Revision : Chain Rule for functions of 1

intermediate variables and 1 independent variable

dy
Exp : y  sin(u ), u  t 2   ????
dt
Let y=g(u) and u=h(t) be differentiable at t and suppose that
y=f(t) is differentiable at the point (t , f(t)).

Then the rate of change

y : dependent variable y
of y with respect to t
dy
du

dy dy du
u : intermediate variable

LESSON 2: PARTIAL DERIVATIVES – CHAIN RULE

u
 
FOR MULTI-VARIABLES FUNCTION t : independent variable du
dt
dt du dt
t

Example : Suppose that y  sin(u ) where Solution : By using the chain rule

u  t2 dy dy du
Formula :  
(i) Use the chain rule, determine dy
dt du dt
dt

d d
(ii) Hence, express y as a function of t Given  (sin u )  (t 2 )
and differentiating directly. du dt
y  sin(u )  cos(u )  (2t )
u  t2 answer in term of t
Remark : y = dependent variable  cos(t )  (2t )
2

u = intermediate variables
t = independent variable  2 t cos(t 2 )
3 4

1
 Chain Rule for functions of multiple intermediate variables
(ii) Hence, express y as a function of t
and 1 independent variable
and differentiating directly.
dw
Exp : w  x 2 y , x  t 2 , y  t 3   ????
Solution : method 2: We can express y dt
directly as a function of t Let x=g(t) and y=h(t) be differentiable at t and suppose that
d W=f(x,y) is differentiable at the point (x(t) , y(t)).
So, by using formula (sin f ( x ))  cos f ( x ).f '( x )
dx
W
y  sin(u ) y  sin(t ) 2
W W
Then W=f(x(t),y(t)) is differentiable at t and
x y dW W dx W dy
dy y Chain Rule :  
substitute
 cos(t 2 )(2t ) x dt x dt y dt
dt W
 sin(t 2 ) dx
dt
dy
dt
Remark : i) Notice that both partial derivative
x
dy t
 2t cos(t 2 ) and single-variable derivatives
dx
dt 5 dt
are involved.

STEPS TO FOLLOW… Example 1 : Suppose that w  x2 y where

and y  t
Step 1 : Draw the tree diagram and write the chain
x  t2
3
rule for multi-variables function
dw
Use the chain rule for multi-variables function to find dt
Step 2 : Find all the partial derivatives for
multi-variables function and check the result by expressing W
as a function of t and differentiating directly.
Step 3 : Find all the ordinary derivatives for
single-variable function

Step 4 : Substitute partial derivative (step 2) and Remark : w = dependent variable

ordinary derivatives (step 3) into chain rule. x,y = intermediate variables
t = independent variable

2
 dw Solution : Example 1
Solution : w  x 2 y, x  t2, y  t3   ????
dt
Step 2 : Find all the partial derivatives for
multi-variables function
Step 1 : Draw the tree diagram and write the chain w  x2y
rule for multi-variables function
w w
 2 xy ,  x2
W x y
W W dw w dx w dy
x y   Step 3 : Find all the ordinary derivatives for
y dt x dt y dt
x single-variable function
dx
dx dy x  t2   2t
dt dt
t
dt
dy
9
y  t3   3t 2 10
dt

Solution : Continue……….
Step 4 : By using the chain rule
method 2: We can express w
dw w dx w dy
Formula :
  directly as a function of t
dt x dt y dt So,
substitute w  x2 y
substitute w  t7
 (2xy )(2t )  ( x )(3t )2 2
 (t 2 ) 2 (t 3 ) dw
Answer in term of t  7t 6
dt
 (2t 2 .t 3 )(2t )  (t 4 )(3t 2 )  (t 4 )(t 3 )  t 7
 4t 6  3t 6 Remark : However, this procedure may not
always be convenient
 7t 6
11 12

3
 REMARK : If we express z directly as a
Example 2 : Suppose that z  xy  y
function of  , we obtain :
y  sin
x  cos , and
dz
Use the chain rule to find z  xy  y substitute x  cos
 d
when  
, y  sin
2
z  (cos )(sin )  sin
Remark : z = dependent variable
x,y = intermediate variables dz
To get , we have to use product rule
 = independent variable d
and it involve long working step !
13 So, use Chain Rule much more easier 14

Solution : Example 2 Solution : Example 2

dz Step 2 : Find all the partial derivatives for multi-variables function
z  xy  y , x  cos  , y  sin    ???
d z  xy  y   xy  y  2
1 formula :
d
Step 1 : Draw the tree diagram and write the chain Z 1 1
y f ( x )n  n f ( x )n 1 .f '( x )
  xy  y  1.y  0  
1
2 dx
rule for multi-variables function x 2 2 xy  y
Z 1 1
x 1
  xy  y  2  x.1  1 
1

Z y 2 2 xy  y
Z Z
dZ Z dx Z dy
x y   Step 3 : Find all the ordinary derivatives for single-variable function
d x d y d
x y dx
x  cos( )    sin( )
d
dx dy
d d dy
y  sin( )   cos( )
 d
15 16

4
 Step 4 : By using the chain rule Solution : Continue………………
dz z dx z dy
Formula :  
d x d y d ( y )( sin  ) ( x  1)(cos )
 
substitute 2 xy  y 2 xy  y
 
  sin( ) cos( )
y 
 
 2 xy  y   x 1


 ( y )( sin  )  ( x  1)(cos ) Combine the 2 terms
   2 xy  y


 
2 xy  y
( y )( sin  ) ( x  1)(cos ) simplify Answer in
  (sin )( sin  )  (cos  1)(cos ) terms of
2 xy  y 2 xy  y 
2 (cos )(sin )  sin 
18

17

 EXAMPLE 3 : YOUR TURN !!!

When   2
By using Chain Rule for multi-variables function
   
(sin )( sin )  (cos  1)(cos )
dz 2 2 2 2
 Determine
dZ
for t 
1
suppose that
d    dt 2
2 (cos )(sin )  sin
,
2 2 2 Z  x sin y where x  t 2 and y  2t  1

dz (1)(1)  (0  1)(0)

d 2 (0)(1)  1

dz 1 0 1
 
d 2 0  1 2 19 20

5
 21 22

Chain Rule
(3 intermediate variables) Example 4 : Given w  xy  z where
dw
Exp : w  xy  z, x  cos t , y  sin t , z  t 
dt
 ??? x  cos t, y  sin t , z t
dw
If W, x, y and z are differentiable and if W=f(x,y,z) and
Find when t 0
x=x(t), y=y(t) and z=z(t) then dt

W
Then W=f(x(t),y(t),z(t)) is
W W
W differentiable at t and
x z
y
x y z Remark : w = dependent variable
dW W dx W dy W dz
dy
dz
   x,y,z = intermediate variables
dx dt x dt y dt z dt
dt
dt dt t = independent variable
t
24

6
 Given w  xy  z, x  cos t , y  sin t , z  t Solution : Continue………………
 ( y )( sin t )  ( x)(cost )  1
Answer in term of t
Solution : (SHORT-CUT)  (sin t )( sin t )  (cost )(cost )  1
dw w dx w dy w dz  (sin t ) 2  (cost ) 2  1 simplify
  
dt x dt y dt z dt
So, when t 0
 (sin 0) 2  (cos0) 2  1
 (1. y  0)( sin t )  ( x.1  0)(cost )  (1)(1)  (0) 2  (1) 2  1

25
2 26

and

Example 5 :
.

Given that f(x, y)  tan( 3 x  y )

1 2
where x  t 2 , y  t  5t  1
2
By using Chain Rule,
df
show that  5(t  1) sec 2 (3 x  y )
dt

28

7
 Use Chain Rule for multi-
variables function to
solve application problem
(Related Rates)

29 30

STEPS TO FOLLOW
(SOLVE RELATED RATES PROBLEM INVOLVED PARTIAL DERIVATIVE)

REVISION : Step 1. Sketch diagram of the problem

Related Rates Problem Step 2. Identify variable quantities and
put notation
Applied Calculus 1 (FKB 11103)
learned in last semester Step 3. Write the information

Step 4 : Establish relationship between the

related rates involved.

31 32

8
 STEPS TO FOLLOW…
By using Chain Rule for multi-variables function
Step 5 : Draw the tree diagram and write the chain
rule for multi-variables function Example 6 :

Step 6 : Find all the partial derivatives of the
independent variables
Step 7 : Substitute partial derivative (step 6) and
information (step 3) into chain rule.
33
A box is such a way that its length is increasing at
the rate of 3cm/s, its width is increasing at the rate of
5cm/s and its height is decreasing at the rate of
5cm/s.
At what rate is the volume of the box changing
when the length is 10cm, the width is 12cm and the
height is 7cm?
34

EXAMPLE 6… SOLUTION Step 3 : Information

Given
dL
 3,
dW
 5 and
dH
 5
dt dt dt
Step 1 : Sketch the H dV
Determine  ? when L  10cm, W  12cm, H  7cm
diagram dt
W
L Step 4 : Establish relationship between variables
Step 2 : Identify variable quantities and put notation V , L, W & H

Let : Length = L Volume of box, V  L W  H

Width = W
Height = H
36

Volume = V 35

9
 Step 6 : Find all the partial derivatives of the 3
V  L WH Given
dL
 3,
dW
 5 and
dH
 5 independent variables
dt dt dt
V V V V  L WH
Step 5 : Draw the tree diagram and write the chain  WH ,  LH and  LW
dL dW dH
rule for multi-variables function
Step 7 : Substitute partial derivative (step 6) and
V information (step 3) into chain rule
Chain Rule for 3
V V dV V dL V dW V dH
L
V
H
intermediate variables   
W dt L dt W dt H dt
L W H
dV V dL V dW V dH dV
dW     WH (3)  LH (5)  LW ( 5)
dt dH dt L dt W dt H dt dt
dL
dt
dt  (12)(7)(3)  (10)(7)(5)  (10)(12)( 5)
t 2
Therefore, the volume of the box is increasing at the
3
rate of 2cm / s. which means that for each increase of time in 1
second, this will cause volume increase 2cm 3
37 38

Example 7 :
.

By using Chain Rule for multi-variables

function, determine the rate of change of
the volume of a box if its length is 5 feet
and decreasing at the rate of 4 ft/s, its
width is 3 feet and increasing at the rate
of 3 ft/s, and its height is 2 ft and
increasing at 1 ft/s.

Answer : 21 ft/s
40

10
 Example 8 : and

.
By using Chain Rule for multi-variables function
A cylindrical piece of steel is initially 7 inches long
and has a diameter 5 inches. During the heat
treatment, the length and diameter of the steel each
increase by 0.2 inches per hour. By using Chain Rule
for multi-variables function, determine the rate of
change of the volume of the steel under the heat
treatment.

dV
Answer : dt
 4.75 cm 3/ sec

Therefore, volume of the steel is increasing at the rate of

4.75 cm3/ sec which means that for each increase of time
41
in 1 hour, this will cause volume increase 4.75 cm3

43 44

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