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DOI: 10.1039/C6NR06456F
Journal Name

ARTICLE

Monochromatic and Electrochemical Switchable

Electrochemiluminescence of Perovskite CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals
Received 00th January 20xx,
Published on 12 October 2016. Downloaded by Cornell University Library on 12/10/2016 09:03:12.

Accepted 00th January 20xx Yan Huang,a,b Mingxiang Fang,a Guizheng Zou ,*a Bin Zhang,a and Huaisheng Wangb
The cubic-shaped perovskite CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (NCs) could be electrochemically injected with holes (or electrons) to

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x
produce several charged states under different oxidizing and reducing potentials, and then bring out
www.rsc.org/ electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of higher color purity than traditional ECL chemicals and metal chalcogenide NCs, in
both annihilation and co-reactant routes. The difference of electrochemical gaps between varied hole and electron injecting
potentials displayed little effects on the ECL spectrum and colour purity of CsPbBr3 NCs. All the excited states generated
under different oxidizing and reducing potential couples in ECL of CsPbBr3 NCs were the same to those in
photoluminescence, as all the ECL spectra were almost identical to the CsPbBr3 NCs’ photoluminescence spectrum.
Importantly, ECL of CsPbBr3 NCs were electrochemical switchable and displayed obvious “on/off” typed feature by
changing the sequence of hole injecting and electron injecting processes, as strong ECL could be obtained by injecting holes
onto the electron injected NCs, while no or very weak ECL was obtained in the reversed way.

common nonpolar solvents for electrochemical characterization.

Introduction
Controlled synthesis of materials with high quality and well-defined
morphology not only benefits fundamental research but also offers
great promise for practical applications. For example, semiconductor
nanocrystals (NCs) or quantum dots (QDs) were promising tags,1
due to their bright photoluminescence (PL), high PL quantum yield
(PLQY), and excellent photo-stability. However, previous efforts
were mostly focused on metal chalcogenide NCs whose optical and
electronic properties were well-established.2 Thanks to recent
advances in nanomaterials synthesis, a new family of colloidal NCs
based on lead halide perovskites, MPbX3 (M = CH3NH3, Cs; X = Cl,
Br, I), were constructed and investigated by several groups. 3-13 These
perovskite MPbX3 NCs not only had an unequivocally orthorhombic
structure,14 but also demonstrated superior PL emission beyond the
traditional NCs.15 As electroluminescence (EL) of CsPbX3 NCs was
of high color purity,16 the photo-physical and optical features of
MPbX3 NCs under varied electrochemical conditions were strongly
anticipated.
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) could investigate the electron
transfer and the nature of a luminophore under various
electrochemical conditions.17 Since the seminal ECL of Si NCs was
reported in 2002,18 ECL of various NCs has been investigated,19
such as CdSe,20 CdTe,21 and nano-clusters.22, 23 However, no ECL
from MPbX3 NCs was carried out, probably due to the poor stability
of perovskite NCs in polar solvents and the poor solubility in
a.
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan,
250100, China. E-mail: zouguizheng@sdu.edu.cn; Tel: +86-531-88361326.
b.
Department of Chemistry, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
†Electronic Supplementary Information (ESI) available.
DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x
Thin-film technique was most useful for the electro-optic application
of NCs,24 and was adopted to investigate ECL of CsPbBr3 NCs in
common nonpolar solvent herein. The CsPbBr3 NCs were deposited
onto glass carbon electrode (GCE) to form NCs film modified
electrode, i.e. CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE, and displayed efficient ECL of
high color selective and electrochemical switchable features, which
was superior to the ECL from both traditional ECL chemicals and
metal chalcogenide NCs.
Experimental
Materials and Reagents.
All reagents were of analytical grade and used as received. Cesium
carbonate (Cs2CO3, 99%), lead bromide (PbBr2, 99%), octadecene
(C18H36), oleic acid, oleylamine (C18H37N, 80%-90%), tri-n-
propylamine (TPrA, >99%), benzoyl peroxide (C14H10O4, BPO, AR)
and tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (C16H36F6NP,
TBAPF6, 99%) were purchased from Aldrich. Hexane and
dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical
Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The air-free supporting
electrolyte solution was prepared by bubbling the supporting
electrolyte solution with high-purity nitrogen for 5 min and all the
corresponding measurements were performed under nitrogen
atmosphere.
Apparatus and Optical Measurements.
The ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectrum was recorded
on a TU-1901 UV-vis spectrophotometer (Beijing Purkinje General
Instrument Co., Ltd., China). The PL spectrum was measured with
F-320 spectrofluorimeter (Tianjin Gangdong Sci&Tech
Development Co., Ltd., China). Transmission electron microscopy
See (TEM) was acquired under a JEM-1011 electron microscope. High
resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) pattern was

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acquired under a JEM-2100 system equipped with an energy
dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscope (Japan Electron Optics
Laboratory Co., Ltd., Japan). X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern was
recorded on an X-ray diffractometer with Cu Kɑ radiation
(λ=1.5418Å). (Bruker AXS D8 Advance, Germany). Scanning
electron micrographs (SEM) were obtained with a SUPRA 55 field
emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) (Carl Zeiss AG,
Germany). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was recorded with
a CHI 822 electrochemical analyzer (Shanghai, China). Cyclic
voltammetry (CV) and ECL were recorded using a MPI-EII ECL
analyzer (Xi’an Remex Analytical Instrument Co., Ltd. China) with
a three-electrode system containing a GCE as working electrode
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(WE), a Pt coil as counter electrode (CE), and an Ag coil as quasi-
reference electrode (RE). The voltage of the photomultiplier tube
(185-850 nm) was biased at 800 V. ECL spectra and images were
obtained with a homemade ECL spectrum system,25 including an
Acton SP2300i monochromator (Acton, 300 mm, the 150 G/mm
ruled grating), a PyLoN 400BReXcelon digital CCD camera
(Princeton Instruments, USA), a VersaSTAT 3 analyzer (Princeton
Applied Research, USA), a light-tight box, a specially designed light
path and a controlling device. The homemade ECL spectrum
acquiring system could synchronously trigger and operate
VersaSTAT 3 analyzer and CCD-coupled monochromator to record
ECL spectra and ECL images.
Preparation of CsPbBr3 NCs.
The CsPbBr3 NCs were synthesized according to literature.26 The
precursor for CsPbBr3 NCs, i.e. Cs-oleate, was firstly synthesized by
loading Cs2CO3 (0.814 g), oleic acid (2.5 mL), and octadecene (40
mL) into a 100 mL 3-neck flask under N2 atmosphere, and heating
the mixture to 150 oC until a clear solution of Cs-oleate was
obtained. The Cs-oleate solution should be preheated to 100 oC
before usage to make it soluble. The octadecene (5 mL), PbBr2
(0.069 g), oleylamine (0.5 mL), and oleic acid (0.5 mL) were loaded
into a 25 mL 3-neck flask under N2 atmosphere and heated to 120
o
C. After complete solubilisation of PbBr2, the mixture was heated to
150 oC and then swiftly injected with 0.4 mL Cs-oleate solution.
Five seconds later, the mixture was cooled by the ice-water. The
resultant CsPbBr3 NCs were precipitated three times with hexane at
13000 rpm, and then re-dispersed in hexane. The final solution was
determined to be of 20 mg/mL and stored in darkness.
Preparation of CsPbBr3 NCs modified GCE, i.e. NCs|GCE.
The GCE was polished with 0.3 μm alumina slurry, washed with
doubly distilled water, and then dried with a stream of high-purity
nitrogen gas. A drop of 10 L CsPbBr3 NCs solution (1.0 mg/mL)
was placed on GCE surface and then dried at room temperature
under ambient pressure to form the CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE.
Fig. 1 (A) TEM image of CsPbBr3 NCs, with an inset showing HRTEM
image of a single nanocrystal; (B) UV−vis absorption and PL (λex: 400 nm)
spectra of CsPbBr3 NCs, with insets showing photographs of NCs solution
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under (a) ambient light and (b) UV irradiation, and SEM patterns of (c) bare
View Article Online
GCE and (d) CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE. DOI: 10.1039/C6NR06456F
Results and discussion
Fig. 1A presented a typical TEM image of the perovskite CsPbBr3
NCs, showing the presence of cubic-shaped NCs with an average
edge length of 12-15 nm. The XRD pattern (Fig. S1 in ESI† ) was in
agreement with that reported by De Roo et al,27 and further proved
the cubic crystal structure. The obvious signals of Cs, Pb, and Br
elements on EDX patterns (Fig. S2 in ESI†) confirmed the
elementary composition. As shown in Fig. 1B, CsPbBr3 NCs
displayed a first excitonic peak at 505 nm on absorption spectrum,
and a symmetric peak from 475 to 561 nm on PL spectrum with
maximum intensity at 515 nm and full width at half-maximum
Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript
(FWHM) of 19 nm. The PLQY of CsPbBr3 NCs was determined as
around 65%, with rhodamine 6G in ethanol (QY = 95%) as a PL
reference.28 Inset of Fig. 1B demonstrated the bright greenish PL of
CsPbBr3 NCs. SEM of CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE proved that CsPbBr3 NCs
were uniformly distributed on GCE surface (Inset c and d of Fig.
1B).
Fig. 2 (A) cathodic and (B) anodic CV profiles of (a, dotted line) bare GCE
and (b, solid line) CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE in air-free dichloromethane containing
0.1 M TBAPF6 at 50 mV/s. (C) cathodic and (D) anodic DPV profiles of (a,
dotted line) bare GCE and (b, solid line) CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE in air-free
dichloromethane containing 0.1 M TBAPF6. The arrows indicate the starting
potential and scan direction.
As shown in Fig. 2, CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE displayed dramatically
enhanced current to background signal from bare GCE. In the
negative initialed scan, CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE displayed two
irreversible cathodic processes (Fig. 2A) on CV profile, such as C1
between -0.90 V and -1.10 V with peak potential around -1.0 V and
C2 between -1.10 V and -1.47 V with a peak potential around -1.28
V. Thus, CsPbBr3 NCs in CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE might be consecutively
injected with electrons to produce reduced radicals of different
charged states, such as R (CsPbBr3 NCs) and R2 (CsPbBr3
NCs2). Both GCE and CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE demonstrated a cathodic
process C0 from -0.60 V to -0.90 V with peak potential aound -0.85
V in the air-free supporting electrolyte solution, indicating C0 might
not be related to CsPbBr3 NCs. As both GCE and CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE
also displayed dramatically enhanced C0 in air-saturated supporting
electrolyte solution (Fig. S3), C0 was probably due to reduction of
residual oxygen. In the positive initialed scan, CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE
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displayed three irreversible anodic processes (Fig. 2B), such as
slowly increased A1 between 0.80 V and 1.10 V, greatly enhanced
A2 between 1.10 V and 1.37 V with a peak position around 1.28 V,
and dramatically increased A3 after 1.37 V, which was further
confirmed by DPV characterization with less noise and charging
current. CsPbBr3 NCs could be consecutively injected with holes to
produce oxidized radicals of different charged states, such as R+
(CsPbBr3 NCs+), R2+ (CsPbBr3 NCs2+), and R3+ (CsPbBr3 NCs3+).
As shown in Fig. 2C & 2D, DPV profiles of CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE not
only displayed two cathodic peak around -0.98 and -1.27 V (Fig.
2C), corresponding to the C1 and C2 on CV profile, but also
demonstrated three anodic processes around +0.90, +1.23 and +1.50
V (Fig. 2D), corresponding to the A1, A2 and A3 on CV profile,
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respectively. All the results confirmed that CsPbBr3 NCs could be
consecutively injected with electron (or hole) to produce anions (or
cations) of different charged states, similar to the recently reported
Au nano-clusters.22 The general hole and electron injecting scheme
for CsPbBr3 NCs was embodied by eqs 1−5.
R + e  R (1)
R + e  R2 (2)
R  e  R+ (3)
R+  e  R2+ (4)
R2+  e  R3+ (5)
Compared with CV profiles, the DPV profiles of both CsPbBr3
NCs|GCE and bare GCE displayed a cathodic peak between -0.7 and
-0.8 V (Fig. 2C), in a similar potential to those of C0 on CV profiles,
which further confirmed that C0 was not related to the CsPbBr3 NCs.
Fig. 3 Hole injecting initialed ECL transients of bare GCE (black line) and
CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE (red line) by stepping the potential between (A) +0.9 and
-1.0 V, (B) +1.25 and -1.0 V, (C) +1.5 and -1.0 V, (D) +0.9 and -1.28 V, (E)
+1.25 and -1.28 V, and (F) +1.5 and -1.28V at 1 Hz for 20 s in air-free
dichloromethane containing 0.10 M TBAPF6. Blue dotted lines indicate the
applied potential steps.
As the electron-transfer annihilation between the electrogenerated
anion and cation radicals from NCs, i.e. the annihilation of
electrochemically injected hole and electron of NCs, could bring out
excited states of NCs for ECL,19 the annihilation ECL between the
oxidized and reduced forms of CsPbBr3 NCs were explored by
switching CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE between different oxidizing and
reducing potential couples of CsPbBr3 NCs. First of all, because the
process C0 was not related to CsPbBr3 NCs, no ECL was obtained by
repetitively stepping potential from -0.7 V to +0.90, +1.25 and +1.50
V (Fig. S4). As shown in Fig. 3 & Fig. S5 (ESI†), obvious ECL of
CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE was obtained by switching potential from -1.0 V
to +0.9, +1.25 and +1.50 V (or from -1.28 to +0.9, +1.25 and +1.50
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
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V), which provided unambiguous evidence that A1, AView 2 and A were
Article3 Online
hole injecting processes of CsPbBr3 NCs, DOI: while C1 and C2 were
10.1039/C6NR06456F
electron injecting processes of CsPbBr3 NCs. However, no ECL
emission was observed by switching the potential of CsPbBr3
NCs|GCE from +0.9, +1.25, and +1.50 V to -1.0 V (or from +0.9,
+1.25, and +1.50 V to -1.28 V), even in the first potential stepping
cycle (as shown in Fig. 3), indicating the electron injecting process
should occur ahead of the hole injecting process for the annihilation
ECL of CsPbBr3 NCs. Recently, Ding also demonstrated that no
ECL was produced in the annihilation route over the potential range
of the accessible redox states of Au38 nanocluster, because of the
short lifetime and/or low reactivity of the electrogenerated Au 38
intermediates.22 In this case, the different lifetime and/or reactivity
between hole injected NCs and electron injected NCs might play an
important role on the electrochemical switchable ECL of CsPbBr3
Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript
NCs. Although injecting holes onto the electron injected CsPbBr3
NCs by stepping CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE from electron injecting
potentials to hole injecting potentials could bring out efficient ECL
emission, the ECL processes could also quickly quenched by
switching the CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE from the hole injecting potentials
to electron injecting potentials in the followed steps. The “on/off”
typed ECL from CsPbBr3 NCs based on the turn of hole injecting
and electron injecting process might be superior to the ECL from
traditional ECL chemicals and the normal semiconductor NCs, and
eventually present them promising electro-optic applications.
Notably, the transient ECL was relative weak and decreased
dramatically with prolonged time, which might provide
supplementary evidence to the limited stability of electrogenerated
anion and cation radicals from the CsPbBr3 NCs. The general
mechanism for annihilation ECL of CsPbBr3 NCs was embodied by
eqs 6-11.
R + R +  R* + R0 (6)
R + R2+  R* + R+ (7)

R +R R +R
3+ * 2+
(8)
R2 + R+  R* + R (9)
R +R R +R
2 2+ * 0
(10)
R2 + R3+  R* + R+ (11)
Fig. 4 Spectra of hole injecting initialed ECL transients of bare GCE (black
line) and CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE (red line) by stepping the potential between (A)
+0.9 and -1.0 V, (B) +1.25 and -1.0 V, (C) +1.5 and -1.0 V, (D) +0.9 and -
1.28 V, (E) +1.25 and -1.28 V, and (F) +1.5 and -1.28V at 1 Hz for 20 s in
air-free dichloromethane containing 0.10 M TBAPF6. The exposure time for
CCD was 20 s, exactly equal to that used for ECL transients; blue dotted
lines indicate the applied potential steps.
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As shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. S6, spectra of CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE
related ECL transients only demonstrated a single and symmetric
peak between 480 and 560 nm with maximum intensity around 519
nm (2.39 eV) and FWHM around 20 nm. No additional broad and
obviously red-shift peak was observed on ECL spectrum, indicating
CsPbBr3 NCs were highly passivated.29, 30 To the best of our
knowledge, ECL of CsPbBr3 NCs might be of the highest colour
purity to all the previous reported ECL emitters, as FWHM of ECL
from CsPbBr3 NCs was not only much smaller than the FWHM of
ECL from the traditional chemicals ECL emitter,31-33 such as luminol
and Ru(bpy)32+, but also even smaller than the FWHM of recently
reported monochromatic ECL from the dual-stabilizers-capped CdTe
and CdSe NCs.34-36 Importantly, the spectra of all the ECL generated
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under different oxidizing and reducing potential couples were almost
identical to the PL spectrum of CsPbBr3 NCs, which proved that all
the excited state of CsPbBr3 NCs in ECL might be essentially the
same as that in PL. In other words, the difference of electrochemical
gaps between varied hole and electron injecting potentials had little
effects on ECL spectra and color purity of CsPbBr3 NCs. Anyhow,
the cubic-shaped perovskite CsPbBr3 NCs was a promising ECL
emitter candidate, and might be superior to the traditional ECL
chemicals,17 metal chalcogenide NCs19, 37 and nano-clusters.22, 23, 38
The potential scanning technology, such as CV, was promising to
distinguish all the possible ECL processes under different
potentials.20, 31, 39 Previous research also demonstrated that NCs
could resulted in obvious and potential dependent ECL with the
presence of co-reactant.20, 37 Herein, TPrA and BPO were selected as
co-reactant candidates giving the well-known oxidizing and reducing
powers of their electrogenerated radical intermediates.22
Fig. 5 (A) anodic ECL and (B) CV profiles of (a) bare GCE and (b) CsPbBr3
NCs|GCE in air-free dichloromethane containing 0.1 M TBAPF6 and 10 mM
TPrA at 50 mV/s. Inset: corresponding ECL spectra of (a) bare GCE and (b)
CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE in air-free dichloromethane containing 0.1 M TBAPF6
and 10 mM TPrA at 50 mV/s. The exposure time of CCD was equivalent to
the time used for potential scan.
Fig. 6 Anodic ECL image of (A) bare GCE and (B) CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE in
air-free dichloromethane containing 0.1 M TBAPF6 and 10 mM TPrA by
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scanning the potential between 0.0 and 1.6 V for one cycle at 50 mV/s. The
View Article Online
exposure time of CCD was equivalent to the time used
DOI: for potential scan.
10.1039/C6NR06456F
TPrA could be oxidized at relative low potentials to produce strong
reducing radical species TPrA• (E°= ~ -1.7 V vs. SCE),17 which can
react with electrochemically reduced NCs (electron injected NCs) to
produce anodic ECL.19 As shown in Fig. 5B, TPrA was oxidized
with an onset potential round +0.5 V, and displayed a strong
oxidizing peak between +0.6 V and +1.6 V, which not only indicated
that electron injecting processes occurred ahead of the hole injecting
processes in this case, but also proved that electron injection were
sufficient and played a prominent role in TPrA co-reacted ECL
route. Consequently, CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE displayed strong anodic
ECL when coupled with TPrA (curve b, Fig. 5A). The anodic ECL
emerged at around +0.80 V and then increased gradually until +1.05
V with the proceeding of potential scan, corresponding to the hole
Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript
injecting process of A1. Followed then, the ECL enhanced
dramatically and displayed two obvious peaks around 1.17 V and
1.48 V, respectively, corresponding to the hole injecting processes of
A2 and A3. Shown as the inset of Fig. 5B, ECL spectrum of CsPbBr3
NCs|GCE displayed one symmetric peak around 520 nm with
FWHM of 20 nm by collecting all the photons generated during the
whole potential scanning process. Thus, all the cation radicals
generated by consecutive oxidizing CsPbBr3 NCs tended to bring out
the same excited states for monochromatic ECL with the presence of
co-reactants. Additionally, the bright and equally distributed image
of anodic ECL further confirmed that the CsPbBr3 NCs were evenly
distributed at GCE surface (Fig. 6).
Fig. 7 (A) cathodic ECL and (B) CV profiles of (a) bare GCE and (b)
CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE in air-freed dichloromethane containing 0.1 M TBAPF6
and 5 mM BPO at 50 mV/s. Inset: corresponding ECL spectra of (a) bare
GCE and (b) CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE in air-free dichloromethane containing 0.1
M TBAPF6 and 5 mM BPO at 50 mV/s. The exposure time of CCD was
equivalent to the time used for potential scan.
BPO co-reacted ECL route was consequently adopted to verify
CsPbBr3 NCs related cathodic processes, because BPO was soluble
in dichloromethane and could be reduced to C6H5CO2•,38 while the
C6H5CO2• was capable to react with electrochemically reduced
nanoparticles for ECL.22 As shown in Fig. 7B, BPO displayed a
strong reduction peak round -0.3 V in dichloromethane, which
indicated the hole injecting process occurred ahead of the electron
injecting process and played a prominent role in the BPO co-reactant
ECL route. Consequently, very weak cathodic ECL from CsPbBr3
NCs|GCE was observed with the onset potential -0.90 V (Fig. 7A),
as CsPbBr3 NCs could be injected with electron at about -0.90 V and
the hole injecting process occurred ahead of the electron injecting
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process. The cathodic ECL reached its maximum intensity around - 6.
1.05 V, and then decreased slowly with further negatively scanned
potential. Compared with bare GCE, CsPbBr3 NCs|GCE displayed 7.
an additional and strong cathodic process from around -0.90 to -1.40
V with maximum intensity around -0.98 V (Fig. 7B). The additional 8.
cathodic process located in a potential window related to C1 and C2,
9.
might be the combined electron injecting processes of with the
presence of BPO. Although both strong electron injecting processes 10.
for the NCs and strong reducing processes for BPO were obtained in
this case, the weak cathodic ECL further confirmed that the turn of 11.
hole and electron injecting processes played an important role for
desired ECL intensity from perovskite CsPbBr3 NCs. Importantly, 12.
spectrum of the cathodic ECL was similar to the PL spectrum of
CsPbBr3 NCs, which further proved that both anodic and cathodic
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ECL generated in co-reactant route were of the same excited states 13. S. Bai, Z. Yuan and F. Gao, J. Mater. Chem. C., 2016, 4, 3898-3904.
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15. A. Swarnkar, R. Chulliyil, V. K. Ravi, M. Irfanullah, A. Chowdhury and A. Nag,

Nanoscale Accepted Manuscript

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several radicals of different charged states, and then bring out ECL 23. M. Hesari, Z. Ding and M. S. Workentin, Organometallics, 2014, 33, 4888-4892.
in both annihilation and co-reactant ECL routes. The spectra of all 24. C. Wang, M. Shim and P. Guyot-Sionnest, Science, 2001, 291, 2390-2392.
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CsPbBr3 NCs based on the occurring turn of hole injecting and 34. G. Liang, S. Liu, G. Zou and X. Zhang, Anal. Chem., 2012, 84, 10645-10649.
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The first two authors contributed equally to this work.

Acknowledgements
This project was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 21427808 and 21375077),
Independent Innovation Foundation of Shandong University (Grant
No. 2015JC037) and Shandong Provincial Natural Science
Foundation (ZR2014BM007).

Notes and references

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137, 12792-12795.

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