ANALYSIS OF URINE AND BODY FLUIDS

SAFETY AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT

TYPES OF HAZARD
TYPE SOURCE
Biologic Infectious agent
Sharps Needles
Chemical Reagents or preservatives
Radioactive Radioisotopes
Electrical Undergrounded or wet
equipment
Fire/explosives Flames,organic chemicals
Physical Wet floor

Chain of infection
-transmission of microorganism
-it requires mode of transmission, susceptible host, portal of entry portal of exit.

Hand washing
-hand contact is the primary source of infection.
-the best way to break the chain of infection— proper handwashing.
Procedure:
1. Wet hands with WARM water
2. Apply antimicrobial soap
3. Rub to form a lather, create friction and loosen debris
4. Thoroughly clean between fingers, including thumbs under finger nailsup to the wrist for at least
15-20 seconds.
5. Rinse hands in a downward position.
6. Dry with a paper towel
7. Turn off the faucets with a clean paper towel to prevent recontamination.

NATIONAL FIRE PROTCTION HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CLASSIFICATIONS

YELLOW WHITE BLUE RED QUADRANT
QUADRANT QUADRANT QUADRANT
REACTIVITY/STABLE SPECIFIC NORMAL FLAMMABILITY
HAZARD HAZARD HAZARD HAZARD
0=S OXY= 0=N 0=W
1=U ACD= 1=S 1=A
2=V ALK= 2=H 2=B
3=S COR= 3=E 3=B
4=M = 4=D 4=B
=
*YOU WERE BORN RIGHT
DEGREE OF HAZARDS
No SMS Ex/ No SM SEX
0=
1=
2=
3=
4=

RENAL FUNCTION
Nephron
-basic structural and functional unit of the kidney each kidney has 1-1.5 millions nephrons. It consist of
glomerulus and renal tubules.

Urine formation
1. Glomerulus
2. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
3. Loop of henle
4. Distal convoluted tubule
5. Collecting duct
6. Calyx
7. Renal pelvis

RENAL FUNCTIONS:
I. Renal blood flow
II. Glomerular filtration
III. Tubular Reabsorption
IV. Tubular Secretion

Note: PCT, LH, DCT and CD alter urine concentration. The ascending LH is highly impermeable to
water.

I. RENAL BLOOD FLOW

Order:
1. Renal artery (blood in) 4. Efferent arteriole . Renal vein(blood out)
2. Afferent arteriole 5. Peritubular capillaries
3. Glomerulus 6. Vasa recta

Renal blood flow = _____________ Renal plasma flow = ______________

II. GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

GLOMERULUS
 Consist of a coil of approximately 8 capillary lobes (capillary tuft)
 Within the Bowman’s capsule
 Resembles a _______
 Non-selective of plasma substance wit MW of ___________

III. TUBULAR REABSORPTION RENAL THRESHOLD FOR GLUCOSE=

__________
 1ST function to be affected in renal disease
 PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE:
 Major site 65% of reabsorption of plasma substances

ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH/VASOPRESSIN):

Regulates SWAG-U (Sodium,Water, Amino acid, Glucose,Urea) in the DCT and C

ALDOSTERONE = regulates Sodium reabsorption

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS)
Renin ACE Corrects renal blood flow
Angiotensinogen ————-> Angiotensin I ———> Angiotensn II ——-> Release of aldosterone and
ADH
Low Na, low BP lungs Increased sodium and water
reabsorption
Increased BP

TUBULAR REABSORPTION
Active transport Passive transport
Substance Location Substance Location
Glucose, amino acids, PCT Water PCT, descending LH, CD
salts
Chloride Ascending LH Urea PCT,ascending LH
Sodium PCT and DCT Sodium Ascending LH

> transport is the movement of a substance across cell membranes into the bloodstream by
electrochemical energy
>Passive transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane by diffusion because of a physical
gradient

IV.TUBULAR SECRETION:
2 MAJOR FUNCTIONS:
 Elimination of waste products not filtered by the glomerulus
 Regulation of the acid-base balance in the body through secretion of hydrogen ion

RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS:

 Inability o produce an acid urine
 Hydrogen ions are not excreted in the urine

RENAL FUNCTION TESTS

I.GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
> ______________ = used to evaluate glomerular filtration

1. Urea-old
2. ___________ = most common
3. ___________ = gold standard
4. Beta-microglobulin
5. Radioisotopes
6. Cystatin C
Sample problem:
Given the ff data, compute for creatinine clearance
 Urine creatinine: 120mg/dL
 Plasma creatinine = 1mg/dL
 Urine volume in 24 hrs = 1440mL
 Patient average body surface

Normal value:
Male: 107-139mL/min
Female: 87-107mL/min

CALCULATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION ESTIMATE USING

FORMULA DEVELOPED BY COCKGROFT & GAULT

VARIABLES:

II. TUBULAR REABSORPTION

 _______________ = used to evaluate tubular reabsorption

Obsolete test Commonly used test

1. 3.
> patient is deprive of fluid for > influenced by the number &
24 hrs density of particles in a solution
>urine SG is then measured (SG
1.026)
2. 4.
> compare day and night urine > influenced by the number of
in terms of volume & SG particles in a solution

III.TUBULAR SECRETION AND RENAL BLOOD FLOW

1. PAH (p-aminohippuric acid) test
2. PSP (phenosulfonphthalein) test = obsolete results are hard to interpret