GUIMAras state college | MCLAIN, BUENAVISTA, GUIMARS

Republic of the Philippines

State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Mclain, Buenavista, Guimaras
GE 11 – Social Science and Philosophy

Module 2
Social Science and Philosophy

Name: _________________________________________ Course/Year& Section: ______________

Address: _______________________________________ Contact Number: ___________________
Instructor’s Name: _______________________________Deadline Period: ___________________

Lesson 4. Introduction to Gender

Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:
1. Understand the definition of gender;
2. Identify and explain the difference of gender and sex;
3. Distinguish the multiple approaches to understanding gender; and
4. Identifying and understanding the effects of socialization to the gender of a person.

Activate________________________________________________________________________
Identify whether the following statement is either a myth or a truth, based on your own
belief. Explain why your answer is a myth or truth. You can add examples if necessary.
1. If a father does the household work, he is considered as “under the saya”
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2. Men are better leaders and administrations than women.
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3. It is the woman’s fault if she is being harasses sexually when she is wearing skimpy clothing.
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4. It is not proper for a girl to say “I love you” first to a boy.
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5. The mother should be the only one responsible for child-bearing and parenting.
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Acquire___________________________________________________________________________
Gender
Gender is a social construct specifying the socially and culturally prescribed roles that men
and women are to follow. It is the social roles and relations between men and women in the
society. Gender changes overtime; it is what we expect men and women do and behave. Sex, on
the other hand, is a biological concept.
 Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Mclain, Buenavista, Guimaras
GE 11 – Social Science and Philosophy

Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to, and differentiating between,

masculinity and femininity. Depending on the context, these characteristics may include biological
sex, sex-based social structures or gender identity.
Sexologist John Money introduced the terminological distinction between biological sex
and gender as a role in 1955. Before his work, it was uncommon to use the word gender to refer to
anything but grammatical categories.However, Money's meaning of the word did not become
widespread until the 1970s, when feminist theory embraced the concept of a distinction between
biological sex and the social construct of gender. Today, the distinction is followed in some
contexts, especially the social sciencesand documents written by the World Health Organization
(WHO).
The World Health Organization defines gender as the result of social constructed ideas
about the behavior, actions, roles, and relationships of and between groups of women and men. It
varies from society to society and can be changed.
The modern English word gender comes from the Middle English gender, gender, a
loanword from Anglo-Norman and Middle French gender. This, in turn, came from Latin genus.
Both words mean "kind", "type", or "sort". They derive ultimately from a widely attested Proto-
Indo-European (PIE) root gen-, which is also the source of kin, kind, king, and many other English
words. It appears in Modern French in the word genre (type, kind, also genre sexual) and is related
to the Greek root gen- (to produce), appearing in gene, genesis, and oxygen. The Oxford
Etymological Dictionary of the English Language of 1882 defined gender as kind, breed, sex,
derived from the Latin ablative case of genus, like genera natus, which refers to birth. The first
edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED1, Volume 4, 1900) notes the original meaning of
gender as "kind" had already become obsolete.

History of the concept

The concept of gender, in the modern sense, is a recent invention in human history.The
ancient world had no basis of understanding gender as it has been understood in the humanities
and social sciences for the past few decades. The term gender had been associated with grammar
for most of history and only started to move towards it being a malleable cultural construct in the
1950s and 1960s.
Sexologist John Money introduced the terminological distinction between biological sex
and gender as a role in 1955. Before his work, it was uncommon to use the word gender to refer to
anything but grammatical categories. For example, in a bibliography of 12,000 references on
marriage and family from 1900–1964, the term gender does not even emerge once. Analysis of
more than 30 million academic article titles from 1945–2001 showed that the uses of the term
"gender", were much rarer than uses of "sex", was often used as a grammatical category early in
this period. By the end of this period, uses of "gender" outnumbered uses of "sex" in the social
sciences, arts, and humanities. It was in the 1970s that feminist scholars adopted the term gender
as way of distinguishing "socially constructed" aspects of male–female differences (gender) from
"biologically determined" aspects (sex).
In the last two decades of the 20th century, the use of gender in academia has increased
greatly, outnumbering uses of sex in the social sciences. While the spread of the word in science
publications can be attributed to the influence of feminism, its use as a synonym for sex is
attributed to the failure to grasp the distinction made in feminist theory, and the distinction has
sometimes become blurred with the theory itself; David Haig stated, "Among the reasons that
working scientists have given me for choosing gender rather than sex in biological contexts are
 Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Mclain, Buenavista, Guimaras
GE 11 – Social Science and Philosophy

desires to signal sympathy with feminist goals, to use a more academic term, or to avoid the
connotation of copulation."
In legal cases alleging discrimination, sex is usually preferred as the determining factor
rather than gender as it refers to biology rather than socially constructed norms which are more
open to interpretation and dispute. Julie Greenberg writes that although gender and sex are
separate concepts, they are interlinked in that gender discrimination often results from
stereotypes based on what is expected of members of each sex.

Sexologist John Money coined the term gender role, and was the first to use it in print in a
scientific trade journal. In a seminal 1955 paper he defined it as "all those things that a person says
or does to disclose himself or herself as having the status of boy or man, girl or woman."

Sex
Historically, the terms “sex” and “gender” have been used interchangeably, but their uses
are becoming increasingly distinct, and it is important to understand the differences between the
two.
In general terms, “sex” refers to the biological differences between males and females,
such as the genitalia and genetic differences. The differences between male and female sexes are
anatomical and physiological. “Sex” tends to relate to biological differences.
Gender tends to denote the social and cultural role of each sex within a given society.
Rather than being purely assigned by genetics, as sex differences generally are, people often
develop their gender roles in response to their environment, including family interactions, the
media, peers, and education.

Gender vs. Sex

Gender Identity

Gender identity refers to a personal identification with a particular gender and gender role
in society. The term woman has historically been used interchangeably with reference to the
female body, though more recently this usage has been viewed as controversial by some
feminists. Feminism is a range of social movements, political movements, and ideologies that aim
to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes.
 Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Mclain, Buenavista, Guimaras
GE 11 – Social Science and Philosophy

Feminism incorporates the position that societies prioritize the male point of view, and that
women are treated unjustly within those societies. Efforts to change that include fighting against
gender stereotypes and establishing educational, professional, and interpersonal opportunities
and outcomes for women that are equal to those for men.
There are qualitative analyses that explore and present the representations of gender;
however, feminists challenge these dominant ideologies concerning gender roles and biological
sex. One's biological sex is directly tied to specific social roles and the expectations. Judith Butler
considers the concept of being a woman to have more challenges, owing not only to society's
viewing women as a social category but also as a felt sense of self, a culturally conditioned or
constructed subjective identity.

Social Identity
Social identity refers to the common identification with a collectivity or social category
that creates a common culture among participants concerned.According to social identity
theory,an important component of the self-concept is derived from memberships in social groups
and categories; this is demonstrated by group processes and how inter-group relationships impact
significantly on individuals' self-perception and behaviors. The groups people belong to therefore
provide members with the definition of who they are and how they should behave within their
social sphere

Gender Role
Sexologist John Money coined the term gender role in 1955. The term gender role is
defined as the actions or responses that may reveal their status as boy, man, girl or woman,
respectively. Elements surrounding gender roles include clothing, speech patterns, movement,
occupations, and other factors not limited to biological sex. In contrast to taxonomic approaches,
some feminist philosophers have argued that gender "is a vast orchestration of subtle mediations
between oneself and others", rather than a "private cause behind manifest behaviors".

Gender Equality
Gender equality, also known as sexual equality or equality of the sexes, is the state of equal
ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender, including economic
participation and decision-making; and the state of valuing different behaviors, aspirations and
needs equally, regardless of gender.
Gender equality is the goal, while gender neutrality and gender equity are practices and
ways of thinking that help in achieving the goal. Gender parity, which is used to measure gender
balance in a given situation, can aid in achieving gender equality but is not the goal in and of itself.
Gender equality is more than equal representation, it is strongly tied to women's rights, and often
requires policy changes.
UNICEF says gender equality "means that women and men, and girls and boys, enjoy the
same rights, resources, opportunities and protections. It does not require that girls and boys, or
women and men, be the same, or that they be treated exactly alike."
Gender Equality – means that there is no sex-based discrimination in the allocation of
resources and benefits, or access to services, and that both men and women have equal rights
and opportunity to realize their full potential to contribute and benefit from development
(Guidebook in Using statistics for Gender Responsive Local development Planning, NCRFW,
2002).
 Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Mclain, Buenavista, Guimaras
GE 11 – Social Science and Philosophy

Gender Inequality
Gender inequality is the idea that men and women are not equal and that gender affects an
individual's living experience. These differences arise from distinctions in biology, psychology, and
cultural norms. Some of these types of distinctions are empirically grounded while others appear
to be socially constructed.

Gender Equity
Gender equity means that those who have greater needs, irregardless of gender shall be
provided with more resources. Gender equity is the process of being fair to women and men. To
ensure fairness, strategies and measures must often be available to compensate for women's
historical and social disadvantages that prevent women and men from otherwise operating on a
level playing field. Equity leads to equality.

Gender Mainstreaming
Gender Mainstreaming – set of processes and strategies to integrate women concerns and
experiences in the design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of policies, programs, in all
political, economic, and social agenda of government.

Gender Perspective
The gender perspective focuses particularly on gender-based differences in status and
power, and considers how such discrimination shapes the immediate needs, as well as the long-
term interests, of women and men.

Gender Sensitivity
Gender – Sensitivity – having an understanding of the marginalized position of women and
consciously challenging the attitudes, behavior, and structures in the society that reinforce
women’s subordinate status. Object or social act.

Socialization
Socialization is the process by which social norms, roles, and expectations are learned and
internalized. In sociology, socialization is the process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of
society. Socialization encompasses both learning and teaching and is thus “the means by which
social and cultural continuity are attained.” Socialization essentially represents the whole process
of learning throughout the life course and is a central influence on the behavior, beliefs, and
actions of adults as well as of children.
.
Gender Socialization
Gender socialization is the process by which norms and expectations in relation to gender
are learned by women and men. Individuals are taught how to socially behave in accordance with
their assigned gender, which is assigned based on their sex phenotype. It is the process of
education and instructing males and females as to the norms, behaviors, values, and beliefs of
group membership as men or women.

Gender Stereotype
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State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Mclain, Buenavista, Guimaras
GE 11 – Social Science and Philosophy

Gender stereotypes can be a result of gender socialization: girls and boys are expected to
act in certain ways that are socialized from birth. Children and adults who do not conform to
gender stereotypes are often ostracized by peers for being different. It is a form of prejudgment,
bias or limitation given to roles and expectations of males and females.

Gender involves the differentiations

- Attributed by a given culture to women and men, the following aspects:
1. Social roles
2. Capacities
3. Traits and characteristics
 Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Mclain, Buenavista, Guimaras
GE 11 – Social Science and Philosophy

1. Family
- Ruth Hartley notes 4 processes involves in gender socialization:
o Manipulation – means that people handle girls and boys differently as infants.
o Example:
 Mother tend to use more physical stimulation n male and more verbal
stimulation in female infants.
 Boy babies are tossed in the air
 Girl babies get more delicate handling
o Canalization – means that people direct children’s attention to gender-appropriate
objects.
o Example:
 In the choice of toys, boys are given cars and machines, girls are given dolls and
tea sets.
 Toys teach children what their prescribed roles in life will be.
o Verbal Appellation – telling children what they are and what is expected of them.
o Example :
 Brave boy, Pretty girl
 Boys don’t cry, Girls don’t hit playmates
o Activity Exposure – familiarizing children to their gender-appropriate tasks.
o Example :
 Girls help their mother with housework
 Boys encouraged to play outside the house

2. Church
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State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Mclain, Buenavista, Guimaras
GE 11 – Social Science and Philosophy

- Gender roles in Christianity vary considerably today as they have the last two millennia. This is
especially true with regards to marriage and ministry.

3. Mass Media
- The mass media are another agent of socialization. Television shows, movies, popular music,
magazines, web sites, and other aspects of the mass media influence our political views; our
tastes in popular culture; our views of women, people of color, and gays; and many other beliefs
and practices
4. School
a. Instructional language
o The use of generic words to refer both girls and boys. (he, his, man)
o The use of stereotyped language
 Example
 Freshman…First year student
 Mankind…Humanity
 Fisherman…Fisher folk
 Chairman…chairperson
b. Classroom management
o Assigning of groups
 Boys and girls together not boys against girls
o Tasks given by teachers
o discipline
c. Instructional materials

Shared Parenting

- Taking of the baby

- Helping the children with their homework
- Disciplining the children

Shared Home Management

- Fixing the house, cleaning the house

- Doing laundry
- Going to market
- Cooking, preparing the table, washing the dishes

Shared Decision Making

- Family council
- Giving permission to children
- Deciding for the affairs of the children

Apply________________________________________________________________________

1. Make a table, give or identify at least 10 gender roles of a man or a woman in his or her
society.
2. Answer the following questions.
a. Is gender a basis to identify the role of a man/woman? Why or why not?
b. If you will be given a chance to change your gender, what will it be and why?
 Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Mclain, Buenavista, Guimaras
GE 11 – Social Science and Philosophy

c. Do you believe that there are any gender roles that people should be taught to
follow? Why? Give some examples of gender roles that should be taught.

Assess_________________________________________________________________________

Read the following questions carefully and answer them precisely and briefly.

1. Do you think there is a difference in the effects of gender roles in males and females? Why?
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2. Do you think that the way that a person is raised can affect their gender identity? Why?
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3. Why do you think obviously incorrect gender stereotypes, like that all girls like pink,
remain in the society?
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4. How do you think living in a household where lots of gender roles are true (For example the
father makes all money, the mother stays at home and clean and cooks, the girl’s room is
oink and the boy’s is blue.) affects the self-esteem of a teenagers?
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5. How does social media or mass media affect the gender roles of a man/woman?
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