESS”

They have given us name, which caused us

Mr. Amjad Ali (18IT019)

2.2 Ultrasonic Sensor 12

CHAPTER 3: DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE

3.4 Use Case Diagram 25

3.5 Programming Code 18

CHAPTER 4: FEATURES OF OUR SYSTEM

4.1 Important Features 28

Figure 2.1.1: Power USB 6

Figure 2.1.2: Barrel Jack 6

Figure 2.1.3: Voltage regulator 7

Figure 2.1.4: crystal oscillator 7

Figure 2.1.5: Arduino Reset 8

Figure 2.1.6: Pins 9

Figure 2.1.7: Analog Pins 9

Figure 2.1.8: Main Microcontroller 10

Figure 2.1.9: ICSP Pins 11

Figure 2.1.10: Digital Pins I/O 11

Figure 2.1.11: AREF 12

Figure 2.2: Ultrasonic sensor 12

Figure 2.3: Buzzer 14

Figure 2.3.3: Piezoelectric 15

Figure 2.4: Capacitor 16

Figure 2.5: Resistor 17

Figure 2.6: LED 18

Figure 2.8: Arduino IDE software 21

Figure 3.3: Block Diagram 24

Figure 3.4: Use Case Diagram 25

Figure 4.1: Prototype of Our stick 22

Figure 5.3: Final Result 24

Blindness is a state of lacking the visual perception due to physiological or

1.2 Problem Statement:

Blindness can be temporary or permanent and partial or complete blindness causing a

1.4 Project Objective:

1.5 Related Work:

1.6 Organization of Thesis:

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

2.1 Arduino UNO:

The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the

Figure 2.1: Arduino Uno Device with Atmel Microcontroller