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Document
Any material that contains a mark symbol or sign, either visible, partially visible or invisible that may presently or
ultimately convey a meaning or a message to someone.
It is any written statement by which a right is established or an obligation extinguished. (People vs. Moreno, C.A., 38
O.G. 119)
Types of Standards
a. Collected/Procured Std. – Standard specimen executed in the regular course of man’s activity or that which are executed
on the day to day writing activity.
b. Requested/Dictated (Post litel motam std.) – a Standard document which are executed upon request, they are prepare
at one time.
Contemporary document = documents which are not more than five (5) years before or after.
Types of Handwritings
1. Cursive – Writing in which the letters are for the most part joined together.
2. Handlettering – refers to writing characterized by a disconnected style.
3. Natural Writing – a specimen of writing that is executed normally and without any attempt of altering its usual writing habits.
4. Disguised – a specimen of writing executed deliberately with an attempt of changing its usual writing habits in the hope of
hiding one’s identity.
5. Guided/assisted – a specimen of writing executed while the writer’s hand is at steadied. Usually employed by beginners in
writing.
Classes of Signature
1. Formal or complete – used in signing very important document
2. Informal or cursory – used for routine document
3. Careless scribble – used for not so important document such as delivery of mail or receipt of purchase equipment
etc.
Forgery – is an act of falsifying or counterfeiting any treasure or bank notes, paper bills or any documents which are payable to
the bearer.
- is an act of simulating or tracing somebody’s signature without the latter’s consent for profit.
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CHARACTERISTICS IN WRITING:
Characteristics – refers to any property, marks or elements which distinguishes. Also referred to as identifying details.
Types of characteristics:
1. Class Characteristics – characteristics or properties which are common or which can be found in the specimen writing of
other person. Gross characteristics.
2. Individual Characteristics – characteristics which are highly personal or peculiar. That which is unlikely to occur in other’s
handwriting.
Embellishments – added strokes that serves as an ornamental or flourish to the design of the letters. They considered
unnecessary to the legibility of the writing.
Diacritics = strokes added to complete certain letters. They are necessary to the legibility of the letters.
Writing Movement – refers to all factors relative to the motion of the pen.
Line Quality – is the visible records in the written strokes of the basic movements and manner of holding instrument. It is derived
from a combination of factors, including writing skill, speed, rhythm, freedom of movement, shading and pen emphasis.
Types of movement:
1. Finger (used by beginners)
2. Hand (wrist serves as the point of pivotal & of limited freedom)
3. Forearm (most skillful type of movement)
4. Whole arm (used for ornamental or large writings)
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11. Retouching or patching – is a stroke, which goes back over a defective portion of a writing to repair or correct an
error.
5. Writing instrument
a. Ball point pen (John Loud) consisting of a ball bearing at the point of the pen.
b. Fountain pen (Lewis Watterman) consisting of pen nib point.
c. Fiber pen (originally designed by Hongkong)
Definition of Terms:
1. Typeface – is the printing surface of the type block in a conventional typewriter. In electric typewriter it is the printing surface
of the rotating head sphere.
2. Typeface defect – any form of peculiarity of the type printing caused by actual damage to
the typeface metal or which maybe an abnormality in its printing condition.
3. Characters – in connection to typewriting, it is used to include letters, symbols, numerals or points of punctuation.
4. Pica typeface – type face impression ordinarily spaced ten (10) characters to the horizontal inch.
5. Elite typeface – type face impression ordinarily spaced twelve (12) characters to the horizontal inch.
6. Proportional spacing machine – a typewriter with a type letter spacing similar to the type spacing of conventional printed in
which all letters are allotted horizontal in conformity with their relative widths.
7. Transitory Defects – is an identifying typewriter characteristics which can be eliminated
by simply cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon.
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8. Permanent Defects – any identifying typewriting characteristics of the type face which cannot be corrected by simply
cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon.
9. Mal alignment or alignment defects – refers to defect in the printing condition of the type character in which the letters
are printed either at the top or bottom, left or right of inclined from its proper position.
Typeface Defects
1. Vertical mal alignment – a character printing above or below of its proper position.
2. Horizontal mal alignment – an alignment defect in which the characters are printed to the left or right of its proper position.
3. Twisted letters – letters and characters are designed to be printed at a certain angle to the baseline. Once letters leans to
the left or right of its proper position such is called twisted letters.
4. Off-its-feet – is a condition of the type face printing at which then character outline is not equally printed, that is the printing
is heavier in one side than the remainder of the outline of the character.
5. Rebound – typeface defect in which a character prints a double impression with the lighter one slightly off-set to the right
or left.
6. Actual breakage – any peculiarity of typewriting caused by actual damage to the type face metal.
7. Clogged type face (dirty) – is a typeface defects characterized by dirty prints due to constant used without cleaning of the
type bar or due to use of new carbon. These are common in closed letter outline such as o, a, p, g etc.
POLYGRAPHY
Polygraphy – is scientific methods of detecting deception done with the aid of a polygraph instrument.
Polygraph = (derived from the Greek words Poly) = many or several and Graph = (writing chart) is a scientific instrument capable
of recording simultaneously changes in blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance as indicative of emotional
disturbance especially of a lying subject when being questioned.
Thomas Jefferson = firs person known who used the term Polygraph to described one of his inventions
Definition of terms
1. Admission = is a statement of facts, partial acknowledgement of guilt and usually given with some justification or
exemplification in admitting.
2. Confession = direct acknowledgement of guilt or a statement of guilt.
3. Deception = is the act of deceiving or misleading usually accompanied by lying.
4. Diastolic blood pressure = refers to the downward blood pressure representing the low pressure to the closing of the valves
and heart relaxed.
5. Dicrotic notch = refers to the short horizontal notch in a cardio-tracing located at the middle of the diastolic stem.
6. Electrodermal response = it refers to human body phenomenon in which the skin changes resistance electrically upon the
application of certain external stimuli. Also referred to a Psycho galvanic skin reflex or galvanic skin response.
7. Emotion = it refers to an emotional response to specific danger that appears to be beyond a persons defensive power.
8. Environment = is the sum total of the dissimulation that a person acquired from the time he was conceived and his exposure
to his surroundings.
9. Heredity = is the transmission of physical and mental traits of the parents to their offspring through the genes.
10. Interview = simple questioning of one who is willing and cooperative.
11. Interrogation = forceful questioning of a person who is reluctant to divulge information.
12. Lying = is the act of uttering or conveying falsehood or creating a false or misleading impression with the intention of affecting
wrongfully.
13. Normal response = refers to any activity or inhibition of a previous activity of an organism or part of the organism resulting
from stimulation.
14. Ordeal = refers to the oldest form of crime detection done by subjecting a subject to an obstacle or trial and sometimes even
involving third degree.
15. Specific response = refers to the response given by the subject which considered a deviation from the normal tracing or
norms of the subject.
16. Stimulus = refers to any force or motion coming from the environment and which reach an organism has the tendency to
arouse.
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