Name: jenish savaliya

Enrollment No.: 190280126029

Subject: TEPB

AIM: To study about the terminologies related to Thermoplastic

Elastomer and Polymer Blends.

1. Amorphous
An amorphous solid is that in which the constituent
particles do not possess a regular three-dimensional
arrangement.

Ex: glass, rubber, metallic glass, polymers, gel, fused silica,

pitch tar

2. Anionic polymerization
 Anionic addition polymerization is a form of chain-growth
polymerization or addition polymerization that involves

the polymerization of monomers initiated with anions.

3. Aniline point
The aniline point is called the "aniline point temperature," which
is the lowest temperature at which equal volumes of aniline
(C6H5NH2) and the oil form a single phase. The anilinepoint
(AP) correlates roughly with the amount and type of aromatic
hydrocarbons in an oil sample.

4. Brittleness
Brittleness describes the property of a material that fractures
when subjected to stress but has a little tendency to deform
before rupture. Brittle materials are characterized by little
deformation, poor capacity to resist impact and vibration of
load, high compressive strength, and low tensile strength.
Example of brittle material :-- Bone, cast iron, ceramic, and
concrete

5. Block copolymer

A block copolymer is a copolymer formed when the

two monomers cluster together and form 'blocks' of repeating
units.
For example, a polymer made up of X and Y monomers joined
together like:
-Y-Y-Y-Y-Y-X-X-X-X-X-Y-Y-Y-Y-Y-X-X-X-X-X-
is a block copolymer where -Y-Y-Y-Y-Y- and -X-X-X-X-X-
groups are the blocks.

6. Bleeding
bleeding refer to phenomena in which additives and/or
plasticizers in the polymer migrate to its surface.

Natural separation of a liquid from a liquid-solid or

semisolid mixture; for example, separation of oil from a
stored lubricating grease, or water from freshly poured
concrete. Also known as bleedout.

7. Blister

Blister pack is a term for several types of pre-

formed plastic packaging used for small consumer goods,
foods, and for pharmaceuticals. The primary component of
a blister pack is a cavity or pocket made from a formable
web, usually a thermoformed plastic.
8. Blow moulding
Blow molding is a molding process used in the
manufacturing industry to create hollow objects made of
plastic.
Examples :-- water bottles, shampoo and other small
bottles, automotive parts, stadium seating and chairs,
watering cans, coolers, or any other type of hollow parts.
9. Crystallinity
Crystallinity can be defined as the degree of long-range
structural order comprising a crystal lattice within a (solid)
material.

10. Catalytic polymerization

Catalytic chain transfer (CCT) and atom transfer
polymerization (ATRP) produce a variety of new
functional polymers, reactive oligomers, and block
copolymers this process is called as catalytic
polymerization .

Examples :-- polyethers, polyketones, polyesters,

polycarbonates, polyamides, polyaramids, and polyimides.
11. Control living radical polymerization (LRP):
In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form
of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a
growing polymer chain to terminate has been removed.
Living polymerization is desirable because it offers
precision and control in macromolecular synthesis. This is
important since many of the novel/useful properties of
polymers result from their microstructure and molecular
weight. Since molecular weight and dispersity are less

controlled in non-living polymerizations, this method is

more desirable for materials design.

12. Co efficient of thermal expansion:

THE COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR thermal
expansion (CTE, a, or a1) is a material property that is
indicative of the extent to which a material expands upon
heating. ... Over small temperature ranges, the thermal
expansion of uniform linear objects is proportional to
temperature change.
13. Cold Flow (Creep): creep (sometimes called cold
flow) is the tendency of a solid material to move slowly or
deform permanently under the influence of persistent
mechanical stresses. It can occur as a result of long-term
exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the
yield strength of the material.

14. Cold flexibility: low temperature flexibility. The

ability of a membrane or other material to resist cracking
when flexed after it has been cooled to a low temperature.

15. Compression set: The compression set of a material

is the permanent deformation remaining after removal of a
force that was applied to it. The term is normally applied to
soft materials such as elastomers.

16. Cationic polymerization: cationic polymerization is a

type of chain growth polymerization in which a cationic
initiator transfers charge to a monomer which then becomes
reactive. This reactive monomer goes on to react similarly
with other monomers to form a polymer.
 Example:

17. Dwell pressure: In injection molding, the liquid

polymer mass is forced into the mold and held
under pressure at a particular temperature (the dwell or
mold temperature) for a certain period (the dwell or
molding time) before cooling.

18. Dynamic vulcanization: Dynamic vulcanization has

been extensively applied to the vulcanization of the soft
elastomer phase of a blend with rigid thermoplastics. The
process is carried out under high shear and above the
melting point of the thermoplastic at sufficiently high
temperature to activate and complete the vulcanization.

19. Die swell: Die swell occurs in instances of polymer

extrusion, in which a stream of polymeric material is forced
through a die, a specialized tool in manufacturing to shape
or cut polymeric materials. Die swell is an instance where a
polymer stream is compressed by entrance into a die, and is
followed by a partial recovery or “swell” back to the former
 shape and volume of the polymer after exiting the die,
hence the term die swell.

20. Elasticity: Elasticity is a physical property of a

material whereby the material returns to its original shape
after having been stretched out or altered by force.

21. Emulsion polymerization: Emulsion polymerization

is a type of radical polymerization that usually starts with
an emulsion incorporating water, monomer, and surfactant.
The most common type of
emulsion polymerization is
an oil-in-water emulsion, in
which droplets of monomer
are emulsified in a continuous
phase of water.

22. Elastomer: Any rubbery material composed of long

chainlike molecules, or polymers, that are capable of
recovering their original shape after being stretched to great
extents are called as elastomer.
23. Grafting: Grafting is a process in which monomers
are covalently bonded and polymerized as side chains onto
the main polymer chain backbone.

24. Graft copolymer: Graft copolymer is a type of

copolymer in which one or more blocks of homopolymer
are grafted as branches onto a main chain, meaning it is a
branched copolymer with one or more side chains of a
homopolymer attached to the backbone of the main chain.
25. Glass transition temp: The glass transition
temperature is the temperature range where the polymer
substrate changes from a rigid glassy material to a soft (not
melted) material, and is usually measured in terms of the
stiffness, or modulus.

26. Hard phase: One of the monomers provides the hard,

or crystalline, polymer segment that functions as a
thermally stable component; the other monomer develops
the soft or amorphous segment, which contributes the
elastomeric or rubbery characteristic.

27. Hysteresis: The phenomenon in which the value of a

physical property lags behind changes in the effect causing
it, as for instance when magnetic induction lags behind the
magnetizing force.
28. Hysteresis Loss: The work done by the magnetising
force against the internal friction of the molecules of the
magnet, produces heat. This energy which is wasted in the
form of heat due to hysteresis is called Hysteresis Loss.

29. Hardness: Hardness is the ability of a material to

resist deformation, which is determined by a standard test
where the surface resistance to indentation is measured.

30. Hard Phase (Hard segment): Greater hard segment

content leads to a harder material with higher modulus,
tensile strength values, and lower % elongation.

31. Homopolymer: A homopolymer is a polymer where

every monomer unit (mer) of the chain is the same.

32. Impact strength: impact strength of a material is

defined as its capability to resist a sudden applied load
or force. It is normally conveyed as the amount of
mechanical energy absorbed in the process of deformation
under the applied impact loading and is expressed as
energy lost per unit of thickness in J.cm.
33. Impact resistance: impact resistance is an energy it is
the energy required to break the sample in two or more
pieces.

34. Inhibitor: A substance that reduces or suppresses the

activity of another substance (such as an enzyme)

35. Injection moulding: The shaping of rubber or plastic

articles by injecting heated material into a mould.

36. Mobility: The ability to move or be moved freely and

easily.

37. Melt flow index (MFI) (Melt Flow Rate): Melt flow
index is a measure of the resistance to flow (viscosity) of
the polymer melt at a given temperature under a given force
for a predetermined period of time.

38. Polycondensation reaction: Polycondensation is the

term used to describe polymers formed as a result of
reactions involving the condensation of organic materials in
which small molecules are split out. ... Polymers typically
formed by the polycondensation reaction mechanism
include polyesters, nylons, and polyurethanes.
39. Polarity: Polymer is considered polar if the it's charge
can be measured as positive or negative. If a polymer has
no charge, we say it is non-polar its called polarity

40. Permanent set: an irreversible deformation that

remains in a structure or material after it has been subjected
to stress.

41. Plasticity: Plasticity is the capacity to resist plastic

deformation (dislocation movement), while toughness
measures the ability of a material to resist crack
propagation.

42. Plasticizer: Many of a number of substances added to

materials in order to modify their physical properties. Their
uses include softening and improving the flexibility
of plastics and preventing
dried paint coatings from becoming too brittle

43. Plastomer: A Plastomer is a polymer material which

combines qualities of elastomers and plastics, such as
rubber-like properties with the processing ability of plastic.

44. Poisons ratio: Poisons ratio is the ratio of lateral

contraction strain to longitudinal extension strain in the
direction of stretching force.
45. Refractive index: the refractive index of a material is
a dimensionless number that describes how fast light
travels through the material.

46. Relative density: Relative density, or specific

gravity, is the ratio of the density of a substance to the
density of a given reference material.

47. Radical Polymerization: Free-radical polymerization

is a method of polymerization, by which a polymer forms
by the successive addition of free-radical building blocks.
• Radical polymerization can be divided into three stages:
initiation, propagation, and termination.

48. Solution polymerization: Solution polymerization is

a method of industrial polymerization. In this procedure, a
monomer is dissolved in a non-reactive solvent that
contains a catalyst or initiator.

49. Soft phase (Soft segment): Soft phases concur to the

mechanism of pore opening by decreasing the pore-wall
strength, also increasing the foam expansion ratio.

50. Solubility: Solubility of a substance is its maximum

amount that can be dissolved in a specified amount of
solvent.
51. Softening point: The softening point is the
temperature at which a material softens beyond some
arbitrary softness.

52. Staining: Staining is a technique used to enhance

contrast in samples, generally at the microscopic level. ...
Staining is not limited to biological materials; it can also be
used to study the structure of other materials for example
the lamellar structures of semi-crystalline polymers or the
domain structures of block copolymers.

53. Sprue: a vertical channel in a mould through

which plastic or molten metal is introduced or out of which
it flows when the mould is filled.

54. Stabilizer: Polymer stabilizers are chemical additives

which may be added to polymeric materials, such as
plastics, to inhibit or retard their degradation. ... They
allow plastic items to be produced faster and with fewer
defects, extend their useful lifespan, and facilitate their
recycling.
55. Terpolymer: A terpolymer is a chemical compound
resulting from a polymer that has a molecular structure
built mostly or completely from a large number of similar
units bonded together (such as a complex resin).
A terpolymer is a result of the copolymerization of three
different monomers, and is sometimes used to prevent
corrosion.

56. Thermoplastic: A thermoplastic, or

thermosoftening plastic, is a form of plastic polymer that is
pliable or moldable at a certain high temperature and
solidifies when cooled.

57. Thermoset: Thermoset is a material that strengthens

when heated, but cannot be remolded or heated after the
initial forming.

58. Thermoplastic vulcanisation: Thermoplastic

vulcanizates (TPVs) are a very special class of
thermoplastic elastomers prepared by dynamic
vulcanization or cross-linking process, which involves the
cross-linking of a rubber phase while it is being melt-mixed
with a thermoplastic material at elevated temperature.

59. Thermoplastic polyurethane: Thermoplastic

polyurethane is any of a class of polyurethane plastics with
many properties, including elasticity, transparency, and
 resistance to oil, grease, and abrasion. Technically, they are
thermoplastic elastomers consisting of linear segmented
block copolymers composed of hard and soft segments.

60. Thermoplastic polyolefin: Thermoplastic Polyolefins

(TPOs) are polypropylene based materials that have been
modified to provide better ductility and impact resistance
compared to standard off-the-shelf Polypropylene (PP)
grades.
Advantages
1. Betterimpact resistance than standard Polypropylene (PP)
grades, especially at low temperatures
2. Lightweight

3. Chemical resistance

61. Thermoplastic polyester: Polyester resins combine

excellent mechanical, electrical and thermal properties with
very good chemical resistance and dimensional stability.
Polyesters also offer low moisture absorption and have
good flow properties.