LESSON SEVENTEEN

TYPES OF ACCESSORIES AND EQUIPMENT

OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson the trainee should be able to;
i) Explain the term accessories in electrical installation
ii) State types of accessories
ELECTRICAL ACCESSORIES
The electrical wiring must be installed correctly and safely in accordance with
electrical regulations and standards. If the electrical wiring is carried
incorrectly or without confirming to any standard, devices could damage or
leads to the malfunctioning of device which further causes for the reduction of
device life.
Several factors have to be considered before the actual installation work to be
done for residential, commercial or industrial wiring. These factors include
type of building construction, type of ceiling, wall and floor construction, wiring
methods, installation requirements, etc.

Let us discuss electrical wiring basics, i.e., the concept of electrical wiring,
steps involved, methods followed and common types of electrical wiring in
brief.

Types of Electrical Wiring Systems

The state electricity board provides the electric supply up to the outside the
consumer’s premises. The consumer has to take the connection from that
point to the main switchboard at home.

From the main switchboard, various types of electrical loads such as fans,
lights, room coolers, and refrigerators are connected through the wires.There
are different types of wirings used for connecting the loads to the mains which
can be used for house electrical wiring as well as industrial electrical wiring.
Some of these are discussed below.

Cleat Wiring
In this, porcelain, wood or plastic cleats are fixed to walls or ceilings at regular
intervals, i.e., 0.6 m between each cleat. PVC insulated cables are taken
through the holes of each cleat and hence cleat support and holds wire.

This is an inexpensive method of wiring and is used for temporary

installations. Therefore, it is not suitable for home electrical wiring and also it
is an outdated method

Casing and Capping Wiring

In this cable is run through a wood casing having grooves. The wood casing is
prepared in such a way that it is of a required fixed length with parallel
grooves that accommodates the cables. The wooden casing is fixed to the
walls or ceiling with screws.

After placing the cables inside the grooves of casing, a wooden cap with
grooves is placed on it to cover the cables. This is also a cheap wiring system,
but there is a high risk of fire in case of short circuits.

Batten Wiring
In this, insulated wires are run through the straight teak wooden battens. The
wooden battens are fixed on the ceilings or walls by plugs and screws. The
cables are fitted onto the battens by using tinned brass link clips.

These clips are fixed to the battens with rust-resistant nails. This wiring
installation is simple and cheap as compared to other electrical wiring systems
also takes less time to install. These are mainly used for indoor installations.

Conduit Wiring
In this wiring, PVC cables are taken through either PVC conduit pipes or
through steel conduit pipes. This conduit wiring can be either surface conduit
wiring or concealed conduit wiring.

If the conduit pipes are run on surface of the walls and ceilings, it is called a
surface conduit wiring. If the conduits are run inside the surface of the walls
and ceilings and are covered with plastering, it is called as concealed conduit
wiring.
Surface conduit wiring is used in industries to connect the heavy motors. On
the other hand, concealed wiring is the most popular and common method of
wiring the residential buildings. The conduit wiring is the safest method of
wiring and also looks beautiful (concealed conduit wiring).

ASSIGNMENT

Explain types of accessories

LESSON EIGHTEEN

IEE REGULATIONS

By the end of the lesson the trainee should be able to;

i) Describe what is meant by the term IEE Regulations

ii) Explain the importance of IEE Regulations in electrical installation

The IEE Wiring Regulations (BS 7671) are the national standard to which all domestic
and industrial wiring must conform. A new edition of the "Wiring Regulations" - the
17th Edition - will be published in January 2008.

110-26 Spaces Surrounding Electrical Equipment Section 110-26 of the National

Electrical Code provides working space requirements around electrical equipment
operating at 600 volts, nominal or less to ground.

Working space must exist around all electrical equipment to allow unobstructed
equipment access, safe operation, and maintenance. [110-26] While Sections 110-26(a)
through (d) do not specify any particular type of equipment, Section 110-26(e) is limited
to service equipment, switchboards, panel boards, and motor control centers.

In combination, subsections (a) through (e) contain specifications relating to: Working
Space; Clear Spaces; Access and Entrance to Working Space; Illumination; and
Headroom respectively. Subsequently, Section 110-26(f), Dedicated Equipment Space,
further defines the type of equipment involved. 110-26(f) Dedicated Equipment Space
Unlike working space requirements, which address the specific needs of personnel,
dedicated equipment space relates solely to the equipment's own boundary
requirements. Motor control centers and equipment subject to Article 384, must not
only be located within dedicated spaces, but must also be protected from damage. The
scope of Article 384 covers all switchboards, panel boards, and distribution boards
controlling light and power circuits, as well as battery-charging panels supplied from
light or power circuits. Of equal importance to this section's requirements for physical
protection of equipment is that of Section 110-27(b).

Here enclosures, or guards, are required for electric equipment located in areas exposed
to potential physical damage. The mandatory protective features must be of such
strength and so arranged as to prevent damage. Control equipment, which must be
adjacent to, or within sight of, its operating machinery, whether due to its very nature or
due to the application of other NEC rules, is permitted within the dedicated equipment
space. [110-26(f) Exception] Dedicated equipment space is subdivided into indoor and
outdoor locations. 110-26(f)(1) Indoor Dedicated Equipment Space The dedicated
equipment space, for indoor installations, must comply with Section 110-26(f)(1)(a)
through (d). In order of appearance, these four sections include: Dedicated Electrical
Space, Foreign Systems, Sprinkler Protection, and Suspended Ceilings. Care must be
taken to comply with the requirements of all four sections (a through d). Upon first
reading, it might appear that foreign systems are permitted within the dedicated
equipment space as set forth in (a). That, however, is not the case.

The requirements of "(b) Foreign Systems" do not override those found in "(a) Dedicated
Electrical Space. " A space equal to the equipment's width and depth (commonly
referred to as the equipment's footprint), beginning at floor level and extending to a
height of 6 feet above the equipment, or to the structural ceiling (whichever is lower), is
dedicated to the electrical installation. No piping, ducts, or equipment foreign to the
electrical installation can be located within this zone. Systems foreign to the electrical
installation are not permitted below the electrical equipment, nor above in cases where
the structural ceiling is within 6 feet of the top of the equipment. If the structural ceiling
is more than 6 feet above the equipment's top side, an area exists above the dedicated
space which, by way of an exception and under certain conditions, may contain foreign
systems within the equipment's footprint.

Equipment isolated from the foreign equipment by height, physical enclosures (or
covers) affording adequate mechanical protection from vehicular traffic, from
accidental contact by unauthorized personnel, or which complies with (b), is permitted
in areas that do not have dedicated space as described in this rule. [110-26(f)(1)(a)
Exception] This exception permits piping, ducts, foreign equipment, and other similar
items within the electrical equipment's footprint, provided the location of same is
outside the 6 foot dedicated space. Piping, ducts, foreign systems, etc., which could
damage electrical equipment by means of condensation, leaks, or breaks, must meet
additional requirements.

The space equal to the equipment's width and depth must remain unobstructed of
foreign systems unless protection is provided to avoid damage from condensation,
leaks, or breaks in such foreign systems. [110-26(f)(1)(b)] Without protection, no foreign
systems are permitted above panel boards, switchboards, and motor control centers. A
drip pan, shield, or other suitable protection can be installed between the electrical
equipment and the foreign system. No detailed description of the extent of protection is
provided. Be aware that state or local jurisdictions may impose additional requirements
pertaining to this issue. Protected piping, ducts, and similar items are permitted above
electrical equipment, but only outside of the dedicated electrical space.

This dedicated electrical space is the equipment's footprint, starting at the top of the
electrical equipment upward to a height of 6 feet. Two additional regulations pertain to
indoor dedicated equipment space (i.e., Sprinkler Protection and Suspended Ceilings).
Sprinkler protection is permitted for the dedicated space where the piping complies with
Section 110-26(f)(1). [110-26(f)(1)(c)] Although sprinkler pipe is not permitted within the
6 foot dedicated space directly above the electrical equipment, it is permitted above the
dedicated space where properly protected. Section (d) effectively clarifies the meaning
of the term structural ceiling. In essence, it states that a dropped, suspended, or similar
ceiling not adding strength to the building structure is not a structural ceiling. [110-26(f)
(1)(d)] Again, dropped, suspended, or similar ceilings are not structural.

In fact, any ceiling which does not lend strength to the building framework is likewise
not a structural component. 110-26(F)(2) Outdoor Dedicated Equipment Space Outdoor
electrical equipment must be installed within suitable enclosures providing protection
from vehicular traffic, from accidental contact by unauthorized personnel, and from
piping systems spills or leaks. [110-26(f)(2)] The zone described in Section 110-26(a) is
included in the minimum outdoor working space. Dependent upon the applicable
condition, depth of the working space is either 3, 3 1/2, or 4 feet. [110-26(a)(1)]
Minimum working space width is 30 inches. [110-26(a)(2)] Working space height (or
headroom) must be at least 6 1/2 feet. [110-26(a)(3)] No architectural appurtenance or
other equipment can occupy this zone. One final reminder: Section 110-26(f) regulations
apply only to motor control centers and equipment within the scope of Article 384.

ASSIGNMENT
i) Explain the importance of IEE regulations

ii) Explain the applications of IEE regulations

LESSON NINETEEN

IEE REGULATIONS FOR SOCKET OUTLET

OBJECTIVES

By the end of the lesson the trainee should be able to;

i) Explain methods of connecting power circuits

ii) Distinguish between radial and ring sockets wiring

Wiring of 13A Switched Socket outlet points is very much in need in Electrical
Installation Work. Here we are considering wiring a 13A Socket Outlet
[Receptacle] point for 50Hz, 230V AC Power Supply. Installation work described
here is according to British Standards. [IEE Regulations and Practice].

13A Switched Socket outlets need to be wired in a special way called “Ring
Circuits" or in “Radial Circuits"

When used in Ring Circuits, each circuit can be used in a floor area of 100 sq.
meters with a number of 13A Switched Socket outlets [13A receptacles] connected
to a 32A rated MCB using 2.5 mm2 cables for L, N and E.

When used in Radial Circuits, each circuit can be used in a floor area of 20 sq.
meters with a number of 13A Switched Socket outlets [13A receptacles] connected
to a 20A rated MCB using 2.5 mm2 cables for L, N and E.

Material Requirement
" Ring Circuits" or " Radial Circuits" use, 2.5 mm2 [called as 1.5 mm squared]
Cross sectioned double insulated Cu [Copper] Cables [Cu/PVC/PVC] are used for
the Phase [Live ] and the Neutral cables.

Earth [Ground ]cable also should be 2.5mm2 single insulated Cu[Copper] Cables
[Cu/PVC] for both Industrial or Residential type of applications.

Cable lengths for the above circuits will be such that voltage drop along the cables
will be with in the approved limits of 10% of Supply Voltage.

Accessory Requirement

PVC Boxes to install the 13A Switched Socket outlets

13A Switched Socket outlets [Single or Double]

MCB 32A -01 nos [from a Distribution Board already installed] for Ring Circuits

MCB 20A -01 nos [from a Distribution Board already installed] for Radial Circuits

Preparation

Install the socket outlet boxes at the required positions. Lay PVC conduits from the
Distribution Board to the receptacle positions. The conduits can be embedded into
the wall structure and or lay outside, clipped to the wall or structure. Instead of
PVC conduits and switch boxes, GI conduits and switch boxes are being used for
Industrial type of installations where you need protection for cables from physical
damage. In some wooden structured buildings, the cables are installed inside
panels without conduits being used. The Cables should be color coded correctly for
Phase [Live], Neutral and Earth.

Method of Wiring -Ring Circuits

Make sure that the Power is isolated [shut down] to the Distribution board or any
circuit you will be working with.

Connect the Phase [L] wire to the outgoing side of a 32A MCB from the
Distribution Board [DB]. Draw the Phase wire to the socket outlet box and connect
to terminal marked as L [Line] of the nearest 13A receptacle.

Connect the Neutral [N] wire to the Neutral Link provided in the DB and draw the
wire to the nearest 13A receptacle and connect to the terminal marked as N
[Neutral].

Connect the Earth [E] wire to the Earth link provided in the Distribution Board.
Draw Earth wire to the nearest receptacle and connect to the terminal marked as E
[Earth].

Now we have all three wires L, N, E from the Distribution Board connected to the
first receptacle.

From the same socket outlet, take another set of 3 wires from L, N, E and connect
to the second socket outlet.

From the second socket outlet, take another set of 3 wires from L, N, E and
connect to the third socket outlet.

Proceed like this until you come to the last 13A socket outlet. From this last socket
outlet take the 3 wires L,N,E and draw up to the Distribution Board again and
connect Line [L] to the same 32A MCB. N to the same neutral link and Earth to
the earth link.

From each 13A socket outlet, you can wire for another 13A socket outlet, which is
called a "Spur".

It is good practice to number the Phase and the Neutral wires at the DB for easy
identification as one circuit.

Method of Wiring -Radial Circuits

Make sure that the Power is isolated [shut down] to the Distribution board or any
circuit you will be working with.
Connect the Phase [L] wire to the outgoing side of a 20A MCB from the
Distribution Board [DB]. Draw the Phase wire to the socket outlet box and connect
to terminal marked as L [Line] of the nearest 13A receptacle.

Connect the Neutral [N] wire to the Neutral Link provided in the DB and draw the
wire to the nearest 13A receptacle and connect to the terminal marked as N
[Neutral].

Connect the Earth [E] wire to the Earth link provided in the Distribution Board.
Draw Earth wire to the nearest receptacle and connect to the terminal marked as E
[Earth].

Now we have all three wires L, N, E from the Distribution Board connected to the
first receptacle.

From the same socket outlet, take another set of 3 wires from L, N, E and connect
to the second socket outlet.

From the second socket outlet, take another set of 3 wires from L, N, E and
connect to the third socket outlet.

Proceed like this until you come to the last 13A socket outlet. Here you do not
connect another set of cables back to the Distribution Board.

From each 13A socket outlet, you can wire for another 13A socket outlet, which is
called a "Spur".

 ASSIGNMENT

i) Differentiate between a ring and radial connection of sockets

ii) State the advantages of ring socket connection

LESSON TWENTY

IEE REGULATIONS FOR LIGHTING CIRCUITS

OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson the trainee should be able to;

i) Explain the importance of IEE regulations for lighting circuits

ii) State the requirements for lighting circuits

Lamp holders and ceiling roses must not be used in installations where the supply
voltage exceeds 250 V. Where bayonet cap (BC) or Edison screw (ES) lamp holders are
used, the protective device rating is limited to the values shown in {Table 6.3}, unless
the lamp holders and the associated wiring are enclosed within a fireproof enclosure,
such as a luminaire (lighting fitting), or unless they have separate over-current
protection in the form of a local fuse or circuit breaker.
Lamp holders are often mounted within enclosed spaces such as lighting fittings,
where the internal temperature may become very high, particularly where filament
lamps are used. Care must be taken to ensure that the lamp holders, and their
associated wiring, are able to withstand the temperature concerned. Where ES lamp
holders are connected to a system with the neutral at earth potential (TT or TN
systems) care must be taken to ensure that the centre contact is connected to the
phase conductor and the outer screw to the neutral to reduce the shock danger in the
event of touching the outer screw during lamp changing (see {Fig 6.10}).
Table 6.3 - Overcurrent protection of lamp holders

Type of lamp holder - Maximum rating of protectiv

Bayonet cap SBC 6

  BC 16

Edison screw SES 6

  ES 16

  GES 16
 Fig 6.10 - Correct connection of ES lamp holder
Ceiling roses must not have more than one flexible cord connected to them, and, like
the flexible cords themselves, must not be subjected to greater suspended weight
than their design permits (see {Table 4.2}). Lamp holders in bath or shower rooms
must be fitted with a protective shield to prevent contact with the cap whilst changing
the lamp (see {Fig 6.11}).
In large lighting installations, particularly where fluorescent fittings are involved,
consideration should be given to the use of luminaire support couplers (LSCs) or plugs
and sockets. Such arrangements facilitate the disconnection of luminaires for
electrical maintenance and for cleaning, and may also allow the complete testing of
an installation before erection of the luminaires. Many lighting installations are now
controlled by sophisticated software (which may switch off the lighting when daylight
levels increase or when a room has been unoccupied for a predetermined time). Such
devices must be installed to comply with the Regulations.
ASSIGNMENT
Explain the importance of IEE Regulations for lighting circuits