NAME: VALLECER, MARY ANN PROGRAM & YEAR LEVEL: BSMT - 1

SECTION: B 3:00 – 4:30 PM TERM: 2ND SEM 2021 - 2022

TIMELINE ON SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

(ANCIENT, MEDIEVAL, PRESENT TIMES)

ANCIENT TIMES SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS / TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS

INVENTIONS / INVENTIONS

SUMERIAN  Writing. They invent  Irrigation for

CIVILIZATION writing because the people farming. To succeed
needed a way to keep track in growing food,
of business transactions, they needed a way to
ownership rights, and control the water so
government. they would have a
 Mathematics. They initially reliable water
developed largely as a supply all year
response to bureaucratic round. So, Sumerian
needs when their farmers began to
civilization settled and create irrigation
developed agriculture for systems to provide
the measurement of plots of water for their
land, the taxation of fields. The
individuals, etc. In invention of
Sumerian people, it is very irrigation systems
important for them because allowed humans begin
to keep track of records as agriculture. And the
well as in some of their irrigation process
large buildings. such as digging
 Astronomy. They invented it canals to extend a
to study the movements of river’s flow to a
the stars and planets. It new area affected
is important for Sumerians Sumerian by opening
to developed the twelve- up new areas for
month calendar based on the crop farming.
cycles of the moon,  The Wheel. They
probably to keep track of invent wheels in
religious festivals and making pottery in
working days to pay 3500BC and then used
workers. it for their
 Medicine. They used chariots in around
medicines as early as 3500 3200 BC. The
B.C. and developed enemas, invention of the
suppositories, lotions, wheel improve life,
pills, inhalations, helped the Sumerian
ointments, snuffs, people to get into
infusions, etc. Their battle quicker, and
invention was able to made the
helped cure people of transportation much
disease and heal their easier.
injuries.  Beer. They invent
beer for the reason
that the people who
 lived in the land
between the
Euphrates and Tigris
rivers considered
beer a very
important part of
their diet because
of its intoxicating
effect. It has a
great impact of
Sumerian because
Sumerian laborers
received rations of
beer.
BABYLONIAN  Astronomy. It was a common  The Walls of
CIVILIZATION Mesopotamian belief that Babylon. They build
Gods could and did indicate the walls of Babylon
future events to mankind. encapsulated the
This indication of future city and protected
events were considered to it from harm.
be omens. The exploration  Archimedes’ Screw.
of the sun, moon, and It helps them to
other celestial bodies raise water to the
affected the development of heights needed for
Mesopotamian culture. The the plants in the
study of the sky led to the famous Hanging
development of a calendar Gardens of Babylon.
and advanced mathematics in  Farming Technique.
these societies. The During the reign of
Babylonians made an impact Hammurabi a big
on astronomy and astrology canal was dug from
because they were the first the city Kish to
to recognize that Persian gulf.
astronomical phenomena are Herodotus, the
periodic and apply father of history,
mathematics to their had lavishly praised
predictions. the wheat and barley
 Calendar System. The among other crops of
discovery and creation of Babylon.
astronomy was significant
because it allowed for them
to invent this special
lunisolar calendar. This
basis of this calendar was
made using astronomical
discoveries of the moon.
The Babylonian lunisolar
calendar was based on the
lunar month.
 Jewelry. Mesopotamias
adorned their statues and
idols with jewelry to
further clarify it as a
spiritual or magical tool.
Jewelry has now been part
of the life of Babylonians
such as jewelry offered to
Gods at temples, and the
 practice of being buried
with jewelry was a person’s
attempt to go to the
afterlife bearing gifts to
the God.
EGYPTIAN  Astronomy. The Egyptians  Ink. One of the
CIVILIZATION made observations about the inventions in Egypt
night sky, and was,
their religion and heavenly surprisingly, black
bodies were greatly ink. The Egyptian
influenced by the sky and people were very
elements. Egyptians studied talented at creating
the rise and fall of the not only black ink,
stars and even built but many multi-
circular mud-brick walls to colored types of ink
create false horizons where and dye. The process
they could mark the and depth of color
position of the sun as it utilized in the
rose at dawn. Then, they Egyptian invention
used plumb-bobs to make of ink and dye was
note of the solstices. They so marvelous that
used their knowledge of these brilliant hued
astronomy to develop colors can still be
the lunar calendar based on seen today,
the cycles of the moon and thousands of years
the star, Sirius. From later.
their knowledge emerged the
calendar that we use today,  Papyrus. Papyrus was
divided in 12 months, 365 the first form
days and 24-hour units. of durable sheets of
 Medicine. Some of paper to write on,
the earliest developments and the ancient
in medicine were made by Egyptians were the
the ancient Egyptian ones to develop it.
people. They had a variety The material was
of medicines and cures for termed “papyrus”
both humans and animals, because it was made
along with much knowledge from the papyrus
of anatomy, as they plant. The ancient
practiced mummification and Egyptians primarily
preservation of the dead. used papyrus for
One of the earliest recording religious
accounts of medical texts and other
texts originates in ancient important documents.
Egypt. It attempts to Papyrus was mass
describe and analyze the produced in Egypt
brain, providing the and sold to other
earliest insight into ancient
neuroscience. Although they civilizations, such
had many “cures” for as Ancient Greece,
various ailments, some of for their record
their medicinal practices keeping.
were questionable at best.
For instance, they used
honey and human brains to
cure eye infections, a
cooked mouse to cure coughs
and applied cow dung to
 wounds and piercing to ward
off infections. There are
indications that the use of
such practices was one of
the leading causes of
people
developing tetanus in
ancient Egypt.
GREEK CIVILIZATION  Rotary Mills. It was
 Philosophy as a Precursor
a water-powered mill
to Science. Greek science for grinding grain
which continues
and mathematics starts with identically in use
until today. It was
Ionian school of natural particularly
philosophy briefly after suitable for the
hilly and
600 BCE (Rosenberg 1). mountainous regions
of Greece and Asia
Thales of Miletus is Minor since it was
regarded as founder of capable of
functioning with
Ionian school. He studied small quantities of
water that were
in Egypt where he was moved, however, at
exposed to new ideas. It is great speed. It
constitutes the
likely that he learned the predecessor of the
water turbine. It
craft of land surveying, consisted of one
horizontal winged-
from which he deduced
wheel, a vertical
geometry. He also studied axle and two
horizontal
astronomy in Mesopotamia, millstones. The axle
penetrated the lower
and it is believed that he
millstone and was
predicted a solar eclipse. connected via metal
connections to the
Thales started the search (perforated at its
centre) upper
for a unifying principle millstone. The water
and identified this essence moved the winged-
wheel and the axle
as water. Anaximander is transmitted the
rotation to the
believed to have written upper millstone. The
the earliest scientific fruit from the
funnel fell into the
book. He formulates a opening of the
rotating millstone,
theory of the origin and was ground between
evolution of life. He the two millstones
and came out
believed that life circumferentially
because of the
originated in the sea from centrifugal force.
The funnel was
the moist element which was
 provided with a
evaporated by the sun. fruit supply
Ionian philosophers and regulator, depending
on the speed of the
their followers introduced rotation
 Screw. The original
earliest form of scientific creation was changed
method, which was based on because of the
constant need for
reasoning and observation the polytheistic
Ancient Greeks to
with little satisfy and honor
experimentation. They their Gods’
wishes and requests.
established differing Instead of the screw
being used to
theories about the causes irrigate
of natural phenomena and crops, they used the
modified invention
the nature of matter. The to press grapes and
olives 
atomics such as Democritus into grape juice and
olive oil. Grape
and Leucippus believed
juice was
reality to be embodied in fermented into
wine, 
matter, while the the Drink of the
Gods. Wine was often
Pythagoreans viewed the
used as an offering
universe as form and to the Gods to
help bring fortune,
number. Plato became happiness, and
longevity.
central to Greek science as With the invention
he was influenced by of the screw, wine
and olive oil were
Pythagorean and Aristotle. easily
obtainable. The
Plato’s academy promoted screw converted the
pure form of mathematics energy made by one
person into a steady
(Taylor 89). Aristotle, flow of energy that
was equal to the
whose school was Lyceum, strength of two men
became the most scholars in with half the amount
of time. The screw
Greek Antiquity. He is a valuable part
of many fields
introduced the inductive such as medicine, 
architecture, and
method, aversion of the
engineering.
scientific method that The varieties of
fields is endless
still plays a role in because of
the simplicity of
scientific thinking today.
this invention. The
Significant advances in screw was
an extremely useful
 invention used
science and technology originally used or
include; astronomy, pressing grapes, but
now is making
biology, medicine, and life changing events
around the globe.
communication.

 Astronomy. The Greeks

developed a multitude of
cosmological models,
although they were less
accurate observers of
celestial events than the
Babylonians. For instance,
Thales assumed that earth
to be floating in water,
while Anaximander believed
earth to be a disk
suspended freely in space.
The Pythagoreans believed
that is a sphere in space.
Eudoxus of Cnidus on the
other hand, proposed that
stars are attached to a
larger sphere that rotates
around earth. The Greek and
Hellenistic philosophy came
to generally accept the
idea of the universe as
nesting spheres came to be
accepted generally in Greek
and Hellenistic philosophy,
with earth at the centre of
the universe. Hellenistic
astronomers such as
Eratosthenes, Hipparchus,
and Ptolemy calculated
 correctly the size of earth
and the distance of the
moon. Astronomy was
dominated by an explanation
of planetary motion
established by Hipparchus
and refined by Ptolemy
until it was replaced by
the system of Copernicus,
Keppler and Newton.

ROMAN CIVILIZATION  Roman Numerals. Roman  Abacus.

numerals originated, as the Alternatively
name might suggest, in referred to as
ancient Rome. The numerals the counting frame,
developed out of a need for an abacus is a
a common method of mechanical device
counting, essential to used to assist a
communications and trade. person in performing
Counting on one’s fingers mathematical
got out of hand, so to calculations and
speak, when you reached 10. counting. Before
 Newspaper. Newspapers were computers,
used to communicate public calculators, or even
information through arithmetic using
official texts detailing paper and pencil,
military, legal, and civil the abacus was the
issues. These early papers most advanced device
were written on metal or for crunching
stone and posted in heavily numbers. Before the
populated areas like the abacus, the only
Roman Forum, known as Acta methods people had
Diurna.  to use for their
mathematical
calculations were
their fingers and
toes, or stones in
the dirt. Learning
to use the abacus
helps teach you a
new way of counting
and how to add and
subtract using
complementary
numbers. By learning
to solve problems in
new ways, you can
come up with better
and often easier
solutions to all
sorts of problems.
  Aqueducts. The
Romans constructed
aqueducts throughout
their Republic and
later Empire,
to bring water from
outside sources into
cities and towns.
Aqueduct water
supplied public
baths, latrines,
fountains, and
private households;
it also supported
mining operations,
milling, farms, and
gardens.
CHINESE  COMPASS. Compass was
Sliding Calipers. It is a device
CIVILIZATION one of the most
used to measure the dimensions
of an object. Many types of important
calipers permit reading out a technological
measurement on a ruled scale, a developments in
dial, or a digital display. Some ancient China, as it
calipers can be as simple as promoted and aided
a compass with inward or exploration that was
outward-facing points, but no initiated by Chinese
scale. The tips of the caliper rulers. The
are adjusted to fit across the development of
points to be measured and the compass made China
dimension read by measuring the first imperial
between the tips with another power in the world.
measuring tool, such as a ruler. Chinese empire
indeed was termed as
an imperial power
till the end of
monarchy in China
and the royal place
was also known as
Imperial Palace.
 TECHNOLOGY OF PAPER
MAKING. The exact
era or dynasty
during which the
Chinese invented
technology of paper
manufacturing, is
uncertain. But the
technology certainly
led to many more
advancements as it
facilitated
scholars,
philosophers and
writers of Chinese
civilization. Paper
that was invented in
ancient China was
not only used as a
medium of writing,
but creative Chinese
innovators also used
it as a raw material
for manufacturing
bags as well as
paper currency.

History of paper
making can be traced
to Han dynasty,
which ruled from 202
BC to 220 AD, when
court official Cai
Lun set to the task
of making paper. He
deployed mulberry,
bast fibers, waste
material such as old
rags and hemp waste.
He also made use of
fishing nets to bind
the materials
together. Some
archaeological
findings however,
suggests that paper
in ancient China may
have been invented
during the 8th
century BC.
Initially this crude
form of paper was
not used for
writing. It was
deployed as a means
of wrapping and
padding. By the end
of 3rd century AD,
it had become a
popular medium of
writing, and by 6th
century it was even
used as toilet
papers. Tea was the
favorite beverage of
Chinese people even
in Tang dynasty (618
AD – 907 AD). During
this time, paper was
used to make bags
for tea storage,
that helped preserve
the flavor and smell
of the tea. The
administration of
Song dynasty (960 AD
– 1279 AD) was first
 to produce paper
currency.

 PRINTING. The
Invention Of
Printing Is Regarded
As One Of The Most
Important
Inventions, Due To
The Fact That It
Made Books Cheaper.
Cheaper Books
Ensured An Educated
Society. Many
Dynasties, Courtiers
And Scholars From
Ancient China
Contributed To The
Development Of
Printing Press.
Printing Technology
Started Evolving
From Some Time
Around 868 BC, With
The Printing Of The
First Printed Book
The Diamond Sutra.
The Book Was Printed
With The Help Of The
Wood Block Printing.
It Had Become A Very
Advanced Technology
By The End Of The
Song Dynasty. Writer
Shen Kuo, Who Was
Also A Courtier Of
Songs, Promoted The
Use Of Printing For
The Spread Of
Knowledge. Bi Sheng,
Who Was An Artisan,
Invented The Movable
Ceramic Printing.
Inventors Like Hua
Sui Also Attempted
To Invent The Metal
Castings And Rollers
For Movable
Printing.

 GUNPOWDER. Discovery
Of Gunpowder Led To
Invention Of
Firearms And
Revolutionized
Battlefields In
Asian Continent.
Chinese Alchemists
 Who Were Searching
For An Elixir Of
Life, Accidentally
Discovered The
Explosive Property
Of Gunpowder, Some
Time Around 9th
Century AD. By The
End Of The 10th
Century Asian Powers
Had Introduced
Grenades, Crude
Bombs And Firearms
On Battlefields.

MEDIEVAL / MIDDLE  Heavy Plough. A tool could  Monasteries. A

AGES plough deep turn over heavy medieval monastery
clay soil. was an enclosed and
 Citadel. Is a fortified sometimes remote
location in the heart of a community of monks
town or city. It could be a led by an abbot
fortified center, a castle, who shunned worldly
or a fortress. Because it goods to live a
is a smaller component of simple life of
the city of which it is the prayer and devotion.
defensive core, the title  Wind Mill
is a diminutive of “city”. Technology.
The windmill was one
of the more
redefined inventions
to arrive in the
Medieval world. But,
in order to be most
effective, the
windmill had to be
able to completely
harness the energy
of the wind in order
to do its physical
activities, much
like sailing ships.
The windmill was
created to replace
animal power in
grinding grain.
Windmills would
shortly be used as a
strategic defense
device against enemy
armies. They were
huge in physical
infrastructure, so
it was possible that
it would act as a
fort and tower
during the Age of
Castles. In due
 course, as castles
became a thing of
the past, windmills
would still see
life. Thousands of
windmills would show
themselves along the
European
countryside. And
even today,
windmills are still
used to harness the
power of the wind
creating power for
infrastructures all
over Europe.
 Magnetic Compass.
Compasses work by
using magnets. The
magnet inside them is
drawn to the Earth’s
magnetic field and
the magnetic poles.
The magnetic compass
brought lots of
change about for
medieval Europe. It
allowed more trade
and the exploration
of new places. The
compass allowed them
to travel without
having to worry. The
compass also allowed
people to travel all
year round, instead
of only between April
and October (to avoid
the Mediterranean
winter). More people
walking and sailing
let to the discovery
of lots of new land
and seas, and,
evidently, created an
opportunity to
colonise more part of
Europe and the world.

MODERN TIMES  Bicycle . It was invented  Phonograph. Thomas

early in the nineteenth Edison found that
century. The most popular sound could be
at the time was the Penny captured and
Farthing, with its huge big replayed using a
wheel. But, the big rotating cylinder
advancement in bike covered with
technology came with the paraffin paper and a
introduction of a chain to stylus. In December
 link pedals to back wheel. 1888, Edison applied
This enabled a higher speed for a patent and
without relying on a huge over the next few
wheel. The key model in the years helped to
chain bike was the Rover develop the modern
Safety bike developed by gramophone based on
John Kemp Starley. the wax-cylinder
 X-RAY. The X-Ray was first model.
discovered by W. Roentgen  Lightbulb.
in 1895. Marie Throughout the
Curie developed this nineteenth century,
discovery and through her inventors produced
work by 1914 and been able simple electric
to successfully create an lights. It was
X-ray machine which could Thomas Edison who
be used to take images of made the lightbulb
the human skeleton. into a practical low
 ALUMINIUM. Aluminium was current version. He
considered a precious metal used a filament
because it was so hard to based on a burned
isolate.  sewing thread. The
electric light bulb
has been called the
most important
invention since man-
made fire. The light
bulb helped
to establish social
order after sundown,
extended the workday
well into the night,
and allowed us to
navigate and travel
safely in the dark.
Without the light
bulb, there would be
no nightlife.
PHILIPPINE  Incubator. Used to house  E-Jeepney. It is a
INVENTIONS and care for preterm and Filipino invention
sick babies. that has been
improved from a

Banana normal jeepney. It

reduces pollutants
by using electric

Ketchup -
motors instead of
internal combustion
engines.

is a
Filipino
fruit
ketchup
made from
bananas,
sugar,
vinegar, and
spices. It's
natural hue
is a
brownish-
yellow, but
it's
frequently
painted red
to seem
like tomato
ketchup.
Due to a
wartime
shortage of
tomatoes
and a
relatively
large
production
of
bananas,
banana
ketchup was
first created
in the
Philippines
during
World War
II
 Ketchup. A Filipino fruit
ketchup made from bananas,
sugar, vinegar, and spices.
It’s natural hue is a
brownish – yellow, but it’s
frequently painted red to
seem like tomato ketchup.
Due to a wartime shortage
of tomatoes and a
relatively large production
of bananas, banana ketchup
was first created in the
Philippines during WWII.