Science,

Technology,
and Society
General Education 7
Kathryn Rosell-Jadloc
Silliman University Biology Department
Unit 1:

General  Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and

Technology
Concepts in  Chapter 2: Intellectual Revolutions
Science,  Chapter 3: Science, Technology, and Nation-building
Technology,
and Society
Chapter 1:
Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and
Technology
Chapter 1:
Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:

Historical 1. Explain how science and technology affected the
Antecedents in the society and environment and vice versa;
Course of Science 2. Identify inventions and discoveries that changed the
and Technology world over the course of history;
3. Discuss the scientific and technological developments in
the Philippines
 https://www.britannica.com/place/ancie
nt-Egypt/The-king-and-ideology-
administration-art-and-writing

Ancient Times
https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-opinion/civilizations-out-nowhere-002248
Sumerian Civilization
- Southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia

https://www.studentsofhistory.com/geography-of-mesopotamia
- Between 2 rivers:
- River of Tigris
- River of Euphrates

Mesopotamia:
- “Fertile Crescent”
- settled farming was first identified.

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/e
ncyclopedia/fertile-crescent/
https://www.history.com/news/9-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-ancient-sumerians

A picture shows the archaeological site of Uruk (Warka). (Credit: ESSAM AL-
SUDANI/AFP/Getty Images)
 Sumerian Civilization

A great city of Sumer ( thecultureconcept.com)

https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-opinion/civilizations-out-nowhere-002248
https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/mesopotamia-history/events-ancient-mesopotamia/
- Contribution(s):

https://www.britannica.com/topic/cuneiform/Hittite-and-other-
• Cuneiform – first writing system
 Utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols
carved on clay.
• City of Uruk – first “true” city
 Used mud and clay, which they mixed with
reeds – sun-baked bricks
 They used the bricks to make houses that
protected them from harsh weather and to
build a wall around the city that prevented
wild animals and neighboring raiders from
entering.
• The Great Ziggurat of Ur
 The ziggurat (“the mountain of god”) –
constructed using the sun-baked bricks;
 A sacred temple for their god

languages
 Showcased Sumerian architecture and the
technology used to build it.
 Sumerian Civilization
• Irrigation and Dikes
 Created dikes and irrigation canals to bring
water to farmlands and at the same time
control the flooding of rivers.
• Sailboats
 Mode of transportation was through the
waterways such as rivers and seas.
 Boats were used to carry large quantities of
products and cover large distances. This
requires large manpower to use. 3D reconstruction of the Ziggarut of Ur ( Wikipedia)
 Sailboats were essential in transportation
and trading as well as fostering culture,
information, and technology
• Wheel Wheel
 Farmers are able to mill grains faster

https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-opinion/civilizations-out-nowhere-002248
https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/mesopotamia-history/events-ancient-mesopotamia/
 A detail from the so called Standard of Ur, side B. This
Mathematics
panel shows a banquet, perhaps after a victory and men
driving cattle and sheep. (Credit: Werner
Forman/Universal Images Group/Getty Images)
- sexagesimal system

(Credit:
boocaphoto/http://ww
w.istockphoto.com)

https://www.history.com/news/9-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-ancient-sumerians
 • The Plow
 Farm technology
 Invented to dig the
ground where seeds
would be planted.
 Farmers could cultivate
larger parcels of land
faster, enabling them to
mass produce food
without taking so much
effort and time.
• Roads
 In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians
developed the first roads.
 Used sun-baked bricks. Later they poured bitumen, a black
sticky substance similar to asphalt, to smoothen the roads

https://ancientmesopotamia5.wordpress.com/2014/11/14/components-of-irrigation/
Sumerian Civilization
https://press.rebus.community/historyoftech/chapter/technology_of_mesopotamia_irrigation/
Babylonian Civilization 2003 B.C. and 539 B.C

- Located in Iraq

- Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates

River

- The Babylonians are great builders,

engineers and architects

https://ancientcivilizationsworld.com/babylonians/
 - Contribution(s):
• Hanging Gardens of Babylon

https://www.worldhistory.org/image/77/hanging-gardens-of-babylon/
 One of 7 wonders of the world.
 Its exact location is unknown and no physical
evidence has been found to prove the
existence of the Hanging Garden.

 According to legends, the great Babylonian King

Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for his wife, Queen
Amytis.

 A structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens that

contained several species of plants, trees, and vines.

 Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

 Existence has been doubted.
No records have been found to
establish the location and
existence has been found.
Top – Artist depiction of the
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
(Martin Heemskerck)
Bottom - Ruins of the North
Palace of Babylonian King
Nebuchadnezzar II

- King of Babylon 1792-1750 B.B.
- Developed code of laws to regulate
Mesopotamia society
- Composed of 282 laws
https://ancientcivilizationsworld.com/babylonians/
https://www.biography.com/political-figure/hammurabi
Example:
• Code of Hammurabi
•# 18. If the slave will not give the name of the
master, the finder shall bring him to the palace; a
further investigation must follow, and the slave
shall be returned to his master.
•# 48. If anyone owe a debt for a loan, and a storm
prostrates the grain, or the harvest fail, or the grain
does not grow for lack of water; in that year he need
not give his creditor any grain, he washes his debt-
tablet in water and pays no rent for this year.
•# 50. If he give a cultivated corn-field or a
cultivated sesame-field, the corn or sesame in the
field shall belong to the owner of the field, and he
shall return the money to the merchant as rent.
•#161 - If a man marry a woman, and she bear sons
to him; if then this woman die, then shall her father
have no claim on her dowry; this belongs to her
sons.
•# 196. If a man put out the eye of another man, his
eye shall be put out.
 Babylonian tablet recording
Ancient Tower of Halley’s comet
Babylon

https://ancientcivilizationsworld.com/babylonians/
Ruins of the North Palace of
Babylonian King
Nebuchadnezzar II
Egyptian Civilization 3000 BCE - 332

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-
- Located in North Africa

- Civilization developed near the Nile River

beginnings/ancient-egypt-hittites/a/egypt-article
The areas in green
show the habitable
regions of Egypt. Note
the locations of the
Nile Delta, Upper and
Lower Egypt, the Sinai
Peninsula, and Kush
(Nubia). Image
courtesy Wikimedia
Commons.
- Contribution(s): Egyptian Civilization
• Paper or Papyrus
 Papyrus was a plant that grew
abundantly along the Nile River in
Egypt.
 Advantages:
 Thin sheets to write things down;
 Improved record keeping and
communication
• Ink
 Combination of soot with different
chemicals to produce inks of different
colors
https://www.egy-king.com/2021/08/ancient-egyptian-contributions.html

• Hieroglyphics
 A system of writing
Egyptian Civilization • Pyramid of Khufu
• Sphinx
• Cosmetics
 Used for health and

https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt/The-king-and-ideology-
aesthetic reasons

• Wig
 Used for health and
wellness purposes
during Egyptian times.

Sesostris I
• Water Clock/ Clepsydra

administration-art-and-writing
 Utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water
from one vessel to the other
 The amount of water (or its height) remaining
in the device determines how much time has
elapsed since it is full
 Used as a timekeeping device during the
ancient times
- Archipelago in the southeastern
part of Europe
Greek Civilization
- Birthplace of western philosophy
- Philosophy, Mathematics, Science
and Technology
- Contribution(s):
• Alarm Clock Greek Civilization
• Water Mill
 Agriculture, food
processing
 Require less effort and
time to operate
Science,
Technology,
and Society
General Education
Kathryn B. Rosell-Jadloc
Silliman University Biology Department
Chapter 2:
Intellectual Revolutions
Chapter 2: Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:

1. Discuss the paradigm shifts through history;
2. Explain how the Intellectual Revolution changed the
Intellectual way how humans see the world; and;
Revolutions 3. Describe the technological advancements that
happened in the information age.
 Intellectual Revolution
• Advancements in science and technology that changed
people’s perceptions and beliefs

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Sigmund Freud (1856- 1939)
Copernican Revolution
• In the early times, people questioned what created days and nights.
• The invention of the telescope allowed people to take a peek at the outer space, but more
importantly, it also intrigued them to know what was actually out there.

• Greek philosophers and intellectuals wrote about

planets in an attempt to explain the movements of
heavenly bodies and their effects on the world as
they knew it.

• A famous philosopher, Claudius Ptolemy, stated that

the planets, as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a
circular motion around the Earth.
https://www.slideserve.com/dalton/geocentric-
model-of-the-universe

• Geocentrism - the Earth was at the center and the heavenly bodies moved in
a circular motion
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sanjac-earthscience/chapter/introduction-
to-the-solar-system/
 In 150 A.D. Ptolemy proposed a system of circles to describe the
movement of planets

small circle (epicycle)

Large circle (deferent)

Geocentric
Model
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sanjac-earthscience/chapter/introduction-to-the-solar-system/
• In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus
• A Polish mathematician and astronomer challenged the
Ptolemaic model.

• Heliocentrism – the center of the Solar System was

the Sun, not the Earth.

• Birth of modern astronomy

• All orbits are circular

• Sun is center,
• Stars do not move (with respect to each other)
 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Johaness Kepler (1571-1630)

Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

Kepler's three laws describe how planetary bodies orbit the Sun.
(1) planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus
(2) a planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of
time no matter where it is in its orbit, and
(3) a planet’s orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit
(its semi-major axis).

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/310/orbits-and-keplers-laws). “e pur, si muove”

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galileo-Galilei/Galileos-Copernicanism
 Darwinian Revolution
• Charles Darwin, an English naturalist,
biologist and geologist

• In 1859, he published the book, On the

Origin of Species.

• Introduced the Theory of Evolution.

• It posits that populations pass through a process of natural selection in which
only the fittest would survive.
https://theoryofevolutionguchiida.blogspot.com/2017/03/neo-darwinism-theory-of-evolution.html
Freudian Revolution
• Late 19th century, Sigmund Freud, a phychologist.
• He changed people’s perception of psychology with his
revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis.
• Psychology was considered more of an art than a science.

https://www.simplypsychology.org/Sigmund-Freud.html
 “The psychic apparatus”

Id - responds to our primitive urges and

needs; at birth; selfish trait
Ego – reality principle; compromise
Supergego – conscience

https://biologydictionary.net/psychoanalytic-theory/
https://www.simplypsychology.org/Sigmund-Freud.html
https://www.psychologynoteshq.com/freud-psychosexual-development/
 Defense Mechanism

https://www.psychologynoteshq.com/freud-psychosexual-development/
https://www.simplypsychology.org/Sigmund-Freud.html
Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs
END
Science,
Technology,
and Society
General Education
Kathryn B. Rosell-Jadloc
Silliman University Biology Department
Chapter 3:
Science, Technology, and Nation-building
 Learning Outcomes
Chapter 3: At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. Explain how early Filipinos applied scientific principles in
their daily living;
2. Present government policies on science and technology
Science, and explain their importance to the nation; and
Technology, and 3. Discuss the role of science and technology in nation-
Nation-building building.
The role of
Science and • Pre-colonial Period
Technology in • Colonial Period
the development
of the Philippines • Post- Colonial Period
as a nation
- Early Filipino settlers were already using certain
plants and herbs as medicines.

- Systems of farming and animal-raising were also

implemented.

- Different modes of transportation

(terrestrial/maritime) were present

Pre-colonial Period
• Spanish (1521-1898)
• American (1898–1946)

Colonial Period
 Education
• University of Sto Tomas (1611) –
• University of San Carlos (*1595) -
• Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1620) - https://commons.wikimedia.o
rg/w/index.php?title=User:Ra
Dominicans miltibayan&action=edit&redli
• Ateneo de Manila (1865) – Jesuits nk=1
• Others

• Collegio Filipino (1900) National University

• Silliman University (1901)
• Philippine Normal University (1901)
• Iloilo normal school – West Visayas State
University (1902)
• Cebu Normal University (1902)
• St Paul College of Dumaguete (1904)
• Others (vocational schools)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aclarado
 1898 – Treaty of Paris (December 10)
- Spain ceded the Philippines to the US
1899 – 1902 Philippine – American War
1901 – Governor – General: William Taft
1934 – Philippine Independence Act
1935 – Presidential Election
(2nd : Manuel L. Quezon);
Commonwealth of the Philippines
1946 – Treaty of Manila
Post- Colonial Period
- 1958 National Science and Development Board
(NSDB)
- 1981 National Science and Technology Authority
(NSTA)
- 1987 Development of Science and Technology
(DOST)
Philippine Presidents:
1. Emilio Aguinaldo - First Philippine Republic
2. Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944)
3. Jose P. Laurel (1943 – 1945)
4. Sergio Osmeña (1944- 1946)
5. Manuel Roxas (1946-1948)
6. Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953)
7. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)
8. Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)
9. Diosdado Macapagal (1961- 1965)
10. Ferdinand Marcos (1965- 1986)
11. Corazon Aquino (1986-1992)
12. Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)
13. Joseph Ejercito Estrada (1998 – 2001)
14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001 – 2010)
15. Benigno “Noynoy” Aquino (2010-2016)
16. Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016 – 2022)
Executive Order 128 signed on 30 January 1987, the functions and responsibilities of DOST
expanded correspondingly to include the following:

 Pursue the declared state policy of supporting local scientific and technological effort
 Develop local capability to achieve technological self-reliance
 Encourage greater private sector participation in research and development

The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) is the premiere science and technology body in the
country charged with the twin mandate of providing central direction, leadership and coordination of all
scientific and technological activities, and of formulating policies, programs and projects to support
national development.

"The DOST shall provide central direction, leadership and

coordination of scientific and technological efforts and ensure
that the result there geared and utilized in area of maximum
economic and social benefits for the people"

https://www.dost.gov.ph/transparency/about-dost/history-and-logo.html#the-dost-in-brief
END
Science,
Technology,
and Society
General Education
Kathryn B. Rosell-Jadloc
Silliman University Biology Department
Chapter 3:
Science, Technology, and Nation-building
 Learning Outcomes
Chapter 3: At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. Explain how early Filipinos applied scientific principles in
their daily living;
2. Present government policies on science and technology
Science, and explain their importance to the nation; and
Technology, and 3. Discuss the role of science and technology in nation-
Nation-building building.
The role of
Science and • Pre-colonial Period
Technology in • Colonial Period
the development
of the Philippines • Post- Colonial Period
as a nation
- Early Filipino settlers were already using certain
plants and herbs as medicines.

- Systems of farming and animal-raising were also

implemented.

- Different modes of transportation

(terrestrial/maritime) were present

Pre-colonial Period
• Spanish (1521-1898)
• American (1898–1946)

Colonial Period
 Education
• University of Sto Tomas (1611) –
• University of San Carlos (*1595) -
• Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1620) - https://commons.wikimedia.o
rg/w/index.php?title=User:Ra
Dominicans miltibayan&action=edit&redli
• Ateneo de Manila (1865) – Jesuits nk=1
• Others

• Collegio Filipino (1900) National University

• Silliman University (1901)
• Philippine Normal University (1901)
• Iloilo normal school – West Visayas State
University (1902)
• Cebu Normal University (1902)
• St Paul College of Dumaguete (1904)
• Others (vocational schools)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aclarado
 1898 – Treaty of Paris (December 10)
- Spain ceded the Philippines to the US
1899 – 1902 Philippine – American War
1901 – Governor – General: William Taft
1934 – Philippine Independence Act
1935 – Presidential Election
(2nd : Manuel L. Quezon);
Commonwealth of the Philippines
1946 – Treaty of Manila
Post- Colonial Period
- 1958 National Science and Development Board
(NSDB)
- 1981 National Science and Technology Authority
(NSTA)
- 1987 Development of Science and Technology
(DOST)
Philippine Presidents:
1. Emilio Aguinaldo - First Philippine Republic
2. Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944)
3. Jose P. Laurel (1943 – 1945)
4. Sergio Osmeña (1944- 1946)
5. Manuel Roxas (1946-1948)
6. Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953)
7. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)
8. Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)
9. Diosdado Macapagal (1961- 1965)
10. Ferdinand Marcos (1965- 1986)
11. Corazon Aquino (1986-1992)
12. Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)
13. Joseph Ejercito Estrada (1998 – 2001)
14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001 – 2010)
15. Benigno “Noynoy” Aquino (2010-2016)
16. Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016 – 2022)
Executive Order 128 signed on 30 January 1987, the functions and responsibilities of DOST
expanded correspondingly to include the following:

 Pursue the declared state policy of supporting local scientific and technological effort
 Develop local capability to achieve technological self-reliance
 Encourage greater private sector participation in research and development

The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) is the premiere science and technology body in the
country charged with the twin mandate of providing central direction, leadership and coordination of all
scientific and technological activities, and of formulating policies, programs and projects to support
national development.

"The DOST shall provide central direction, leadership and

coordination of scientific and technological efforts and ensure
that the result there geared and utilized in area of maximum
economic and social benefits for the people"

https://www.dost.gov.ph/transparency/about-dost/history-and-logo.html#the-dost-in-brief
END