Basic Review of Trigonometry

RIGHT TRIANGLE

The 6 basic trigonometric functions:

hyp
1) sin = opp / hyp 4) csc = hyp / opp opp
2) cos = adj / hyp 5) sec = hyp / adj
3) tan = opp / adj 6) cot = adj / opp
adj
SPECIAL TRIANGLES
1
30 -60 -90 sin 30 = 2 45 -45 -90
3 2
2x 60 cos 30 = 2 45
sin 45 = 2
x 2x
3 x
sin 60 = 2 2
30 cos 45 = 2
1
cos 60 = 2 45
3x
x
Complementary Angles Rules:
If and are complementary angles (add up to 90 ), then sin = cos and cos = sin .
Another way of stating this is: sin (90 - ) = cos and cos (90 - ) = sin .

UNIT CIRCLE

Given a circle of radius 1, centered at the origin on an x-y coordinate system. The equation of this
circle is x2 + y2 = 1. If we let be an angle with initial side along the positive x-axis and terminal side a
radius of the circle passing through the point P(x, y), then cos = x and sin = y.
y
The basic trigonometric functions are: (0,
1) P (x,
r=1 y)
sin = y csc = 1/y
cos = x sec = 1/x y
tan = y/x cot = x/y (-1, (1, x
0) x 0)
can be measured in degrees or radians
1. 180 =
(0,
2. Arc-length of a unit circle: s =
-1)
3. Arc-length of a circle of radius r : s = r
4. Area of sector of unit circle: A = /2
5. Area of a sector of a circle of radius r : A = 1
2
r2
 SINE, COSINE, and TANGENT of some basic angles:

Angle Sine Cosine Tangent

0 / 0 radians 0 1 0
1 3 3
30 / 6 rad. 2 2 3
2 2
45 / 4 rad. 2 2 1
3 1
60 / 3 rad. 2 2 3
90 / 2 rad. 1 0 undefined
3 1
120 / 2
3 rad. 2 -2 - 3
3 2 2
135 / 4 rad. 2 - 2 -1
5 1 3 3
150 / 6 rad. 2 - 2 - 3

180 / rad. 0 -1 0
7 1 3 3
210 / 6 rad. -2 - 2 3
5 2 2
225 / 4 rad. - 2
- 2 1
3 1
240 / 4
3 rad. - 2 -2 3
3
270 / 2 rad. -1 0 undefined
3 1
300 / 5
3 rad. - 2 2 - 3
7 2 2
315 / 4 rad. - 2 2 -1
11 1 3 3
330 / 6 rad. -2 2 - 3

360 / 2 rad. 0 1 0

90 (0, 1)
1 3
( , ) 120
2 2
2 /3
/2 60 ( 12 , 2
3
)
2 2
(
2 2
, 2 ) 135 3 /4
/3 45 ( 2 , 2 )
2
/4
3
( 2
3 1
, ) 150
2
5 /6 30 ( 2 , 12 )
/6

(-1, 0) 180 0 or 360 (1, 0)

0 or 2

7 /6 3 1
3 1 11 /6 330 2 , 2
( 2 , 2 ) 210 5 /4

2 2 7 /4
( 2 , 2 ) 225 4 /3 315 2
2
, 2
2

5 /3
1 3
( , ) 240 3 /2 1 3
2 2 300 2
, 2
270 (0, -1)

LSC-Montgomery Learning Center: Basic Review of Trigonometry Page 2

Last Updated April 13, 2011
 BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

1. Definitions 6. Product-to-Sum Formulas

sin cos sin A cos B = ½ [sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)]

tan cot
cos sin cos A sin B = ½ [sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)]
cos A cos B = ½ [cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)]
sec
1
csc
1 sin A sin B = ½ [cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)]
cos sin
7. Sum-to-Product Formulas
2. Pythagorean Identities
A+B A-B
sin2 + cos2 = 1 sin A + sin B = 2sin cos
2 2
tan2 + 1 = sec2
A+B A-B
cot2 + 1 = csc2 sin A - sin B = 2cos sin
2 2
3. Addition/Subtraction Formulas A+B A-B
cos A + cos B = 2cos cos
2 2
sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B A+B A-B
sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B cos A - cos B = (-2)sin sin
2 2
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A tan B 8. Opposite Angle Formulas
tan (A + B) =
1 tan A tan B sin ( - ) = - sin cot ( - ) = - cot
tan A tan B cos ( - ) = cos sec ( - ) = sec
tan (A – B) =
1 tan A tan B tan ( - ) = - tan csc ( - ) = - csc

4. Double-Angle Formulas 9. Reduction Formulas

sin 2 = 2 sin cos sin ( + 2k ) = sin
cos 2 = cos2 – sin2 cos ( + 2k ) = cos
= 1 – 2 sin2 tan ( + 2k ) = tan
= 2 cos2 – 1
2 tan 10. Complementary Angle Formulas
tan 2 =
1 - tan2
1 cos 2 sin ( /2 - ) = cos cot ( /2 - ) = tan
cos 2 cos ( /2 - ) = sin sec ( /2 - ) = csc
2
1 cos 2 tan ( /2 - ) = cot csc ( /2 - ) = sec
sin 2
2
11. The Law of Sines
5. Half-Angle Formulas
sin A sin B sin C a b c
or
1 - cos a b c sin A sin B sin C
sin =
2 2
1 + cos 12. The Law of Cosines
cos =
2 2
b2 c2 a2 or equivalently,
1 - cos C cos A
tan = 2bc
2 sin a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
b a a2 c2 b2
cos B
2ac b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B
A
c B a2 b2 c 2 c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C
cos C
2ab

LSC-Montgomery Learning Center: Basic Review of Trigonometry Page 3

Last Updated April 13, 2011