Table of Pronunciation Symbols

1 Vowel Lax i ɪ e ә з: ɒ ʌ u ʊ
Sounds
Tense a: i: u: ӕ: ɔ:

Glide eɪ aɪ әʊ aʊ ɔɪ ɪә eә ʊә

2 Cosonant Voiced b d g ʤ l m n r v w j z ӡ ð ŋ
Sounds Voiceless p k t ʧ f h s ʃ ѳ

3 Pop Voiced b d g ʤ
Sounds
Voiceless p k t ʧ

Lex Any / 'enɪ /

Di baca pendek
Bunyi/symbol Vowel Glide Go / gәʊ /
Final
4 terakhir suatu Tense Di baca pajang See / si: /
Latters
kata
Voiced Di baca pajang Bed / bed /
Consonant
Voiceless Di baca pendek Bet / bet /

5 Stressing Penekanan ‘pз:fɪkt adj

Perfect
pә'fekt v

Exercise : 1
Lex

i Eny Simpony Antibody Faculty

ɪ Sit Lives Ship Fiil Hiil Risen Slip Fit

e Bed Dead Guess Head Send Lend Pen Men

ә Fabulous Away Foregner Data Extra Abacus Elder Ago

з: Earn Burn Dirt First Girl Hurt Third Turn

ɒ Boss Gone Shot Hot Lost Cough Not Dock

ʌ But Much Run Cup Cut Rug Lump Hut

u Formulate Calculate Amputate

ʊ Look Should Cook Soot Full Sugar Nook Hood

Exercise : 2
Tense

a: Far Car Jar Dance

i: Seat Sheep Feel Leaves Sleep Green Reason Field
u: Shoot Fool Shoes Pool Luke Suit Nuke Stewed
ӕ: Bad Man Sand Pan Had Gas Land Sat
ɔ: Saw Fall Ball

Exercise : 3
Glide

eɪ Hate Name Take  Change  Eight Late Date Gate

aɪ Time   Lie Tie Fly Shy Cry Rice Kind

әʊ Bone Don’t Phone Show Hope Road Note Won’t

aʊ Out About Ground Down Town Sound Now Mountain

ɔɪ Join Enjoy Choice  Point Boil Poison Boy Lawyer

ɪә  Here  Near  Appear  Dear  Familiar Hear

eә  Hair  Bear  Fair

ʊә  Tour  Sure  Euro

Exercise :4
Voiced

b Ban Book
d Door Good

g Bargain Gossip Example Egg Got Forget Give Dog

ʤ Jar Bridge

l Light Long Lemon

m Room Mice Marvelous Me Zoom Boom

n No Nice Main
 r Raw Roof Real Error Arrow Mirror Air Injure

v Victory Novel Vacation Live Invite River Arrive Love

w Wall Worry What Work Which White War Want

j Yes Yellow

z Zoo Zebra

ӡ Leisure Pleasure Massage Beige Illusion Measure Usual

ð Though Whether Then Than Brother Other There The

ŋ Long  King English Sing Wrong Lung Thing Ink

Exercise : 5
Voiceless

p  Pan  Lip
k  Cool  Cup  Kiss  Naked Dark Look Park Spoke
t  Time  Letter  Wet
ʧ  Chicken  Kitchen  Watch  Beach  Beatch
f  Fast  Four  Coffee  Prefer  Enough Half Knife Friend
h  How  Hood  Hat  Reheat
s  Same  See
ʃ  Sheep Rubbish  Sugar  Sure Brush  Shoe  Cashier Nationality
ѳ  Think  Thunder Athlete  Third Mounth Both  Author  Thick

Exercise : 6
Voiced

b  Rob  Job  Tab  Bob

d  Did  Kid  Kode  Loud  Lend

g  Big  Dig  Bag

ʤ Bridge  Large

Exercise : 7
Voiceless
p  Keep  Lip  Rope Sub  Group
k  Back  Suck  Fuck  Lick  Take  
 t  Bat  Boat  Light  Cat  Pocket
ʧ  Beach  Bitch  Watch

The Pronunciation of -ed ending (past tense)

Talking about Past Tense, the –ed form is really significant to bat around. The –ed in past
tense verbs have three different sound. 1. ‘’t’’ for stopped, 2. ‘’d’’ for controlled, 3. ‘’ ɪd’’ for tempted.

1./t/ : preceded by voiceless consonant, except /t/.

Past Tense Pairs 
Voiceless
Help Helped
Stop Stopped
Ask Asked
Watch Watched
Work Worked
Walk Walked
Tempt Tempted

2./d/ : preceded by voiced consonsnt, except /d/ or

vowel.
Past Tense Pairs 
 Voiced Vowel
Listen Listened Study Studied
Live Lived Enjoy Enjoyed
Declare Declared    
Care Cared    
   
Dream Dreamed    
Shear Sheared    

3./ɪd/ : preceded by /t/ or /d/ consonant

 Past Tense Pairs 
T D
Want Wanted Spend Spended
Elect Elected Demand Demanded
Wait Waited Need Needed

Makes past tense CLEER!!!

 Connected Speech
Watched her  /watch ter/
Planned it  /plan dit/
Waited until  /waited duntil/
Asked him  /ask tim/
Spent it  /spend tit/
Stopped at  /stop tat/
Walked away  /walk taway/
Looked after  /look tafter/
Worked until /work tuntil/
Lived at  /live dat/
 b Crabs Jobs Robs Bobs

d Devides Kids Needs

g Bags Digs Hugs

l Calls Balls

m Swims

n Cans Wins

R Wars

ŋ Wings Songs Things

v Lives Moves Loves

Lies

The Pronunciation of s or es ending

Talking about s or es ending

/s/ :preceded by voiveless sound

p Sleeps Slaps Taps Cups Cops Keeps Ropes Stops
k Walks Works Talks Backs Sucks Necks Licks Cooks
f Roofs Laughs Thiefs Knifes Safes Coughs
t Cats Puts Ivites Pockets Targets Gates Mets Wants
ѳ
 h Fatimahs

/z/ : preceded by voiced or vowel sound

/ ɪ z / : precede by
s
z
ʃ
ʧ
ʤ
ӡ

ð Breathes

In American English, the sound of "s" depends on which sound comes

before it.

1. If the noun ends in an unvoiced consonant sound: /f/, /k/, /p/, /t/, /th/-
(thin), pronounce "s" as /s/.

2. When it ends in a voiced consonant sound, /b/, /d/, /g/, /l/, /m/, /n/,
/ng/, /r/ or with a vowel sound, /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, pronounce "s" as /z/.

3. If it ends with /s/, /z/, /sh/, /ch/-chair, /zh/-the second "g" in garage,
/dz/-(j), pronounce "s" or "-es" as /iz/.

In other words, if the noun ends with a sound other than the 5 unvoiced
consonants, pronounce "s" with a /z/ (or with an /iz/ as the case may be).
 The American T

The American T is influenced very strongly by intonation and its position in a word or phrase.
It can be a little tricky if you try to base your pronunciation on spelling alone.

There are, however, 4 basic rules: [T is T], [T is D], [T is Silent], [T is Held].

 Top of the Staircase [T is T]

 In the beginning of a word: table, take, tomorrow, teach, ten, turn
Thomas tried two times.

 In a stressed syllable, it is a strong, clear T sound. Intend

 With a stressed T and ST, TS, TR, CT, LT and sometimes NT combinations: They
control the contents.

 In the past tense, D sounds like T, after an unvoiced consonant sound — f, k, p, s, ch, sh,
th (but not T).
picked [pikt], hoped [houpt], raced [rast], watched [wächt], washed [wäsht]
It took Tim ten times to try the telephone.

 Middle of the Staircase [T is D]

 If the T is in the middle of the word, intonation changes the sound to a soft D.
Letter sounds like [leder].
Water, daughter, bought a, caught a, lot of, got a, later, meeting, better

Practice these sentences:

- What a good idea. [ wɒdә gʊdaɪ dɪә ]

- Put it in a bottle. [ pʊ di di n ә ‘bɒdl ]
- Get a better water heater. [ gedә bedәr wɒdәr hi:dәr ]
- Put all the data in the computer. [ pʊ dɔ:l ðә deɪd in ðә kәm’pju:dәr ]
- Patty ought to write a better letter. [ pædi ‘ɔ:dә raɪdә bedәr ledәr ]

 [T is Silent]
 T and N are so close in the mouth that the [t] can disappear.

interview /‘inәrvju:/
international /inәr’næʃәnәl/
advantage /әd’va:nɪʤ/
percentage /pәr’senɪʤ/

 If the T is at the end of a word, you almost don't hear it at all.

put, what, lot, set, hot, sit, shot, brought.
That's quite right, isn't it?

 Bottom of the Staircase [T is Held]

 With -tain, -tten and some TN combinations, the T is held. The "held T" is, strictly
speaking, not really a T at all. Remember, [t] and [n] are very close in the mouth. If you
 have [n] immediately after [t], you don't pop the [t]—the tongue is in the [t] position, but
your release the air for the [n] not the [t]. Make sure you don't put a schwa before the [n].
An important point to remember is that you need a sharp upward sliding intonation up to
the "held T," then a quick drop for the N.

Written, certain, forgotten, sentence:

He's forgotten the carton of satin mittens.
She's certain that he has written it.
Martin has gotten a kitten.

The Syllabic /n/

Repeat these words. The unstressed vowel after the /t/ or /d/ is sillabic
/n/.
MEANING
1. Cotton
2. Button
3. Fulton
4. Martin
5. Sentence
6. Important
7. Certainly
8. Kindergarten
9. Garden
10. Sudden
11. Woulden’t

MEANING
1. Wait and see
2. Hot and cold
3. Coat and hat
4. Eat and drink
5. Read and write
6. Add and subtract
7. Red and gold
8. Head and arms
9. Rode an hour
10. Bought an apple
11. Get in trouble
12. Read in bad
 The Pronunciation of to
/tu:/ :
 At the end of the sentence/phrase
 What are you up to
/tә/ :
 At the beginning of the sentence/phrase
 To visit my father, I should by a car
 To be or not to be….
 In the middle of the sentence/phrase preceded by voiceless sound
 She has to go there
 I like to kiss two girls
/dә/ :
 In the middle of the sentence/phrase preceded by voiced sound
 They come to mangkoso.
 You need to know when to do it.
 In the middle of the sentence/phrase preceded by vowel sound
 Show me how to get it.
 Go to page 8.

The Pronunciation of have

/hӕv/:
 At the beginning of the sentence
 Have you eaten?
 At the end of the sentence
 Yes, I have.
 In the middle of the sentence as ordinary verb
 I will have a lot of money

/әv/:
 At the middle of the sentence as auxiliary verb before consonant or vowel sound.
 The dogs will have been eating the bones
 The dogs will have eaten the bones
/ә/ :
  At the middle of the sentence as auxiliary verb before conconant sound
 The dogs heve eaten the bones

Change the verb phrese, using a modal perfect form.

1. Will fly 5. Should study
Will have flown
2. Might be 6. Ought to go
Might have been
3. May come 7. Must write

4. Could be 8. Would dress up

How to pronounce of
There are two ways to sound it
әv :
 Followed by vowel or consonant sound
 A lot of apples
 In front of door
ә:
 Followed by vowel sound
 A lot of money

-ing form
Pronunce / / the editional ing , workin’
 Except the original ing word such as thing, sing, etc.
 The pronunciation of article the / a / an
Followed by consonant sound
 ðә :
 The door
 The book
 The house
 ә
 A girl
 A banana
 A computer
Followed by vowel sound
 ðɪ :
 The owner
 The end
 The honest man
 әn
 An orange
 An opening
 An interview

The pronunciation of for

/fз:/ :
 At the beginning of the sentence
 For example
 For instance

 In the middle of the sentence

 I come here for you

/fɔ:/ :
 At the end of the sentence
 What are you looking for?
 Yes, you can or No, you can’t
Now you use a combination of intonation and pronunciation to make difference between can
and can’t. Reduce the positive can to /kn/ and stress the verb. Make the negative can’t sound very short
and stress both can’t and the verb. This will contrast with the positive, emphasized can, which is
doubled-and the verb is not stressed.

I can do it. /aɪ kәn du: ɪt/ positive

I can’t do it. /aɪ kӕn’ du: ɪt/ negative
I can do it. /aɪ kӕӕn du: ɪt/ extra positive
Jn I can’t do it. /aɪ kӕn’ du: ɪt/ extra negative

Exercises : Comparasion Sounds

i: i:t Eat
ɪ ɪt It
i:   ɪ
Beat Bit
Seem Sin
Teal Till
Seat Sit
Leves Lives
Feel Fill
Sheep Ship
Reason Risen
Green Slip
Sleep Grin

MEANING
1. a. You ‘can’t sleep on the floor It’s too hard
b. You ‘can’t slip on the floor It’s made of rubber
2. a. ‘Oh dear! I can’t feel the bath It’s dark
b. ‘Oh dear! I can’t fiil the bath Ther’s no more water
3. a. She’s ‘walking on a ‘high heel She’s in her best shoes
b. She’s ‘walking on a ‘high ‘hiil She’s in the country
4. a. There’s a ‘sheep in the bay It’s drowning
b. There’s a ‘ship in the bay It’s sailing
5. a. ‘Take that ‘green off your face The colour does not suit you
b. ‘Take that ‘grin off your face It’s rude to laugh
 e get Get
ӕ ӕt At

e   ӕ
Bed Bad
Bend Band
Dead Dad
Guess Gas
Head Had
Set Sat
Pen Pan
Men Man
Send Sand
Lend Land

MEANING
1. a. Drive slowly! There’s a bend Danger
b. Drive slowly! Ther’s a band Music
2. c. He put the lead on the roof To keep the rain out
d. He put the led on the roof The boys was naughty
3. e. If I were you. I’d use a pen If you want to fry those eggs
f. If i were yuu. I’d use a pan From the verb to set
4. g. She set the basket on the table From the verb to set
h. She sat the basket on the table From the verb to sit
5. i. He wents me to make a guess Because I’m lucky
j. He wents me to wake a gas Because I’m a chemist

ӕ ӕt At
ʌ ʌp Up

ӕ   ʌ
Cat Cut
 Hat Hut
Cap Cup
Rag Rug
Match Much
Bat But
Bag Bug
Lamp Lump
Sang Sung
Ran Run

MEANING
1. a. What do you think of my hat It’s the latest fashion
b. What do you think of my hut I keep my bicycle in it
2. c. He’s got a lamp on his head To see with
d. He’s got a lump on his head Somebody hit him
3. e. He’d never seen such a cat It was like a wild animal
f. He’d never seen such a cut Done with a razor
4. g. He bought another cap The first was too small
h. He bought another cup He had broken the first
5. i. She had a rag to keep her warm She was poor
j. She had a rug to keep her warm She was rich

ʌ ʌp Up
ɒ nɒt Not

ʌ   ɒ
Cut Cot
Cuff Cough
Bus Boss
Colour Collar
Gun Gone
Duck Dock
Shut Shot
Lust Lost
 Hut Hot
Nut Not

MEANING
1. a. I’m afraid the bus will be late The traffic is bad
b. I’m afraid the boos will be late He usually is
2. c. His colour was blue He was cold
d. His collar was blue On his shirt
3. e. I could tell him by his cuff The one on his coat
f. I could tell him by his cough On the lake
4. g. They looked for the ducks He had bron chitis
h. They looked for the docks They wanted to see the ships
5. i. The policeman shut the door He was polite
j. The policemen shot the door In stead of the criminal

e get Get
eɪ geɪ Gay

e eɪ
Debt Date
Get Gate
Men Main
Let Late
Met Mate
Pen Pain
Tell Tail
Red Raid
Etch Eight
Sell Sail

MEANING
1. a. You won’t sell this boat It’s in such bad condition
b. You won’t sail this boat It’s not build for an amateur
2. c. Don’t forget your debts The money you owe
d. Don’t for gate your debts Your appointments
 әʊ әʊ No
ɒ nɒt Not

әʊ ɒ
Hope Hop
Code Cod
Coast Cost
Own On
Coat Cot
Road Rod
Holy houli Holly holi
Won’t Want

MEANING
1. a. He stood near the holy tree In the churchyard
b. He stood near the holly tree It was cristmas
2. a. The first is at the end of the road In a sho
b. The first is at the end of the rod On a book

Let’s try in sentences